IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on Compressive Str...inventionjournals
Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, costeffective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20% cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about 2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on Compressive Str...inventionjournals
Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, costeffective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20% cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about 2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A PARAMETRIC STUDY ON EFFECT OF FLY ASH TOGETHER WITH FIBER FOR SUSTAINABLE C...IAEME Publication
The present challenge for civil engineers is to produce high volume and high
performance fly ash concrete with increased durability and service life, at lowest
possible cost. Also concrete produced should have minimal negative impact on the
environment, which is green and sustainable concrete. This can be achieved by
reducing the use of natural lime, fine and coarse aggregates whose resources are
limited and are depleting very fast day by day. It could also be achieved by utilizing
maximum possible industrial by-product like fly ash in concrete as it would reduce
landfill area for fly ash disposal and CO2 emission during cement manufacturing
process. Effect of fly ash as replacement of cement together with fibers in concrete on
durability is very well reported in literatures. However effect of fly ash as partial
replacement of cement and sand together with fibers is not clearly available in
literatures. Literatures show that partial replacement of cement by fly ash reduces early
age strength of concrete. Partial replacement of sand by fly ash together with fiber shall
compensate strength loss due to partial replacement of cement by fly ash. Due to
government restrictions on natural sand mining from river beds, contractors are
demanding a reliable and all weather partial or full replacement material for sand.
Present study shall be a right step forward in reducing consumption of natural sand
and consuming higher volumes of fly ash available in Chhattisgarh region together with
fibers for sustainable and durable concrete.
Steel industry by products for sustainable constructionsManjunatha L.R
Dr.L.R.Manjunatha ,PhD ,A Sustainability Expert presents on who steel industry byproducts can be effectively utilized by using technologies and converted to valuable green products for the construction sector
EFFECT OF BAGAGSE ASH ON PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USED AS PARTIAL REPLACEMNT FO...IAEME Publication
Background/Objectives: Cement is one of the sources for producing inexperienced house gases united ton of carbon dioxide is created with each one ton of cement production. Use of alternative materials will scale back this pollution downside. Methods/ Statistical analysis: In the present work Sugarcane pulp ash has been tried as another material for partial replacement of cement. Sugarcane bagasse ash is a by-product of sugarcane and disposal of that is making serious setting issues. In the present work, trails are created (with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) to value absolutely the quantum of cement that may get replaced by bagasse ash while not poignant the strength capabilities of the cast. Findings: Different tests such as compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength are to be conducted on concrete for seven days and twenty-eight days natural process. Analysis of the results would give conclusions and inferences. Applications/Improvements: Outcome shows that for 15% substitute of cement by way of the SCBA strength is nearly enough the nominal force of the concrete.
Utilization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) In Concrete By Partial Replacemen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
“Experimental studies on the characteristics properties of concrete produced ...AjeetPanedakatti
Concrete is the most widely used man-made construction material in the world and is consumed second only to water on this planet. It is obtained by mixing the cementitious materials, water and aggregates in the required proportions. However, the various required performance attributes of concrete including strength, workability, dimensional stability and durability, often impose contradictory requirements on the mix parameters to be adopted, there by rendering the concrete mix design a very difficult task.
The increase in global warming has resulted a wide range of change in earth’s temperature, the source being emission of carbon dioxide gas from the production process of cement. Use of naturally available pozzolanic waste materials (fly ash & granite powder) as a partial substitute of OPC cement in mortar mix has seen a wide potential in the utilization of these waste material and also enhancing the properties of mortar mix and thus reducing the environment impact caused by manufacturing of cement. In this study the effect of using fly ash & granite powder is used as a partial substitute of ordinary port-land cement and to reduce the cost of the cement.
An investigation was conducted to determine the suitability of using fly ash (bi-product from thermal power plant) and waste granite powder as partial replacement for cement for concrete production. Apart from the control concrete sample which had 100% cement all the other samples were treated to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% replacement of cement with flyash and granite powder. Concrete cubes of 150mmx150mmx150mm, cylinders of 150mm diameter and 300mm height, beams of 100mmx100mmx500mm were made with the various proportions of cement, sand and coarse aggregates in a mix ratio of 1:2.2:3, water -cement ratio of 0.50 and cured over 28 days. The results of compressive strength tests show that the strength of the concrete cubes with varying amounts of cement and fly ash and granite powder changed marginally. This was interpreted to mean that the partial replacement of cement with fly ash and granite powder up to 20% in concrete results in about 1.4% increase in the strength of the concrete. The compressive strength of concrete cubes is 33N/mm2, flexural strength of concrete beams is 5.10 N/mm2 and split tensile strength of concrete cylinder is 2.34 N/mm2 for 20% replacement.
Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Marble D...YogeshIJTSRD
The advancement of concrete technology is abridging the usance of natural and energy asset, and lessen the pollution of environment by the industrial waste. Marble is a metamorphic rock, resulting from the transformation of pure lime stone. Marble dust is generated in stone processing plants which pollute the environment and affect the humans directly or indirectly. Marble is industrially processed by being cut, polished and used for decorative purpose and thus, economically variable. During cutting process, 20 30 of a marble block becomes waste marble powder. Krishnendra Kumar Shukla | Hirendra Pratap Singh "Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Marble Dust and Recron Fibre as Admixture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38703.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/38703/experimental-study-of-partial-replacement-of-cement-in-concrete-with-marble-dust-and-recron-fibre-as-admixture/krishnendra-kumar-shukla
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE AS...IAEME Publication
Objective: The primary objectives of this study are Partial replacement of bagasse ash with cement. Calculation for 7 & 28 days strength. Methods: Concrete with the cement emits CO2 which impacts on environment. Bagasse is the by-product of sugar industries and it is introducing into concrete to find the parameters of strength and waste utilisation. Findings: Environmental impact due to Bagasse increases as dumping and land filling results to molasses and other damaging factors to overcome these problems Bagasse ash introduced into the concrete and the experimental is carried out with replacement of Bagasse ash of (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20%) is carried out for high strength concrete. Applications: Accordingly the codal provisions followed are IS: 10262, IS 456-2000 respectively this is the new work for the innovation for future which has to be carried out by upcoming generations.
Studies on Mortars and Concretes with Pozzolonic Admixtureinventionjournals
Due to the steep increase in the cost of cement which is the main building material commonly used, the constructional costs are going up. In the present contest of housing the millions, various programmes are getting upset because of the increased cost of constructions. In these contexts, various alternatives are being tried to be used as full or partial replacement of cement to reduce its cost. Pozzolime is one such material manufactured locally using lime and clay. Its cost nearby 1/3rd of that of cement. Though pozzolime has been put use by builders to certain extent, its strength properties are not well understood to relies its full potential and use, it is necessary to carryout detailed experimental studies on the strength properties of pozzolime in combination with cement. In the present experimental investigation, pozzolime is used as been partial replacement to cement in various proportions; specimens of mortars and concretes are cost and tested for compressive strength at different ages. The results are compared with those of the fly ash. The results indicate that desirable strength properties can be achieved in mortars and concretes by using pozzolime as partial replacement to cement. It may be concluded that cost affective mortars and concretes can be prepared using pozzolime admixture. This would help substantially in reducing the cost of construction.
compressive strength of concrete containing milled glass as partial substitut...IJAEMSJORNAL
This work reports the outcome of an experiment carried out by using milled glass (MG) of varying percentages (20%, 40% and 60% by weight)of cement in concrete making. MG was sourced for and milled to required fineness. The concrete was batched with mix ratio of 1։2։ 4. Concrete Cube specimens produced were allowed to cure for 7-28 days and compressive strength, slump and setting time tests were carried out and were compared with those of conventional concrete (0% MG). Results obtained showed that compressive strength of the concrete increased with increase in length of curing age, but decreased as the percentage of MG increased. However, the strength still remained in the allowable range of workability for concrete in line with British standard. MG replacement of 20% was found to be the most suitable mix considering the strength and safe use of the concrete. It was concluded that MG replacement of 20% showed no significant loss in strength compared to the control sample and is stable and could be acceptable in most concrete. At the long run. Waste glass that currently constitutes waste concern in built environment in Nigeria can best be managed through alternative use in concrete production.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A PARAMETRIC STUDY ON EFFECT OF FLY ASH TOGETHER WITH FIBER FOR SUSTAINABLE C...IAEME Publication
The present challenge for civil engineers is to produce high volume and high
performance fly ash concrete with increased durability and service life, at lowest
possible cost. Also concrete produced should have minimal negative impact on the
environment, which is green and sustainable concrete. This can be achieved by
reducing the use of natural lime, fine and coarse aggregates whose resources are
limited and are depleting very fast day by day. It could also be achieved by utilizing
maximum possible industrial by-product like fly ash in concrete as it would reduce
landfill area for fly ash disposal and CO2 emission during cement manufacturing
process. Effect of fly ash as replacement of cement together with fibers in concrete on
durability is very well reported in literatures. However effect of fly ash as partial
replacement of cement and sand together with fibers is not clearly available in
literatures. Literatures show that partial replacement of cement by fly ash reduces early
age strength of concrete. Partial replacement of sand by fly ash together with fiber shall
compensate strength loss due to partial replacement of cement by fly ash. Due to
government restrictions on natural sand mining from river beds, contractors are
demanding a reliable and all weather partial or full replacement material for sand.
Present study shall be a right step forward in reducing consumption of natural sand
and consuming higher volumes of fly ash available in Chhattisgarh region together with
fibers for sustainable and durable concrete.
