This document provides information about various light scattering techniques used to characterize nanoparticles. It defines key terms like Rayleigh scattering, Mie scattering, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential. Tables are included that show particle size ranges measured by different techniques like static light scattering, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential analysis. Fundamental principles are described, such as how dynamic light scattering can measure particle size by analyzing the intensity fluctuations of scattered light. Equations for calculating properties like the second virial coefficient and zeta potential from light scattering measurements are also shown.
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a technique in physics that can be used to determine the size distribution profile of small particles in suspension or polymers in solution.
Other names are
Photon correlation spectroscopy
Quasi-elastic light scattering.
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a technique in physics that can be used to determine the size distribution profile of nanoparticles in suspension or in polymers
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) or Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering (QELS), is a non-invasive, well-established technique for measuring the size and size distribution of molecules and particles typically in the submicron region, and with the latest technology lower than 1nm.
In This slide the working principle and the function of DLS is Explained in brief and precise way.
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a technique in physics that can be used to determine the size distribution profile of small particles in suspension or polymers in solution.
Other names are
Photon correlation spectroscopy
Quasi-elastic light scattering.
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a technique in physics that can be used to determine the size distribution profile of nanoparticles in suspension or in polymers
Dynamic light scattering (DLS) or Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering (QELS), is a non-invasive, well-established technique for measuring the size and size distribution of molecules and particles typically in the submicron region, and with the latest technology lower than 1nm.
In This slide the working principle and the function of DLS is Explained in brief and precise way.
An Infrared spectrum represents a fingerprint of a sample with absorption peaks which correspond to the frequencies of vibrations between the bonds of the atoms making up the material-Because each different material is a unique combination of atoms, no two compounds produce the exact same spectrum, therefore IR can result in a unique identification of every different kind of material!
Particle Size Analysis by Laser Diffraction Method. AshviniTanpure
For Determination of Particle Size various method are used. here I mentioned the Laser Light scattering for determining the Particle Size. Mainly two type of laser scattering are used,
1. Static laser light scattering.
2. Dynamic laser light scattering.
detail about there principle we see in the slide .
.
.
.
If in any point you didn't understood ,you can contact with me.
hope it useful to you.
Thank You.
An Infrared spectrum represents a fingerprint of a sample with absorption peaks which correspond to the frequencies of vibrations between the bonds of the atoms making up the material-Because each different material is a unique combination of atoms, no two compounds produce the exact same spectrum, therefore IR can result in a unique identification of every different kind of material!
Particle Size Analysis by Laser Diffraction Method. AshviniTanpure
For Determination of Particle Size various method are used. here I mentioned the Laser Light scattering for determining the Particle Size. Mainly two type of laser scattering are used,
1. Static laser light scattering.
2. Dynamic laser light scattering.
detail about there principle we see in the slide .
.
.
.
If in any point you didn't understood ,you can contact with me.
hope it useful to you.
Thank You.
An exact solution to Maxwell’s equation for a Sphere applied to Silver Nanopa...AI Publications
With in this work the exact solution to Maxwell’s equation for a sphere, sometimes called Mie theory, is applied to silver nanoparticles embedded in various constant index materials. The albedo, or fraction of the incident light which is scattered away from the particle is calculated and plotted as a function of the size of the particles relative to the incident wavelength.
Static and dynamic light scattering have evolved into powerful methods to investigate a variety of soft and biological matter systems with structures on the nanometer to micrometer scale. They can provide detailed quantitative information on the shape, internal structure, size, and polydispersity of the system as well as interparticle interactions. I will present their fundamentals from a physics and instrumental point of view and also comment on experimental data analysis. The opportunities they offer will be discussed as well as their limits. This will be illustrated by a selection of examples, ranging from colloidal suspensions, detergent, and polymer solutions to proteins and include topics like contrast and absolute intensity, determination of molar mass, polydispersity, and interparticle interactions.
Static and dynamic light scattering have evolved into powerful methods to investigate a variety of soft and biological matter systems with structures on the nanometer to micrometer scale. They can provide detailed quantitative information on the shape, internal structure, size, and polydispersity of the system as well as interparticle interactions. I will present their fundamentals from a physics and instrumental point of view and also comment on experimental data analysis. The opportunities they offer will be discussed as well as their limits. This will be illustrated by a selection of examples, ranging from colloidal suspensions, detergent, and polymer solutions to proteins and include topics like contrast and absolute intensity, determination of molar mass, polydispersity, and interparticle interactions.
Static and dynamic light scattering have evolved into powerful methods to investigate a variety of soft and biological matter systems with structures on the nanometer to micrometer scale. They can provide detailed quantitative information on the shape, internal structure, size, and polydispersity of the system as well as interparticle interactions. I will present their fundamentals from a physics and instrumental point of view and also comment on experimental data analysis. The opportunities they offer will be discussed as well as their limits. This will be illustrated by a selection of examples, ranging from colloidal suspensions, detergent and polymer solutions to proteins and include topics like contrast and absolute intensity, determination of molar mass, polydispersity and interparticle interactions.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
4. Tightly packed ceramic
has high zeta potential
To find the rate of flocculation respect to change
in pH in the Waste water treatment process
Stability of the emulsion
4
5. The 2nd Virial Coefficient (A2) is a property describing the interaction strength between
the particles and the solvent or appropriate dispersant medium.
