International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Water Is Important In Our Day To Day Life. Water Is Used For Domestic, Irrigation And Several Purpose. Water Also Plays A Key Role In Concrete. The Main Aim Of Investigation Is To Study The Behavior Of Concrete, When Self Curing Agents Like Water Soluble Polymeric Glycol Is Used. Self Curing Concrete Is Curing Of Concrete By Its Own Without Any External Supply Of Water. The Strength And Durability Of Concrete Will Be Fully Developed Only If It Is Cured Properly. To Achieve Good Cure, Excessive Evaporation Of Water From Fresh Concrete Should Be Avoided. Curing Operations Should Ensure That Adequate Amount Of Water Is Available For Cement Hydration To Occur. To Reduce Evaporation, Water Density Should Be Increased. To Increase Density Of Water An Admixture Of Polymeric Glycol Is Mixed In Water.
INVESTIGATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BACTERIAL CONCRETE WITH FLYASH PART...Ijripublishers Ijri
For making it economical, a part of the cement by weight is replaced with a material called ‘fly ash’ which is cheaper in
cost and abundantly available. On the other hand the cracks in concrete lead to leakage problems and there is a need
to address these problems for future.
In the above context, the objective of the present investigation is to obtain the performance of the concrete by adding
microbiologically induced special growth/filler and part of cement replaced by fly ash. One such thought leads to the
development of very special concrete known as bacterial concrete where bacteria is induced in the concrete and part
of the cement replaced by fly ash. A technique is adopted in the formation of concrete by utilizing microbiologically
induced calcite (CaCo3) precipitation. Microbiologically induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is a technique that comes
under a broader category of science called Bio-Mineralization. ‘Bacillus Subtilis’, a common soil bacterium can induce
the precipitation of calcite.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Water Is Important In Our Day To Day Life. Water Is Used For Domestic, Irrigation And Several Purpose. Water Also Plays A Key Role In Concrete. The Main Aim Of Investigation Is To Study The Behavior Of Concrete, When Self Curing Agents Like Water Soluble Polymeric Glycol Is Used. Self Curing Concrete Is Curing Of Concrete By Its Own Without Any External Supply Of Water. The Strength And Durability Of Concrete Will Be Fully Developed Only If It Is Cured Properly. To Achieve Good Cure, Excessive Evaporation Of Water From Fresh Concrete Should Be Avoided. Curing Operations Should Ensure That Adequate Amount Of Water Is Available For Cement Hydration To Occur. To Reduce Evaporation, Water Density Should Be Increased. To Increase Density Of Water An Admixture Of Polymeric Glycol Is Mixed In Water.
INVESTIGATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BACTERIAL CONCRETE WITH FLYASH PART...Ijripublishers Ijri
For making it economical, a part of the cement by weight is replaced with a material called ‘fly ash’ which is cheaper in
cost and abundantly available. On the other hand the cracks in concrete lead to leakage problems and there is a need
to address these problems for future.
In the above context, the objective of the present investigation is to obtain the performance of the concrete by adding
microbiologically induced special growth/filler and part of cement replaced by fly ash. One such thought leads to the
development of very special concrete known as bacterial concrete where bacteria is induced in the concrete and part
of the cement replaced by fly ash. A technique is adopted in the formation of concrete by utilizing microbiologically
induced calcite (CaCo3) precipitation. Microbiologically induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is a technique that comes
under a broader category of science called Bio-Mineralization. ‘Bacillus Subtilis’, a common soil bacterium can induce
the precipitation of calcite.