Steel industry by products for sustainable constructionsManjunatha L.R
Dr.L.R.Manjunatha ,PhD ,A Sustainability Expert presents on who steel industry byproducts can be effectively utilized by using technologies and converted to valuable green products for the construction sector
EFFECT OF BAGAGSE ASH ON PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USED AS PARTIAL REPLACEMNT FO...IAEME Publication
Background/Objectives: Cement is one of the sources for producing inexperienced house gases united ton of carbon dioxide is created with each one ton of cement production. Use of alternative materials will scale back this pollution downside. Methods/ Statistical analysis: In the present work Sugarcane pulp ash has been tried as another material for partial replacement of cement. Sugarcane bagasse ash is a by-product of sugarcane and disposal of that is making serious setting issues. In the present work, trails are created (with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) to value absolutely the quantum of cement that may get replaced by bagasse ash while not poignant the strength capabilities of the cast. Findings: Different tests such as compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength are to be conducted on concrete for seven days and twenty-eight days natural process. Analysis of the results would give conclusions and inferences. Applications/Improvements: Outcome shows that for 15% substitute of cement by way of the SCBA strength is nearly enough the nominal force of the concrete.
Utilization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) In Concrete By Partial Replacemen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
“Experimental studies on the characteristics properties of concrete produced ...AjeetPanedakatti
Concrete is the most widely used man-made construction material in the world and is consumed second only to water on this planet. It is obtained by mixing the cementitious materials, water and aggregates in the required proportions. However, the various required performance attributes of concrete including strength, workability, dimensional stability and durability, often impose contradictory requirements on the mix parameters to be adopted, there by rendering the concrete mix design a very difficult task.
The increase in global warming has resulted a wide range of change in earth’s temperature, the source being emission of carbon dioxide gas from the production process of cement. Use of naturally available pozzolanic waste materials (fly ash & granite powder) as a partial substitute of OPC cement in mortar mix has seen a wide potential in the utilization of these waste material and also enhancing the properties of mortar mix and thus reducing the environment impact caused by manufacturing of cement. In this study the effect of using fly ash & granite powder is used as a partial substitute of ordinary port-land cement and to reduce the cost of the cement.
An investigation was conducted to determine the suitability of using fly ash (bi-product from thermal power plant) and waste granite powder as partial replacement for cement for concrete production. Apart from the control concrete sample which had 100% cement all the other samples were treated to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% replacement of cement with flyash and granite powder. Concrete cubes of 150mmx150mmx150mm, cylinders of 150mm diameter and 300mm height, beams of 100mmx100mmx500mm were made with the various proportions of cement, sand and coarse aggregates in a mix ratio of 1:2.2:3, water -cement ratio of 0.50 and cured over 28 days. The results of compressive strength tests show that the strength of the concrete cubes with varying amounts of cement and fly ash and granite powder changed marginally. This was interpreted to mean that the partial replacement of cement with fly ash and granite powder up to 20% in concrete results in about 1.4% increase in the strength of the concrete. The compressive strength of concrete cubes is 33N/mm2, flexural strength of concrete beams is 5.10 N/mm2 and split tensile strength of concrete cylinder is 2.34 N/mm2 for 20% replacement.
Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Marble D...YogeshIJTSRD
The advancement of concrete technology is abridging the usance of natural and energy asset, and lessen the pollution of environment by the industrial waste. Marble is a metamorphic rock, resulting from the transformation of pure lime stone. Marble dust is generated in stone processing plants which pollute the environment and affect the humans directly or indirectly. Marble is industrially processed by being cut, polished and used for decorative purpose and thus, economically variable. During cutting process, 20 30 of a marble block becomes waste marble powder. Krishnendra Kumar Shukla | Hirendra Pratap Singh "Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Marble Dust and Recron Fibre as Admixture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38703.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/38703/experimental-study-of-partial-replacement-of-cement-in-concrete-with-marble-dust-and-recron-fibre-as-admixture/krishnendra-kumar-shukla
STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE AS...IAEME Publication
Objective: The primary objectives of this study are Partial replacement of bagasse ash with cement. Calculation for 7 & 28 days strength. Methods: Concrete with the cement emits CO2 which impacts on environment. Bagasse is the by-product of sugar industries and it is introducing into concrete to find the parameters of strength and waste utilisation. Findings: Environmental impact due to Bagasse increases as dumping and land filling results to molasses and other damaging factors to overcome these problems Bagasse ash introduced into the concrete and the experimental is carried out with replacement of Bagasse ash of (0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20%) is carried out for high strength concrete. Applications: Accordingly the codal provisions followed are IS: 10262, IS 456-2000 respectively this is the new work for the innovation for future which has to be carried out by upcoming generations.
