Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, costeffective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20% cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about 2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
Improved Concrete Properties Using Quarry Dust as Replacement for Natural SandIJERD Editor
Concrete plays a major role in the construction industry. Natural sand is a prime material used for
the preparation of concrete and also plays an important role in Mix Design. Now a day’s river erosion and other
environmental issues have led to the scarcity of river sand. The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the
requirement for reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the increased need to find new
alternative materials to replace river sand so that excess river erosion is prevented and high strength concrete is
obtained at lower cost. One such material is Quarry stone dust: a by-product obtained during quarrying process.
Attempts have been made to study the suitability of Quarry dust as sand replacing material and it has been found
that Quarry dust improves the mechanical properties of concrete as well as elastic modulus. The optimum
compressive strength is achieved at the proportion of fine to coarse with 60:40 ratio
Improved Concrete Properties Using Quarry Dust as Replacement for Natural SandIJERD Editor
Concrete plays a major role in the construction industry. Natural sand is a prime material used for
the preparation of concrete and also plays an important role in Mix Design. Now a day’s river erosion and other
environmental issues have led to the scarcity of river sand. The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the
requirement for reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the increased need to find new
alternative materials to replace river sand so that excess river erosion is prevented and high strength concrete is
obtained at lower cost. One such material is Quarry stone dust: a by-product obtained during quarrying process.
Attempts have been made to study the suitability of Quarry dust as sand replacing material and it has been found
that Quarry dust improves the mechanical properties of concrete as well as elastic modulus. The optimum
compressive strength is achieved at the proportion of fine to coarse with 60:40 ratio
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF THE CONCRETE FOR REPLACEMENT OF SAND B...IAEME Publication
The demand of natural sand in the construction industry has consequently increased resulting in the reduction of sources and an increase in price. In such a situation stone dust can be an economical alternative to the river sand. The effect of water cement ratio on fresh and hardened properties of concrete with fully replacement of natural sand by stone dust was investigated. Concrete mix design of M40 grade was done according to Indian standard code (IS: 10262).The main
objective of the present investigation is two cements are selected Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) & Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) - 43 grade to evaluate the possibilities of using stone dust as a replacement by fine aggregate along with super plasticizers at a dosage of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% & 2.0% by weight of cement
Studies on quarry dust as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concreteIJLT EMAS
Natural sand is most commonly used fine aggregates
in the production of concrete possess the problem of acute
shortage in many areas. Quarry dust can be used as an economic
alternative to the natural sand. In this investigation an attempt is
made to utilize quarry dust as a partial substitute for natural
sand in producing concrete. Natural sand is replaced by Quarry
dust at an interval of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Mix
proportions for M20 concrete is prepared with reference to IS:
10262-2009 and IS: 456-2000 for the study of workability.
Compressive strength and Flexural strength test results are
compared with the conventional concrete. The strengths were
obtained at the ages of 3, 7 and 28 days. Compressive and
Flexural strength increased marginally from 5% to 15%
replacement. There is a slight decrease in the corresponding
compressive and flexural strength at 20% replacement. Good
correlation was observed between compressive strength and
flexural strength. It was observed that the addition of quarry
dust that would replace the fine material at particular
proportion has displayed an enhancing effect on properties of
concrete. This investigation proves that quarry dust can be used
as a partial substitute for natural sand in preparing concrete.
“Experimental studies on the characteristics properties of concrete produced ...AjeetPanedakatti
Concrete is the most widely used man-made construction material in the world and is consumed second only to water on this planet. It is obtained by mixing the cementitious materials, water and aggregates in the required proportions. However, the various required performance attributes of concrete including strength, workability, dimensional stability and durability, often impose contradictory requirements on the mix parameters to be adopted, there by rendering the concrete mix design a very difficult task.
The increase in global warming has resulted a wide range of change in earth’s temperature, the source being emission of carbon dioxide gas from the production process of cement. Use of naturally available pozzolanic waste materials (fly ash & granite powder) as a partial substitute of OPC cement in mortar mix has seen a wide potential in the utilization of these waste material and also enhancing the properties of mortar mix and thus reducing the environment impact caused by manufacturing of cement. In this study the effect of using fly ash & granite powder is used as a partial substitute of ordinary port-land cement and to reduce the cost of the cement.