BACTERIAL CONCRETE - A SOLUTION TO CRACK FORMATIONAM Publications
Concrete is a homogenous mixture and cracks in concrete are inevitable so there is a need for repair which affects the economic life of any structure. To overcome this problem an inherent biomaterial is developed, a self-repairing material which can remediate the cracks in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a technique which is highly desirable because the calcium precipitation is induced as a result of microbial activities. This helps in increasing the strength and durability of concrete. As per the results, it is clearly observed that there is increase in compressive strength, tensile strength and durability in bacterial concrete as compared with normal concrete. This is the main objective of the bacterial concrete for which it was introduced. Various tests which are carried out to study these properties of concrete are compressive strength test, Split tensile test. Scanning Electron Microscope (S.E.M) is used to study the growth of bacteria in the concrete. It is observed that for bacterial proportion 105 cells (24 ml of bacteria in 1000ml), there is significant increase in compressive strength of the bacterial concrete i.e. around 25% increase in strength as compared with normal concrete. For this purpose bacteria used is Bacillus Subtilis.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRENGTH AND FRACTURE PROPERTIES OF SELF HEALING CON...IAEME Publication
Cracking in concrete is irresistible when the load applied is more than its limit and the treatment of cracks is very expensive. This phenomenon also affects the reinforcement in the structure by means of carbon dioxide and water through the cracks. One of the ways to arrest this cracking phenomenon is mixing of bacteria into the concrete. In the present study, an attempt is made to arrest the cracks in concrete using bacteria and calcium lactate. The percentages of bacteria selected for the study are 3.5% and 5% by weight of cement. In addition, calcium lactate was used at 5% and 10% replacement of cement by weight. Bacteria produce calcium carbonate crystals which blocks the micro cracks and pores in the concrete after reacting with calcium lactate.
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH BASED BAC...AM Publications
The present investigation deals with the influence of Bacillus Subtilis bacteria on strength properties of fly ash concrete. In fly ash concrete, cement was partially replaced with 10%, 20% and 30% with fly ash by weight and optimizes the percentage of fly ash for making bacterial concrete. The bacteria Bacillus Subtilis of different cell concentrations 103, 105 and 107 cells/ml were used for making bacterial concrete. The experimental investigations were carried out for 28 and 56 days. Tests conducted include Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity. In fly ash concrete, maximum strength properties observed for 10% replacement of cement with fly ash and the percentage of fly ash is fixed as 10% for making bacterial concrete. In bacterial concrete, maximum strength properties obtained for the bacteria cell concentration of 105cells/ml. The improvement in the strength properties of fly ash concrete is due to the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the micro environment by the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
BACTERIAL CONCRETE - A SOLUTION TO CRACK FORMATIONAM Publications
Concrete is a homogenous mixture and cracks in concrete are inevitable so there is a need for repair which affects the economic life of any structure. To overcome this problem an inherent biomaterial is developed, a self-repairing material which can remediate the cracks in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a technique which is highly desirable because the calcium precipitation is induced as a result of microbial activities. This helps in increasing the strength and durability of concrete. As per the results, it is clearly observed that there is increase in compressive strength, tensile strength and durability in bacterial concrete as compared with normal concrete. This is the main objective of the bacterial concrete for which it was introduced. Various tests which are carried out to study these properties of concrete are compressive strength test, Split tensile test. Scanning Electron Microscope (S.E.M) is used to study the growth of bacteria in the concrete. It is observed that for bacterial proportion 105 cells (24 ml of bacteria in 1000ml), there is significant increase in compressive strength of the bacterial concrete i.e. around 25% increase in strength as compared with normal concrete. For this purpose bacteria used is Bacillus Subtilis.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRENGTH AND FRACTURE PROPERTIES OF SELF HEALING CON...IAEME Publication
Cracking in concrete is irresistible when the load applied is more than its limit and the treatment of cracks is very expensive. This phenomenon also affects the reinforcement in the structure by means of carbon dioxide and water through the cracks. One of the ways to arrest this cracking phenomenon is mixing of bacteria into the concrete. In the present study, an attempt is made to arrest the cracks in concrete using bacteria and calcium lactate. The percentages of bacteria selected for the study are 3.5% and 5% by weight of cement. In addition, calcium lactate was used at 5% and 10% replacement of cement by weight. Bacteria produce calcium carbonate crystals which blocks the micro cracks and pores in the concrete after reacting with calcium lactate.