Studies on Mortars and Concretes with Pozzolonic Admixtureinventionjournals
Due to the steep increase in the cost of cement which is the main building material commonly used, the constructional costs are going up. In the present contest of housing the millions, various programmes are getting upset because of the increased cost of constructions. In these contexts, various alternatives are being tried to be used as full or partial replacement of cement to reduce its cost. Pozzolime is one such material manufactured locally using lime and clay. Its cost nearby 1/3rd of that of cement. Though pozzolime has been put use by builders to certain extent, its strength properties are not well understood to relies its full potential and use, it is necessary to carryout detailed experimental studies on the strength properties of pozzolime in combination with cement. In the present experimental investigation, pozzolime is used as been partial replacement to cement in various proportions; specimens of mortars and concretes are cost and tested for compressive strength at different ages. The results are compared with those of the fly ash. The results indicate that desirable strength properties can be achieved in mortars and concretes by using pozzolime as partial replacement to cement. It may be concluded that cost affective mortars and concretes can be prepared using pozzolime admixture. This would help substantially in reducing the cost of construction.
compressive strength of concrete containing milled glass as partial substitut...IJAEMSJORNAL
This work reports the outcome of an experiment carried out by using milled glass (MG) of varying percentages (20%, 40% and 60% by weight)of cement in concrete making. MG was sourced for and milled to required fineness. The concrete was batched with mix ratio of 1։2։ 4. Concrete Cube specimens produced were allowed to cure for 7-28 days and compressive strength, slump and setting time tests were carried out and were compared with those of conventional concrete (0% MG). Results obtained showed that compressive strength of the concrete increased with increase in length of curing age, but decreased as the percentage of MG increased. However, the strength still remained in the allowable range of workability for concrete in line with British standard. MG replacement of 20% was found to be the most suitable mix considering the strength and safe use of the concrete. It was concluded that MG replacement of 20% showed no significant loss in strength compared to the control sample and is stable and could be acceptable in most concrete. At the long run. Waste glass that currently constitutes waste concern in built environment in Nigeria can best be managed through alternative use in concrete production.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Effect on Concrete Strength by Partial Replacement of Cement with Cotton Stal...ijtsrd
Huge quantity of Cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash are generating as a waste product in agriculture sector in India and many other developing countries every year. In lack of proper wakefulness and technology expansion, great portion of these by products remain unutilized causing severe disposal and environmental troubles. The main goal of this thesis is to examine the performance of M40 grade concrete with a mix ratio as per M40 grade and a water cement ratio of 0.425 Additionally, it aims to determine the compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength of concrete cement when cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash are used in place of cement. With various percentage like 10, 20, and 30 etc. of cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash well as with combined replacement of Cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash. and results that the workability of concrete was found to be reduced on enhance the Cotton stalk ash CSA , rice husk ash RHA by difference percentages. The Maximum increase in 53.67 N mm2 of compressive strength is obtained after the period 28 days with cotton stalk ash substituting 10 of the cement CSA . The maximum increase in flexural strength over the period of 28 days was 5.98 N mm2, with cotton stalk ash substituting 10 of the cement CSA . When 10 of the cement is replaced with cotton stalk ash, the significant increase in split tensile strength for 28 days is 4.23N mm2 CSA By substituting cotton stalk ash, rice husk ash for 20, 10 of the cement, the compressive strength as per this investigations for 28 days is observed 49.47 N mm2 CSA, RHA is not achieved highest value but achieve the target mean strength. The greatest results are achieved when cotton stalk ash are utilized, although at different percentages. Maninder Singh | Mr. Janardan Tiwari "Effect on Concrete Strength by Partial Replacement of Cement with Cotton Stalk Ash and Rice Husk Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52353.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52353/effect-on-concrete-strength-by-partial-replacement-of-cement-with-cotton-stalk-ash-and-rice-husk-ash/maninder-singh
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The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on Compressive Str...inventionjournals
Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, costeffective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20% cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about 2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
● Properties of Sawdust Concrete
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● Thermal Analysis of Concrete Mixtures with Recycled EPS Aggregates
● Impact of Polymer Coating on the Flexural Strength and Deflection Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
1. L. O. Ettu, U. C. Anya, C. T. G. Awodiji, K. O. Njoku, A. C. Chima / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-June 2013, pp.731-735
731 | P a g e
Strength Of Ternary Blended Cement Sandcrete Containing
Corn Cob Ash And Pawpaw Leaf Ash
L. O. Ettu1
, U. C. Anya2
, C. T. G. Awodiji3
, K. O. Njoku4
, and A. C. Chima5
1,2,3,4,5
Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
The compressive strength of ternary
blended cement sandcrete containing corn cob
ash (CCA) and pawpaw leaf ash (PPLA) was
investigated in this work. 105 sandcrete cubes of
150mm x 150mm x 150mm were produced with
OPC-CCA binary blended cement, 105 with
OPC-PPLA binary blended cement, and 105 with
OPC-CCA-PPLA ternary blended cement, each
at percentage OPC replacement with pozzolan of
5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. Three cubes for
each percentage replacement of OPC with
pozzolan and the control were tested for
saturated surface dry bulk density and crushed
to obtain their compressive strengths at 3, 7, 14,
21, 28, 50, and 90 days of curing. The 90-day
strengths obtained from ternary blending of
OPC with equal proportions of CCA and PPLA
were 11.30N/mm2
for 5% replacement,
10.90N/mm2
for 10% replacement, 10.60N/mm2
for 15% replacement, 10.10N/mm2
for 20%
replacement, and 9.70N/mm2
for 25%
replacement, while that of the control was
10.00N/mm2
. Thus, very high sandcrete strength
values suitable for use in various civil
engineering and building works could be
obtained with OPC-CCA-PPLA ternary blended
cement at longer days of hydration when good
quality control is applied.