An investigation was conducted to determine the suitability of using fly ash (bi-product from thermal power plant) and waste granite powder as partial replacement for cement for concrete production. Apart from the control concrete sample which had 100% cement all the other samples were treated to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% replacement of cement with flyash and granite powder. Concrete cubes of 150mmx150mmx150mm, cylinders of 150mm diameter and 300mm height, beams of 100mmx100mmx500mm were made with the various proportions of cement, sand and coarse aggregates in a mix ratio of 1:2.2:3, water -cement ratio of 0.50 and cured over 28 days. The results of compressive strength tests show that the strength of the concrete cubes with varying amounts of cement and fly ash and granite powder changed marginally. This was interpreted to mean that the partial replacement of cement with fly ash and granite powder up to 20% in concrete results in about 1.4% increase in the strength of the concrete. The compressive strength of concrete cubes is 33N/mm2, flexural strength of concrete beams is 5.10 N/mm2 and split tensile strength of concrete cylinder is 2.34 N/mm2 for 20% replacement.
Experimental Investigation on the Concrete as a Partial Replacement of Fine a...IJSRD
This project work involves in an experimental study on the concrete by using stone dust and brick dust on the mechanical properties of the concrete. In this experimental study two types admixtures are used in preparation of concrete mix. Stone dust and brick dust are added from 0% to 25% by weight of fine aggregate with increment of 5%. A comparative analysis has been carried out for conventional concrete to that of the admixture concrete in relation to their compressive, split tensile and flexural strength properties. As the stone dust and brick dust content increases in cement concrete, the compressive and split tensile values are proportionally increasing. It is observed that at 20% of stone dust and brick dust is the optimum dosages for concrete mixture.
Partial Replacement of Cement by Saw Dust Ash in Concrete A Sustainable ApproachIJERD Editor
Concrete industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources due to which sustainability of concrete industry is under threat. The environmental and economic concern is the biggest challenge concrete industry is facing. In this paper, the issues of environmental and economic concern are addressed by the use of saw dust ash as partial replacement of cement in concrete. Cement was replaced by Saw Dust Ash as 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight for M-25 mix. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive strength, durability (water absorption) and density at 28 days of age and the results obtained were compared with those of normal concrete. The results concluded the permissibility of using Saw Dust Ash as partial replacement of cement up to 10% by weight for particle size of range 90micron.
Experimental investigation on concrete by replacing crusher dust as fine aggr...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present work we identified and investigated the use of crusher dust and granite floor slab chips in concrete as an alternative fine aggregate and coarse aggregate respectively, the tests were conducted on standard concrete cubes (150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm), cylinders (150 mm x 300 mm) and prisms (100 mm x 100 mm x 500 mm). Tests on the physical properties of crusher dust, granite chips and its influence on the strength of fresh and hardened state, along with a comparative study with the concrete of river sand are made. The properties investigated were specific gravity, fineness modulus, water absorption, free surface moisture, bulk density and grading zone. Tests were conducted on 6 cubes, 6 cylinders and 6 prisms for M20 grade mix design with sand and crusher dust as fine aggregates, granite metal and granite floor slab chips as coarse aggregates. The strength parameters compressive strength, Split-Tensile strength and flexural strength were compared at 7 days and 28 days respectively. Mix design procedure in accordance with IS 10262-2009, IS 456-2000 and Sp 23-1982 using 20mm coarse aggregate was adopted for investigation. The investigation indicates that crushed stone dust has vast potential as fine aggregate in concrete construction. Crusher dust not only reduces the cost of construction but also helps reduce the impact on environment by consuming the material hitherto considered as a waste product with few applications. Keywords: Crusher Dust, Granite Floor Slab Chips, Concrete Mix.
EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF PARTIALLY REPLACED WASTE MATERIALS IN RI...guruvignesh N
This present study aims to identify the most suitable material
to utilize in concrete pavement. Several studies have been conducted across the worldwide to identify properties of waste materials on concrete and environmental also. From the basis of different studies the waste materials to be selected and replaced partial manner instead of concrete components. utilize waste material in rigid pavement for low cost concreting purpose. The selected appropriate ranging is to be used for rigid pavement construction in the grade of M30 as per IRC 44. Various engineering properties were obtained by strength and durability analysis.