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH BASED BAC...AM Publications
The present investigation deals with the influence of Bacillus Subtilis bacteria on strength properties of fly ash concrete. In fly ash concrete, cement was partially replaced with 10%, 20% and 30% with fly ash by weight and optimizes the percentage of fly ash for making bacterial concrete. The bacteria Bacillus Subtilis of different cell concentrations 103, 105 and 107 cells/ml were used for making bacterial concrete. The experimental investigations were carried out for 28 and 56 days. Tests conducted include Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity. In fly ash concrete, maximum strength properties observed for 10% replacement of cement with fly ash and the percentage of fly ash is fixed as 10% for making bacterial concrete. In bacterial concrete, maximum strength properties obtained for the bacteria cell concentration of 105cells/ml. The improvement in the strength properties of fly ash concrete is due to the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the micro environment by the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Curing Methods and Their Effects on The Strength of ConcreteIJERA Editor
There are a lot of arguments on which method of curing concrete gives good strength. These different opinions results into this study, which aim at investigating the effects of different curing methods on the strength of concrete. Laboratory test was employed for this study. Normal concretes were prepared using specified mix ratio of 1:2:4 and 1:3:6. The cubes tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 21, and 28 days of curing respectively using four curing methods namely immersion, sprinkling, polythene sheeting and sharp sand coating. Testing indicate that water immersion curing method as well as sprinkling (spraying ) methods of curing, provide better results than membrane (polythene sheeting) method of curing. While sharp sand gives least strength. The rate of drying was significant when the specimens were subjected to curing with polythene sheet method of curing. This thus hampered the hydration process and thus affected the compressive strength property of the hardened concrete. The overall findings of this study suggests that concrete should be cured by water immersion or spraying regularly to achieve a better compressive strength in concrete.
Comparative study on compressive strength of Self cured SCC and Normally cure...IJERA Editor
Curing is the process of maintaining proper moisture content particularly within 28 days to promote optimum
cement hydration immediately after placement. Self-compacting concrete is made up of admixture i.e.
superplasticizer. In recent years, self-compacting concrete (SCC) has gained wide use for placement in
congested reinforced concrete structures with difficult casting conditions. Also various curing methods are
adopted in the construction industry especially for vertical structures, inaccessible areas s.a. high rise buildings,
water scarce areas etc. In such structures conventional curing is not practically possible in most of the cases. But
we need efficient curing which improves the strength and durability of concrete.
In the present work, comparison of compressive strength of normally cured SCC and SCC cured with self
curing material i.e. wax based, white pigmented, membrane forming concrete curing compound has been done.
This study is investigating that weather the use of self curing compound is economical or not in remote areas of
water without compromising with the compressive strength of concrete.
WATER PROOFING FOR BUILDING
The treatment given to prevent leakage of water from external source is generally termed as WATER PROOFING.
Usually extensive waterproofing measures are added to a building at the time of construction ,to provide moisture control form starting.
Waterproofing may also be done after a building is built ,to address problems as they emerge or as part of building retrofit.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a button
Fx3310581062
1. Moayyad Al-Nasra / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.1058-1062
1058 | P a g e
Optimizing the Use of Sodium Polyacrylate in Plain Concrete
Moayyad Al-Nasra
Department of Engineering Technology, West Virginia University Institute of Technology, Montgomery, West
Virginia, USA
ABSTRACT
This study focusses on the use of an
optimum amount of Sodium Polyacrylate, SP, to
be mixed in ordinary plain concrete. SP has two
major effects on concrete. The first is to provide
internal water source that helps in the hydration
process, and curing and ultimately increases the
concrete strength. The second effect is providing
additional voids, due to drying process, in the
concrete mass. These voids affect the concrete
strength negatively; at the same time improve the
concrete performance by improving the concrete
workability and placeability, reducing the
concrete susceptibility to freezing thawing cycles,
reducing shrinkage, and improving the fresh
concrete stability. The main focus of this study
will be on the concrete strength. Several batches
were prepared to determine the most effective
amount of SP to use in the concrete mix.
Keywords- Concrete Durability, Hydration,
Internal Curing, Sodium Polyacrylate
I. Introduction
Excess amount of SP will leave the
concrete with large amounts of voids, which in turn
reduces the concrete strength and durability. Small
amount of SP, on the other hand, will have
negligible effect on the concrete performance. The
amount of water added to the fresh concrete is one
of the most important key factors that affect the
concrete properties, including durability and
strength. The water is an essential ingredient needed
for the hydration process in the fresh concrete and
for the curing process in the hardened concrete at its
early stages. Excessive amount of water added in the
fresh concrete improves the concrete workability in
general, reduces the concrete strength, and increases
the drying shrinkage of the hardened concrete.