Key words:Binary blended cement, corn cob ash,
pawpaw leaf ash, pozzolan, sandcrete, ternary
blended cement.
INTRODUCTION
Shortage of accommodation is increasingly
becoming one of the greatestproblems in South
Eastern Nigeria. Since sandcrete is the most
important element of low-cost buildings in the
region, reducing the cost of cement used for
sandcrete production is considered an essential
contribution toward solving this problem. In order to
achieve this purpose, agricultural by-products
regarded as wastes in technologically
underdeveloped societies could be used as partial
replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC).It
has already been established thatsupplementary
cementitious materials prove to be effective to meet
most of the requirements of durable concrete and
blended cements are now used in many parts of the
world (Bakar, Putrajaya, and Abdulaziz, 2010).
Incorporating agricultural by-product pozzolans
such as rice husk ash (RHA) calcined at high
temperatures has been studied with positive results
in the manufacture and application of blended
cements (Malhotra and Mehta, 2004). Elinwa and
Awari (2001) found that groundnut husk ash could
be suitably used as partial replacement of OPC in
concrete making. Cisse and Laquerbe (2000)
reported that sandcrete blocks obtained with
unground Senegalese RHA as partial replacement of
OPC had greater mechanical resistance than 100%
OPC sandcrete blocks. Their study also revealed
that the use of unground RHA enabled production of
lightweight sandcrete block with insulating
properties at a reduced cost. Agbede and Obam
(2008) have also investigated the strength properties
of OPC-RHA blended sandcreteblocks. They
replaced various percentages of OPC with RHA and
found that up to 17.5% of OPC can be replaced with
RHA to produce good quality sandcrete blocks.
Oyekan and Kamiyo (2011) reported thatsandcrete
blocks made with RHA-blended cement had lower
heat storage capacity and lower thermal mass than
100% OPC sandcrete blocks. They explained that
the increased thermal effusivity of the sandcrete
block with RHA content is an advantage over 100%
OPC sandcrete block as it enhances human thermal
comfort.
Many other researchers have also
investigated the combination of OPC with different
percentages of a pozzolan in making binary blended
cement composites (Adewuyi and Ola, 2005; De
Sensale, 2006; Nair, Jagadish, and Fraaij, 2006;
Saraswathy and Song, 2007; Ganesan, Rajagopal,
and Thangavel, 2008). Malhotra and Mehta (2004)
reported that ground RHA with finer particle size
than OPC improves concrete properties as higher
substitution amounts result in lower water
absorption values and the addition of RHA causes
an increment in the compressive strength. Mehta
and Pirtz (2000) investigated the use of rice husk
ash to reduce temperature in high strength mass
concrete and concluded that RHA is very effective
in reducing the temperature of mass concrete
compared to OPC concrete. Sakr (2006) investigated
the effects of silica fume and rice husk ash on the
properties of heavy weight concrete and found that
these pozzolans gave higher concrete strengths than
OPC concrete at curing ages of 28 days and above.
Cordeiro, Filho, and Fairbairn (2009) investigated
Brazilian RHA and rice straw ash (RSA) and
demonstrated that grinding increased the
2. L. O. Ettu, U. C. Anya, C. T. G. Awodiji, K. O. Njoku, A. C. Chima / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-June 2013, pp.731-735
732 | P a g e
pozzolanicity of RHA and that high strength of
RHA, RSA concrete makes production of blocks
with good bearing strength in a rural setting
possible. Their study showed that combination of
RHA or RSA with lime produces a weak
cementitious material which could however be used
to stabilize laterite and improve the bearing strength
of the material. Habeeb and Fayyadh (2009) also
investigated the influence of RHA average particle
size on the properties of concrete and found that at
early ages the strength was comparable, while at the
age of 28 days finer RHA exhibited higher strength
than the sample with coarser RHA. Rukzon,
Chindaprasirt, and Mahachai (2009) studied the
effect of grinding on the chemical and physical
properties of rice husk ash and the effects of RHA
fineness on properties of mortar and found that
pozzolans with finer particles had greater pozzolanic
reaction. Wada et al. (2000) demonstrated that RHA
mortar and concrete exhibited higher compressive
strength than the control mortar and concrete.