Utilization of Foundry Waste Sand in the Preparation of Concreteiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Partial Replacement of Cement with Marble Dust PowderIJERA Editor
The waste generated from the industries cause environmental problems. Hence the reuse of this waste material
can be emphasized. MarbleDust Powder (MDP) is a developing composite materialthatwillallow the
concrèteindustry to optimisemateriel use, generateeconomicbenefits and build structures thatwillstrong, durable
and sensitive to environnement. MDP is by-product obtained during the quarrying process from the parent
marble rock; which contains high calcium oxide content of more than 50%. The potential use of MDP can be an
ideal choice for substituting in a cementitious binder as the reactivity efficiency increases due to the presence of
lime. In this research work, the waste MDP passing through 90 microns,has used for investigating of hardened
concrete properties. Furthermore, the effect of different percentage replacement of MDP on the compressive
strength, splitting tensile strength (indirect tensile strength)&flexural strength has been observed. Inthis
experimental study, the effect of MDP in concrete on strength ispresented. Five concrete mixtures containing
0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% MDP as cement replacement by weightbasis has been prepared. Water/cement ratio
(0.43) was kept constant, in all the concretemixes. Compressive strength, split tensile strength & flexural
strength of the concrete mixtures has been obtainedat 7 and 28 days. The results of the laboratory work showed
thatreplacement of cement with MDP increase, upto 10% for compressive strength,&upto 15% for split
tensilestrength &flexural strength of concrete.
Durability of Bricks Cast With Industrial SludgeIOSR Journals
Abstract: Recovery of waste constituents from industrial waste is a cost effective solution in control of
environmental pollution. Present investigation deals with the feasibility of usage of sludge obtained from sand
beneficiation treatment plant in the production of bricks and their durability. The experimental results show that
the brick earth can be replaced with treatment plant sludge up to 40% by weight without loss in strength and
other brick characteristics considered satisfactory for conventional purposes. Apart from that when reference
specimens and test bricks (5% Sludge) were immersed in various concentrations of hydrochloric acid (HCl)
solution at different immersed ages, the loss of weight is found to be less in test bricks than that in reference
bricks. Hence, at 5% of replacement, the quality of bricks is superior to the bricks made from earth alone and
can be used for superior work of permanent nature.
Keywords-Brick, Sludge from sand beneficiation treatment plant, Compressive strength, HCL, weight loss
A LABORATORY STUDY OF CONCRETE MIX USING Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slagjay dalal
project on GGBS replace with CEMENT and check the strength of cement concrete and GGBS cement concrete on M20 grade. we also check price of cement concrete and GGBS cement concrete.
Strength behaviour of foundry sand on modified high strength concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract Metal foundries use a large amount of sand as part of the metal casting process. Foundry industries generally recycle and reuse the used foundry sand many times in casting process. When the sand can no longer be reused in the foundry, it is removed from the foundry and is termed as "foundry waste sand." Like many waste products, foundry sand has beneficial applications to other industries. A mixture of silica sand coated with a thin film of burnt carbon and residual binder with traces of dust is termed as foundry sand. From the previous available literature it was found that replacement of sand by foundry sand by certain initial percentages gives a marginal increase in hardened properties of normal strength concrete. In the present work, fine aggregate is replaced by foundry sand with percentages and tests were performed for hardened properties of modified high strength concrete for all replacement levels. Keywords: Waste Foundry Sand, physical properties, chemical properties, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF THE CONCRETE FOR REPLACEMENT OF SAND B...IAEME Publication
The demand of natural sand in the construction industry has consequently increased resulting in the reduction of sources and an increase in price. In such a situation stone dust can be an economical alternative to the river sand. The effect of water cement ratio on fresh and hardened properties of concrete with fully replacement of natural sand by stone dust was investigated. Concrete mix design of M40 grade was done according to Indian standard code (IS: 10262).The main
objective of the present investigation is two cements are selected Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) & Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) - 43 grade to evaluate the possibilities of using stone dust as a replacement by fine aggregate along with super plasticizers at a dosage of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% & 2.0% by weight of cement
Studies on quarry dust as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concreteIJLT EMAS
Natural sand is most commonly used fine aggregates
in the production of concrete possess the problem of acute
shortage in many areas. Quarry dust can be used as an economic
alternative to the natural sand. In this investigation an attempt is
made to utilize quarry dust as a partial substitute for natural
sand in producing concrete. Natural sand is replaced by Quarry
dust at an interval of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Mix
proportions for M20 concrete is prepared with reference to IS:
10262-2009 and IS: 456-2000 for the study of workability.