Different admixtures were used to reduce the
amount of water demand in the fresh concrete
without jeopardizing the workability. Water reducer
admixtures were used extensively in the ready mix
plants. The most common admixture used nowadays
is the high range water reducer, better known as
superplasticizer which is water reducer and at the
same time retarder.
Jensen (2013) used superabsorbent
polymers in concrete. His study focused on the
strength and shrinkage of concrete. He concluded
that the shrinkage of concrete due to loss of water to
the surroundings is the cause of cracking both in the
plastic and in the hardened stage. This type of
cracking can effectively mitigated by slowing down
the water loss. The superabsorbent polymers use in
concrete has the potential to reduce concrete
cracking. Jensen and Hensen (2001) studied the
autogenous shrinkage phenomena in concrete. They
concluded that the autogenous shrinkage may lead
to cracking and affect concrete strength and
durability, which is also, can be considered as
technological challenge of high performance
concrete. Addition of superabsorbent polymer in the
ultra-high-performance concrete can be used to
control the autogenous shrinkage. They also
conducted tests that show that the shrinkage
reduction due to superabsorbent polymer is related
to a corresponding increase in the internal relative
humidity of the cement paste. In addition, the use of
superabsorbent polymer in concrete resulted in a
reduction or elimination of stress buildup and
related cracking during restrained hardening of these
high-performance cementitious systems (Jensen and
Hensen 2002).
The use of superabsorbent polymer in
concrete is also useful in frequent freeing-thawing
cycle environment, by providing the concrete frost
protection. The superabsorbent polymers particles
shrinks during the hydration process leaving voids
in the concrete similar to the voids created by
adding air entrainment agent to the concrete. The air
bubbles left in the concrete are critical to absorb the
hydraulic pressure caused by the freezing of water
in the concrete mass. Water expands upon freezing
about ten percent in volume generating hydraulic
pressure in the concrete that has the potential to
cause the concrete to crack. Providing voids in the
concrete absorb the hydraulic pressure and provide
additional space for the water to expand. The same
can be said about the osmotic pressure in the
concrete. The osmotic pressure is usually generated
due to the difference in salt concentration in the
water. This difference in salt concentration can be
created by adding deicer to the concrete top surface,
for the purpose of melting the ice on the concrete.
Also these voids can be useful to absorb other kinds
of internal pressures in concrete including alkali
reactivity pressure.
Snoeck et al (2012) studied the use of
superabsorbent polymers as a crack sealing and
crack healing mechanism in cementitious materials.
Their research focused on the use of the
superabsorbent polymer to seal concrete cracks. As
2. Moayyad Al-Nasra / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.1058-1062
1059 | P a g e
concrete cracks due to its low tensile strength,
harmful unfriendly chemicals may migrate into
these cracks. The durability of concrete is
endangered if no proper treatment or manual repair
is applied. The first stage focused on hindering the
fluid flow by swelling of superabsorbent polymers
after they are exposed to a humid environment. The
sealing capacity was measured by means of water
permeability tests and through visualization of
permeability tests by neutron radiography. They also
concluded that the use of superabsorbent polymers
is beneficiary to seal cracks and thus allowing a
recovery in water-tightness as a decrease in
permeability is noticed. The second stage focused
on healing of small cracks in by the use of fiber
reinforced cementitious materials that have the
ability to restore the mechanical properties. These
mechanical properties were analyzed by four-point-
bending tests and the crack closure was
microscopically monitored. Cracks close through
the combination of further hydration of unhydrated
cement particles, precipitation of calcium carbonate
and activation of the pozzolanic reaction of fly ash.
Also they concluded that the desorption of
superabsorbent polymers triggers healing in the
vicinity of crack faces and cracks up to 130 μm were
able to close completely in wet/dry cycles due to the
precipitation of calcium carbonate.