Cordeiro, Filho, and Fairbairn (2009) further
investigated the influence of different grinding times
on the particle size distribution and pozzolanic
activity of RHA obtained by uncontrolled
combustion in order to improve the performance of
the RHA. The study revealed the possibility of using
ultrafine residual RHA containing high-carbon
content in high-performance concrete. Many other
researchers have also found sawdust ash a suitable
agricultural by-product for use in formulating binary
blended cements with OPC (Elinwa, Ejeh, and
Mamuda, 2008; Elinwa and Abdulkadir, 2011).
A few researchers have also investigated
the possibility of ternary blended systems whereby
OPC is blended with two different pozzolans. The
ternary blended system has the additional
environmental and economic advantages that it
enables a further reduction of the quantity of OPC in
blended cements and also makes it possible for two
pozzolans to be combined with OPC even if neither
of them is available in very large quantity. Tyagher,
Utsev, and Adagba (2011) found that sawdust ash-
lime mixture as partial replacement for OPC is
suitable for the production of sandcrete hollow
blocks. They reported that 10% replacement of OPC
with SDA-lime gave the maximum strength at
water-cement ratio of 0.55 for 1:8 mix ratio. Elinwa,
Ejeh, and Akpabio (2005) had earlier investigated
the use of sawdust ash in combination with
metakaolin as a ternary blend with 3% added to act
as an admixture in concrete. Frı´as et al.
(2005)studied the influence of calcining temperature
as well as clay content in the pozzolanic activity of
sugar cane straw-clay ashes-lime systems. All
calcined samples showed very high pozzolanic
activity and the fixation rate of lime (pozzolanic
reaction) varied with calcining temperature and clay
content. Rukzon and Chindaprasirt
(2006)investigated the strength development of
mortars made with ternary blends of OPC, ground
RHA, and classified fly ash (FA). The results
showed that the strength at the age of 28 and 90
days of the binary blended cement mortar containing
10 and 20% RHA were slightly higher than those of
the control, but less than those of FA. Ternary
blended cement mixes with 70% OPC and 30% of
combined FA and RHA produced strengths similar
to that of the control. The researchers concluded that
30% of OPC could be replaced with the combined
FA and RHA pozzolans without significantly
lowering the strength of the mixes. Fadzil et al.
(2008) studied the properties of ternary blended
cementitious (TBC) systems containing OPC,
ground Malaysian RHA, and fly ash (FA). They
found that compressive strength of concrete
containing TBC gave low strength at early ages,
even lower than that of OPC, but higher than binary
blended cementitious (BBC) concrete containing
FA. Their results suggested the possibility of using
TBC systems in the concrete construction industry
and that TBC systems could be particularly useful in
reducing the volume of OPC used.
Much of the previous works by researchers
on ternary blended cements were based on the
ternary blending of OPC with an industrial by-
product pozzolan such as FA or silica fume (SF) and
an agricultural by-product pozzolan, especially
RHA. Tons of agricultural and plant wastes such as
corn cob and pawpaw leaf are generated in many
communities in South Eastern Nigeria due to
intensified food production and local economic
ventures. Little has been reported on the possibility
of binary combination of these Nigerian agricultural
by-products with OPC in developing blended
cements and no literature exists on the possibility of
ternary blending of two of them with OPC. This
work is part of a pioneer investigation of the
suitability of using two Nigerian agricultural by-
products in ternary blend with OPC for sandcrete
making. The compressive strength of ternary
blended cement sandcrete containing corn cob ash
and pawpaw leaf ash was specifically investigated.
It is hoped that the successful utilization of corn cob
ash and pawpaw leaf ash in ternary combination
with OPC for making sandcrete would further add
value to these agricultural by-product wastes as well
as reduce the cost of building works and other civil
engineering projects that make much use of
sandcrete blocks.
METHODOLOGY
Corn cob was obtained from Aba district in
Abia State and pawpaw leaf from Eziobodo in Imo
State, both in South East Nigeria. These materials
were air-dried, pulverized into smaller particles, and
calcined into ashes in a locally fabricated furnace at
temperatures generally below 650o
C. The corn cob
ash (CCA) and pawpaw leaf ash (PPLA) were
sieved and large particles retained on the 600µm
3. L. O. Ettu, U. C. Anya, C. T. G. Awodiji, K. O. Njoku, A. C. Chima / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-June 2013, pp.731-735
733 | P a g e
sieve were discarded while those passing the sieve
were used for this work. No grinding or any special
treatment to improve the quality of the ashes and
enhance their pozzolanicity was applied because the
researchers wanted to utilize simple processes that
could be easily replicated by local community
dwellers.