Compressive strength and Flexural strength test results are
compared with the conventional concrete. The strengths were
obtained at the ages of 3, 7 and 28 days. Compressive and
Flexural strength increased marginally from 5% to 15%
replacement. There is a slight decrease in the corresponding
compressive and flexural strength at 20% replacement. Good
correlation was observed between compressive strength and
flexural strength. It was observed that the addition of quarry
dust that would replace the fine material at particular
proportion has displayed an enhancing effect on properties of
concrete. This investigation proves that quarry dust can be used
as a partial substitute for natural sand in preparing concrete.
“Experimental studies on the characteristics properties of concrete produced ...AjeetPanedakatti
Concrete is the most widely used man-made construction material in the world and is consumed second only to water on this planet. It is obtained by mixing the cementitious materials, water and aggregates in the required proportions. However, the various required performance attributes of concrete including strength, workability, dimensional stability and durability, often impose contradictory requirements on the mix parameters to be adopted, there by rendering the concrete mix design a very difficult task.
The increase in global warming has resulted a wide range of change in earth’s temperature, the source being emission of carbon dioxide gas from the production process of cement. Use of naturally available pozzolanic waste materials (fly ash & granite powder) as a partial substitute of OPC cement in mortar mix has seen a wide potential in the utilization of these waste material and also enhancing the properties of mortar mix and thus reducing the environment impact caused by manufacturing of cement. In this study the effect of using fly ash & granite powder is used as a partial substitute of ordinary port-land cement and to reduce the cost of the cement.
An investigation was conducted to determine the suitability of using fly ash (bi-product from thermal power plant) and waste granite powder as partial replacement for cement for concrete production. Apart from the control concrete sample which had 100% cement all the other samples were treated to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% replacement of cement with flyash and granite powder. Concrete cubes of 150mmx150mmx150mm, cylinders of 150mm diameter and 300mm height, beams of 100mmx100mmx500mm were made with the various proportions of cement, sand and coarse aggregates in a mix ratio of 1:2.2:3, water -cement ratio of 0.50 and cured over 28 days. The results of compressive strength tests show that the strength of the concrete cubes with varying amounts of cement and fly ash and granite powder changed marginally. This was interpreted to mean that the partial replacement of cement with fly ash and granite powder up to 20% in concrete results in about 1.4% increase in the strength of the concrete. The compressive strength of concrete cubes is 33N/mm2, flexural strength of concrete beams is 5.10 N/mm2 and split tensile strength of concrete cylinder is 2.34 N/mm2 for 20% replacement.
Experimental Investigation on the Concrete as a Partial Replacement of Fine a...IJSRD
This project work involves in an experimental study on the concrete by using stone dust and brick dust on the mechanical properties of the concrete. In this experimental study two types admixtures are used in preparation of concrete mix. Stone dust and brick dust are added from 0% to 25% by weight of fine aggregate with increment of 5%. A comparative analysis has been carried out for conventional concrete to that of the admixture concrete in relation to their compressive, split tensile and flexural strength properties. As the stone dust and brick dust content increases in cement concrete, the compressive and split tensile values are proportionally increasing. It is observed that at 20% of stone dust and brick dust is the optimum dosages for concrete mixture.
Partial Replacement of Cement by Saw Dust Ash in Concrete A Sustainable ApproachIJERD Editor
Concrete industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources due to which sustainability of concrete industry is under threat. The environmental and economic concern is the biggest challenge concrete industry is facing. In this paper, the issues of environmental and economic concern are addressed by the use of saw dust ash as partial replacement of cement in concrete. Cement was replaced by Saw Dust Ash as 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight for M-25 mix. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive strength, durability (water absorption) and density at 28 days of age and the results obtained were compared with those of normal concrete. The results concluded the permissibility of using Saw Dust Ash as partial replacement of cement up to 10% by weight for particle size of range 90micron.