The process of curing involves maintaining
satisfactory moisture content and temperature after
concrete is placed in order to hydrate the cement
particles and produce the desired hardened concrete
properties. Proper curing can improve strength,
durability, abrasion resistance, resistance to freeze-
thaw cycles, deicer scaling resistance and reduce
concrete shrinkage. Traditionally, concrete has been
cured externally either through the use of water
curing or sealed curing. Curing either supplies
additional moisture from the original mixing water
or minimizes moisture loss from the concrete. Water
may be ponded directly on the concrete surface or
may use other methods like wet burlap bags or
fogging near the surface of the concrete to prevent
evaporation of water from the fresh concrete. Sealed
curing is accomplished by applying some sort of
sealant to the surface of concrete in order to prevent
moisture loss. Internal curing can be divided into
two categories. The first category is internal water
curing in which an internal curing agent stores water
during mixing which is gradually released as
hydration processes. The second category is internal
sealing which is very similar to external sealed
curing in that its goal is to prevent the loss of
moisture from the concrete (RILEM, 2007).
II. Sodium Polyacrylate
Sodium polyacrylate, also known as
waterlock, is a sodium salt of polyacrylic acid with
the chemical formula [-CH2-CH(COONa)-]n and
broad application in consumer products. It has the
ability to absorb as much as 200 to 300 times its
mass in water. Sodium polyacrylate is anionic
polyelectrolytes with negatively charged carboxylic
groups in the main chain. Figure 1, shows the
chemical composition of the sodium polyacrylate.
Figure 1: Sodium Polyacrylate chemical compound.
Sodium polyacrylate is a chemical polymer
that is widely used in a variety of consumer products
for its ability to absorb several hundred times its
mass in water. Sodium polyacrylate is made up of
multiple chains of acrylate compounds that possess
a positive anionic charge, which attracts water-based
molecules to combine with it, making sodium
polyacrylate a super-absorbent compound. Sodium
polyacrylate is used extensively in the agricultural
industry and is infused in the soil of many potted
plants to help them retain moisture, behaving as a
type of water reservoir. Florists commonly use
sodium polyacrylate to help keep flowers fresh.
Figure 2 and Figure 3 show demonstration of the
absorption capability of the sodium polyacrylate.
For fast absorption a slight increase of sodium
polyacrylate can be used for demonstration
purposes.
Figure 2: 1.5 gram of sodium polyacrylate to be
mixed with 200 ml of water
3. Moayyad Al-Nasra / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.1058-1062
1060 | P a g e
Figure 3: The mix turned into gel.
III. Flow Test
Mini slum cone is used to measure the
workability of the cement past with sodium
polyacrylates, SP. Figure 4 shows the mini slum
cone used in this study. The height of the cone is 3
inches, the top diameter is 1.5 inches, and the
bottom diameter is 3.5 inches. Mixing SP with water
forms gel like material. This in turn kept the mix
intact, and plastic. Visual comparisons between the
mix without any admixture (control sample) and the
one with SP, one can see smooth texture, easier to
manage. Additional observation is that the mix with
admixture showed better flow ability over surfaces,
compared with the mix without admixture. This
observation can be explored further, focusing of
concrete place ability, especially using chutes or
pumps. This property if proven to be the case, will
improve the concrete resistance to segregation, and
improves concrete pumping property. Figure 5
shows a typical measurement taken of cement paste
with SP as admixture.
Figure 4: Mini slump cone used to measure cement
paste flow ability.
Figure 5: Typical flow ability measurement of
sodium polyacrlyate cement paste.
Table 1 shows the results of cement paste
flow ability test. The measurement in this table
shows the amount of slum in inches. The table
shows a comparison between a control sample,
cement paste without any admixture, and a sample
of cement paste with SP used as admixture. The
water cement ratio is kept constant though out the
entire test of a value of 0.5. One can observe from
the data collected in Table 1 that the slump readings
of the sample with admixture are higher at the
beginning, and then reduced with time. The two sets
of reading seem to converge with time, especially
after the initial setting of the cement.
Table 1: Mini-slump test results
Test
No.
Time
Min.