A2>0 means the
particles ‘like’ the
solvent more than
itself, and will tend
to stay as a stable
solution
A2=0 means the
particle-solvent
interaction strength
is equivalent to the
molecule-molecule
interaction
When A2 <0
means the
particle ‘likes’
itself more than
the solvent, and
therefore may
aggregate
SIZE
MEASUREM
ENT
(DIAMETER)
0.3 nm
to 10 µm
SIZE
RANGE FOR
ZETA
POTENTIAL
(DIAMETER)
3.8 nm
to 100
µm
MOLECULA
R WEIGHT
(DALTONS)
342 Da
to 2x107
Da
Liquid
Medium
5
6.
7. REFLECTION : The bouncing of light or
sound waves off of a surface.
REFRACTION : The bending of light or
sound wave as it passes between two
substances.
SCATTERING : Light or sound wave
interact with matter causing it move in
various directions.
ABSORPTION: The transfer of light
energy to particles of matter.
TRANSMITTANCE: All the light passes
through a solution without any
absorption.
DIFFRACTION : The bending of waves
around the edges of the object.
INTERFERENCE: The combination of
two or more electromagnetic
waveforms to form a resultant wave in
which the displacement is either
reinforced or cancelled.
7
8. Elastic
Scattering
• Wavelength of scatter light same as incident light
• Examples: Rayleigh Scattering, Mie Scattering,
Non-selective scattering.
Inelastic
Scattering
• Wavelength of scatter light different as incident light
• Examples: Raman Scattering, Fluorescence,
compton scattering and brillouin scattering
Quasi-
elastic
Scattering
• Wavelength of the scattered light shifts
• Moving matter due to Doppler effects
8
10. RAYLEIGH SCATTERING/ MOLECULAR
SCATTERING
The scattering by molecules and particles whose
diameters are << wavelength of the light.
Examples: primarily due to oxygen and nitrogen
molecules.
scattering intensity is proportional to Four times
of wavelength it is responsible for blue sky
•This equation indicates the ratio of light that is
deflected in the direction. The intensity of the
scattering depends on the wavelength of the
incoming light.
10
11. MIE/DEBYE SCATTERING
The scattering by molecules and
particles whose diameters
>>=wavelength of the light.
This is responsible for white color
for the clouds and white scattering
near the sun can be attributed to Mie
scattering, which is not wavelength
dependent.
11
12. • Non-selective scattering occurs when the
diameter of the particles causing scatter are
much larger than the wavelengths being
sensed.
• Water droplets, that commonly have
diameters of between 5 and 100 m, can cause
such scatter, and can affect all visible and near
- to - mid-IR wavelengths equally.
Scattering
process
Particle size
(µm)
Wavelength
dependence
Kind of Particle
Rayleigh <<0.1 -4 Air molecule
Mie 0.1 to 10 -4 to 0 Smoke ,cloud
droplets.
Non selective 10 0 Larger dust,
Water droplets.
12
13. INELASTIC SCATTERING
Compton scattering Brillouin scattering
• It is inelastic scattering
where the frequency of the
reflected radiation is
changed by thermal sound.
•
• Brillouin frequency (B)
shift the refractive index n,
the acoustic velocity va, and
the vacuum wavelength λ:
B = 2n a/
i is wavelength of incident photon
f is wavelength of scattered photon
h – plank constant
M – mass of electron
C – Velocity of electron
13
22. Debye plotRayleigh Scattering equation
sample at different concentrations and applying
the Rayleigh equation then Intensity Vs conc
(debye plot) Slope is A2 Intercept (C=0) inverse
of molecular weight.
R : The Rayleigh ratio - the ratio of
scattered light to incident light of the
sample.
M : Sample molecular weight.
A2 : 2nd Virial Coefficient.
C : Concentration.
P : Angular dependence of the
sample scattering intensity.
K : Optical constant.
22
23. Particles with more positive than +30 Mv
or more negative than -30 Mv are stable. 23
24. When an electric field is applied
to the cell, any particles moving
through the measurement
volume will cause the intensity
of light detected to fluctuate
with a frequency proportional to
the particle speed.
Therefore LDS is placed to
measure the velocity of particle
moving through a fluid in an
electrophoresis.
24
25. z : Zeta potential.
UE : Electrophoretic mobility.
e- Dielectric constant.
h-Viscosity.
ƒ(Ka) : Henry’s function.
Two values are generally used as approximations for the f(Ka)
determination - either 1.5 (smoluchowski approximation for larger particle
with aqueous sample ) or 1.0 (Huckel approximation for smaller particle
with non aqueous sample)
Zetasizer Nano series calculates the zeta potential by determining the
electrophoretic mobility (velocity of particle in the electric field) and then apply
to henry equation.
25
26. STATIC LIGHT SCATTERING DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING
SLS measures the dependence of
the average scattered intensity on
the scattering angle
DLS measures the time
autocorrelation of the scattered
light intensity g(2) (r) as a function
of the delay time T
Structural information about the
particles, including the size, shape
and molar mass.
DLS provide dynamic information
about the particles in dispersion
including translational, rotational
and internal motion
SLS measures the amplitude of
scattering, regardless of its
fluctuations.
DLS measures how scattering
changes over time, regardless of
the amplitude
26