Experimental investigation on concrete by replacing crusher dust as fine aggr...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this present work we identified and investigated the use of crusher dust and granite floor slab chips in concrete as an alternative fine aggregate and coarse aggregate respectively, the tests were conducted on standard concrete cubes (150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm), cylinders (150 mm x 300 mm) and prisms (100 mm x 100 mm x 500 mm). Tests on the physical properties of crusher dust, granite chips and its influence on the strength of fresh and hardened state, along with a comparative study with the concrete of river sand are made. The properties investigated were specific gravity, fineness modulus, water absorption, free surface moisture, bulk density and grading zone. Tests were conducted on 6 cubes, 6 cylinders and 6 prisms for M20 grade mix design with sand and crusher dust as fine aggregates, granite metal and granite floor slab chips as coarse aggregates. The strength parameters compressive strength, Split-Tensile strength and flexural strength were compared at 7 days and 28 days respectively. Mix design procedure in accordance with IS 10262-2009, IS 456-2000 and Sp 23-1982 using 20mm coarse aggregate was adopted for investigation. The investigation indicates that crushed stone dust has vast potential as fine aggregate in concrete construction. Crusher dust not only reduces the cost of construction but also helps reduce the impact on environment by consuming the material hitherto considered as a waste product with few applications. Keywords: Crusher Dust, Granite Floor Slab Chips, Concrete Mix.
EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF PARTIALLY REPLACED WASTE MATERIALS IN RI...guruvignesh N
This present study aims to identify the most suitable material
to utilize in concrete pavement. Several studies have been conducted across the worldwide to identify properties of waste materials on concrete and environmental also. From the basis of different studies the waste materials to be selected and replaced partial manner instead of concrete components. utilize waste material in rigid pavement for low cost concreting purpose. The selected appropriate ranging is to be used for rigid pavement construction in the grade of M30 as per IRC 44. Various engineering properties were obtained by strength and durability analysis.
Utilization of Foundry Waste Sand in the Preparation of Concreteiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Partial Replacement of Cement with Marble Dust PowderIJERA Editor
The waste generated from the industries cause environmental problems. Hence the reuse of this waste material
can be emphasized. MarbleDust Powder (MDP) is a developing composite materialthatwillallow the
concrèteindustry to optimisemateriel use, generateeconomicbenefits and build structures thatwillstrong, durable
and sensitive to environnement. MDP is by-product obtained during the quarrying process from the parent
marble rock; which contains high calcium oxide content of more than 50%. The potential use of MDP can be an
ideal choice for substituting in a cementitious binder as the reactivity efficiency increases due to the presence of
lime. In this research work, the waste MDP passing through 90 microns,has used for investigating of hardened
concrete properties. Furthermore, the effect of different percentage replacement of MDP on the compressive
strength, splitting tensile strength (indirect tensile strength)&flexural strength has been observed. Inthis
experimental study, the effect of MDP in concrete on strength ispresented. Five concrete mixtures containing
0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% MDP as cement replacement by weightbasis has been prepared. Water/cement ratio
(0.43) was kept constant, in all the concretemixes. Compressive strength, split tensile strength & flexural
strength of the concrete mixtures has been obtainedat 7 and 28 days. The results of the laboratory work showed
thatreplacement of cement with MDP increase, upto 10% for compressive strength,&upto 15% for split
tensilestrength &flexural strength of concrete.
Durability of Bricks Cast With Industrial SludgeIOSR Journals
Abstract: Recovery of waste constituents from industrial waste is a cost effective solution in control of
environmental pollution. Present investigation deals with the feasibility of usage of sludge obtained from sand
beneficiation treatment plant in the production of bricks and their durability. The experimental results show that
the brick earth can be replaced with treatment plant sludge up to 40% by weight without loss in strength and
other brick characteristics considered satisfactory for conventional purposes. Apart from that when reference
specimens and test bricks (5% Sludge) were immersed in various concentrations of hydrochloric acid (HCl)
solution at different immersed ages, the loss of weight is found to be less in test bricks than that in reference
bricks. Hence, at 5% of replacement, the quality of bricks is superior to the bricks made from earth alone and
can be used for superior work of permanent nature.