The CCA had a bulk density of 810 Kg/m3
,
specific gravity of 1.95, and fineness modulus of
1.98. The PPLA had a bulk density of 790 Kg/m3
,
specific gravity of 1.83, and fineness modulus of
1.36. Other materials used for the work are Ibeto
brand of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with a
bulk density of 1650 Kg/m3
and specific gravity of
3.13; river sand free from debris and organic
materials with a bulk density of 1590 Kg/m3
,
specific gravity of 2.68, and fineness modulus of
2.82; and water free from organic impurities.
A simple form of pozzolanicity test was
carried out for each of the ashes. It consists of
mixing a given mass of the ash with a given volume
of Calcium hydroxide solution [Ca(OH)2] of known
concentration and titrating samples of the mixture
against H2SO4 solution of known concentration at
time intervals of 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes using
Methyl Orange as indicator at normal temperature.
For each of the ashes the titre value was observed to
reduce with time, confirming the ash as a pozzolan
that fixed more and more of the calcium hydroxide,
thereby reducing the alkalinity of the mixture.
A standard mix ratio of 1:6 (blended
cement: sand) was used for the sandcrete. Batching
was by weight and a constant water/cement ratio of
0.6 was used. Mixing was done manually on a
smooth concrete pavement. For binary blending
with OPC, each of the ashes was first thoroughly
blended with OPC at the required proportion and the
homogenous blend was then mixed with the sand,
also at the required proportions. For ternary
blending, the two ashes were first blended in equal
proportions and subsequently blended with OPC at
the required proportions before mixing with the
sand, also at the required proportions. Water was
then added gradually and the entire sandcrete heap
was mixed thoroughly to ensure homogeneity. One
hundred and five (105) sandcrete cubes of 150mm x
150mm x 150mm were produced with OPC-CCA
binary blended cement, one hundred and five (105)
with OPC-PPLA binary blended cement, and one
hundred and five (105) with OPC-CCA-PPLA
ternary blended cement, each at percentage OPC
replacement with pozzolan of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%,
and 25%. Twenty one control cubes with 100%
OPC or 0% replacement with pozzolan were also
produced. This gives a total of 336 sandcrete cubes.
All the cubes were cured by water sprinkling twice
daily in a shed. Three cubes for each percentage
replacement of OPC with pozzolan and the control
were tested for saturated surface dry bulk density
and crushed to obtain their compressive strengths at
3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 50, and 90 days of curing.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The particle size analysis showed that both
the CCA and the PPLA were much coarser than
OPC, the reason being that the ashes were not
ground to finer particles. The pozzolanicity test
confirmed both ashes as pozzolans since they fixed
some quantities of lime over time. The compressive
strengths of the OPC-CCA and OPC-PPLA binary
blended cement sandcrete as well as the OPC-CCA-
PPLA ternary blended cement sandcrete are shown
in tables 1 and 2 for 3-21 and 28-90 days of curing
respectively.
As shown in tables 1 and 2, the variation of
strength for sandcrete produced from OPC-CCA-
PPLA ternary blended cements is similar to those of
sandcrete produced from OPC-CCA and OPC-
PPLA binary blended cements for all percentage
replacements and curing ages. Also, sandcrete
produced from ternary blend of OPC with equal
proportions of CCA and PPLA have compressive
strength values in between those of binary blends of
OPC and CCA on one hand and OPC and PPLA on
the other hand for all percentage replacements and
curing ages. More significantly for civil engineering
and building construction purposes, the 90-day
strengths obtained from ternary blending of OPC
with equal proportions of CCA and PPLA were
11.30N/mm2
for 5% replacement, 10.90N/mm2
for
10% replacement, 10.60N/mm2
for 15%
replacement, 10.10N/mm2
for 20% replacement, and
9.70N/mm2
for 25% replacement, while that of the
control was 10.00N/mm2
. Thus, very high sandcrete
strength values suitable for use in various civil
engineering and building works could be obtained
with OPC-CCA-PPLA ternary blended cement at
longer days of hydration when good quality control
is applied since the 90-day strength values obtained
in this work for 5-20% replacement are higher than
those of the control and the strength value for 25%
replacement is very close to that of the control.
4. L. O. Ettu, U. C. Anya, C. T. G. Awodiji, K. O. Njoku, A. C. Chima / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-June 2013, pp.731-735
734 | P a g e
Table 1. Compressive strength of blended OPC-CCA-
PPLA cement sandcrete at 3-21 days of curing
OPC
Plus
Compressive Strength (N/mm2
) for
0%
Poz.
5%
Poz.
10%
Poz.
15%
Poz.
20%
Poz.
25%
Poz.