Plain
Cement
Paste
(in)
SP
Cement
paste
(in)
1 5 1.57 2.25
2 20 1.72 1.48
3 35 1.38 1.38
4 50 1.25 1.25
5 65 1.12 1.15
IV. Concrete Strength Tests
Several samples were prepared to
determine the most appropriate amount of SP that
can be added to the mix design in order to maximize
the concrete compressive strength. The original
control mix design was not changed, where the
water cement ratio, W/C, is kept 0.5, and the mix
proportion is taken as 1:1.6:3, cement to sand to
gravel. After several trials, a ratio of SP to cement
of 0.11 percent is found to be the most effective
ratio as far as the concrete compressive strength is
concern. Twelve 6 inch X 12 inch cylinders were
prepared for each set to be tested by compression.
Six cylinders were tested, three of each set, at 7
days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days. Figure 6 shows
the results of these tests. It can be observed from
Figure 6 that there is a slight increase in the concrete
4. Moayyad Al-Nasra / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.1058-1062
1061 | P a g e
compressive strength of the mix with SP, compared
to the plain concrete. This increase is not substantial
and can fall within the standard deviation of the test.
Even though the compressive strength improvement
is not quite noticeable, but other properties of
concrete can be improved by using this type of
admixture. Figure 7 shows the different texture of
concrete with and without SP. The concrete with SP
is slightly lighter in color and shows small
uniformly distributed voids in the concrete mass.
These voids used to be filled by gel, and acted as
internal curing tool.
Figure 7: Compressive strength of concrete, with
and without SP.
Figure 7: Concrete cylinders side by side after
failure. The one on the left is the control concrete
sample, and the one on the right is with SP as
admixture.
Flexural strength of concrete is also
explored by preparing a total of eight 4 inch x 4 inch
beams. The beams were tested at 7, 14, 21, and 28
days also. Figure 8 shows a typical mode of failure
of a tested concrete beam. The behavior of the
beams under test was almost identical. All fail with
the same failure mechanism. Figure 9 shows the
effect of the use of SP as admixture on the concrete
beams modulus of rupture. There is a slight and
insignificant increase in modulus of rupture by using
SP-admixture in concrete. This increase is almost
negligible and falls within the standard of deviation.
Figure 8: Typical beam failure, by flexure.
Figure 9: Effect of SP on the modulus of rupture of
concrete beams
V. Conclusion
The use of sodium polyacrylate in concrete
may increase the concrete strength due to internal
curing process. This increase is relatively small even
at the optimum amount of sodium polyacrylate used
in the concrete. This may become advantageous in
the absence of concrete curing. Excessive amount of
5. Moayyad Al-Nasra / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.1058-1062
1062 | P a g e
sodium polyacrylate used in concrete has a
substantial negative effect on the concrete strength.
Other important properties can be improved using
this type of admixture especially concrete stability,
where the gel provides cushioning to the large
aggregates which is in turn reduces the possibilities
of concrete segregation. Frost resistance is the other
important property that can be improved by using
this admixture, by absorbing the hydraulic pressure
generated by water expansion. Other internal
pressures can also be absorbed by these voids
including the osmotic pressure and the alkali
reactivity pressure. These voids seem to be very
well distributed in the concrete mass.
References
1. Jensen, M, “Use of superabsorbent
polymers in concrete,” Concrete
International, Vol. 35, No. 1, January 1,
2013, pages 48-52.
2. Jensen, O., and Hensen, “Autogenous
deformation and RH-Change in
prospective,” Cement and Concrete
Research, Vol. 31, No. 12, Dec. 2001,
pages 1859-1865.
3. Jensen, O., and Hensen, “Water-Entrained
cement-based materials: Experimental
observations,” Cement and Concrete
Research, Vol. 32, No. 6, June 2002, pages
973-978.
4. Snoeck, Didier, Van Tittelboom, Kim, De
Belie, Nele, Steuperaert, Stijin and Peter
Dubruel, Peter, “The use of superabsorbent
polymers as a crack sealing and crack
healing mechanism in cementitious
materials,” 3rd International conference on
Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and
Retrofitting (ICCRRR -2012), Cape Town,
South Africa, pages 152 – 157,
ISBN:9780415899529.
5. RILEM. Internal Curing of Concrete -
State-of-the-Art Report of RILEM
Technical Committee 196-ICC. State of the
Art Report, RILEM Publications SARL,
2007.