Strength at 3 days
CCA 2.80 2.10 2.00 1.90 1.80 1.80
PPLA 2.80 2.00 1.90 1.80 1.70 1.60
CCA
&
PPLA
2.80 2.00 1.90 1.90 1.80 1.70
Strength at 7 days
CCA 4.90 3.20 3.10 2.90 2.80 2.40
PPLA 4.90 3.10 2.90 2.70 2.40 2.20
CCA
&
PPLA
4.90 3.10 3.00 2.80 2.60 2.30
Strength at 14 days
CCA 7.00 4.50 4.30 3.50 3.30 3.00
PPLA 7.00 4.40 3.90 3.40 3.10 2.80
CCA
&
PPLA
7.00 4.40 4.10 3.40 3.20 2.90
Strength at 21 days
CCA 7.90 5.30 5.20 4.90 4.20 3.90
PPLA 7.90 4.90 4.70 4.50 4.00 3.60
CCA
&
PPLA
7.90 5.10 4.90 4.70 4.00 3.80
Table 2. Compressive strength of blended OPC-CCA-
PPLA cement sandcrete at 28-90 days of curing
OPC
Plus
Compressive Strength (N/mm2
) for
0%
Poz.
5%
Poz.
10%
Poz.
15%
Poz.
20%
Poz.
25%
Poz.
Strength at 28 days
CCA 9.20 7.60 6.40 5.90 5.40 4.90
PPLA 9.20 6.50 6.20 5.50 5.00 4.50
CCA
&
PPLA
9.20 7.20 6.30 5.70 5.30 4.70
Strength at 50 days
CCA 9.80 10.00 9.30 8.60 7.70 6.90
PPLA 9.80 9.50 8.80 8.30 7.40 6.40
CCA
&
PPLA
9.80 9.80 9.10 8.40 7.60 6.70
Strength at 90 days
CCA 10.00 11.40 11.00 10.70 10.30 9.80
PPLA 10.00 11.20 10.70 10.40 10.00 9.40
CCA
&
PPLA
10.00 11.30 10.90 10.60 10.10 9.70
It can also be seen in tables 1 and 2 that
100% OPC sandcrete (the control) strength
increased steadily till the age of about 28 days, after
which it increased only gradually until the age of 90
days. Table 1 further shows that the strength values
of OPC-CCA-PPLA ternary blended cement
sandcrete are very low compared to those of the
control sandcrete at early ages of 3 to 21 days of
hydration. The low early strength gets more
pronounced with increase in percentage replacement
of OPC with CCA-PPLA combination as shown in
table 2. The low early strength could be due to the
fact that pozzolanic reaction was not yet appreciable
at early ages of hydration. The pozzolanic reaction
set in after some days and increased with days of
hydration such that the strength of blended cement
sandcrete increased more and more with age than
that of the control. Thus, very high strength could be
achieved for OPC-CCA-PPLA ternary blended
cement sandcrete with 5 to 25% replacement of
OPC with pozzolans at 50 to 90 days of curing, as
suggested by table 2.
Tables 1 and 2 further show that the
strength values of OPC-CCA binary blended cement
sandcrete are greater than those of OPC-PPLA
binary blended cement sandcrete at all percentage
replacements of OPC with pozzolan and at all
curing ages. The strength value of OPC-CCA-PPLA
ternary blended cement sandcrete consistently lies
in-between the two for all percentage replacements
and curing ages. This suggests that a greater
proportion of CCA than PPLA should be used for
optimization of the strength of OPC-CCA-PPLA
ternary blended cement sandcrete.
CONCLUSIONS
The variation of strength for OPC-CCA-
PPLA ternary blended cement sandcrete is similar to
those of OPC-CCA and OPC-PPLA binary blended
cement sandcrete for all percentage replacements
and curing ages. Also, ternary blended cement
sandcrete produced from blending OPC with equal
proportions of CCA and PPLA have compressive
strength values in between those of binary blended
OPC-CCA and OPC-PPLA cement sandcrete for all
percentage replacements and curing ages. More
significantly, the 90-day strengths of OPC-CCA and
OPC-PPLA binary blended cement sandcrete as
well as those of OPC-CCA-PPLA ternary blended
cement sandcrete are higher than the control values
for 5-20% replacement of OPC with pozzolans and
very close to the control value for 25% replacement.
This suggests that very high values of OPC-CCA-
PPLA ternary blended cement sandcrete strengths
could be obtained if high target strength is
intentionally designed for and good quality control
is applied. Thus, OPC-CCA-PPLA ternary blended
cement sandcrete could be used for various civil
engineering and building works where early strength
is not a major requirement.
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5. L. O. Ettu, U. C. Anya, C. T. G. Awodiji, K. O. Njoku, A. C. Chima / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-June 2013, pp.731-735
735 | P a g e
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