Keywords-Brick, Sludge from sand beneficiation treatment plant, Compressive strength, HCL, weight loss
A LABORATORY STUDY OF CONCRETE MIX USING Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slagjay dalal
project on GGBS replace with CEMENT and check the strength of cement concrete and GGBS cement concrete on M20 grade. we also check price of cement concrete and GGBS cement concrete.
Strength behaviour of foundry sand on modified high strength concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract Metal foundries use a large amount of sand as part of the metal casting process. Foundry industries generally recycle and reuse the used foundry sand many times in casting process. When the sand can no longer be reused in the foundry, it is removed from the foundry and is termed as "foundry waste sand." Like many waste products, foundry sand has beneficial applications to other industries. A mixture of silica sand coated with a thin film of burnt carbon and residual binder with traces of dust is termed as foundry sand. From the previous available literature it was found that replacement of sand by foundry sand by certain initial percentages gives a marginal increase in hardened properties of normal strength concrete. In the present work, fine aggregate is replaced by foundry sand with percentages and tests were performed for hardened properties of modified high strength concrete for all replacement levels. Keywords: Waste Foundry Sand, physical properties, chemical properties, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Durability Studies on Concrete with Hypo Sludge as Partial Replacement of CementIJERA Editor
This paper summarizes the research work on the properties of hypo sludge when used as partial replacement for
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in concrete. OPC was replaced with hypo sludge by weight at 0%, 5%, 10%,
15%, 20% and 25%. 0% replacement served as the control. Compacting factor test was carried out on fresh
concrete while Compressive Strength test was carried out on hardened 150mm concrete cubes after 7, 14 and 28
days curing in water. The results revealed that the Compacting factor decreased as the percentage replacement
of OPC with hypo sludge increased. The compressive strength of the hardened concrete also decreased with
increasing OPC replacement with hypo sludge. It is recommended that further studies be carried out to gather
more facts about the suitability of partial replacement of OPC with hypo sludge in concrete.
Experimental Study On Rice Husk As Fine Aggregates In Concretetheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Effect on Concrete Strength by Partial Replacement of Cement with Cotton Stal...ijtsrd
Huge quantity of Cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash are generating as a waste product in agriculture sector in India and many other developing countries every year. In lack of proper wakefulness and technology expansion, great portion of these by products remain unutilized causing severe disposal and environmental troubles. The main goal of this thesis is to examine the performance of M40 grade concrete with a mix ratio as per M40 grade and a water cement ratio of 0.425 Additionally, it aims to determine the compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength of concrete cement when cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash are used in place of cement. With various percentage like 10, 20, and 30 etc. of cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash well as with combined replacement of Cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash. and results that the workability of concrete was found to be reduced on enhance the Cotton stalk ash CSA , rice husk ash RHA by difference percentages. The Maximum increase in 53.67 N mm2 of compressive strength is obtained after the period 28 days with cotton stalk ash substituting 10 of the cement CSA . The maximum increase in flexural strength over the period of 28 days was 5.98 N mm2, with cotton stalk ash substituting 10 of the cement CSA . When 10 of the cement is replaced with cotton stalk ash, the significant increase in split tensile strength for 28 days is 4.23N mm2 CSA By substituting cotton stalk ash, rice husk ash for 20, 10 of the cement, the compressive strength as per this investigations for 28 days is observed 49.47 N mm2 CSA, RHA is not achieved highest value but achieve the target mean strength. The greatest results are achieved when cotton stalk ash are utilized, although at different percentages. Maninder Singh | Mr. Janardan Tiwari "Effect on Concrete Strength by Partial Replacement of Cement with Cotton Stalk Ash and Rice Husk Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52353.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52353/effect-on-concrete-strength-by-partial-replacement-of-cement-with-cotton-stalk-ash-and-rice-husk-ash/maninder-singh
Utilization of Coconut Shell in Different Forms in Concreteijsrd.com
The rising cost of material is a matter of concern in this developing construction environment. The prices of building material such as cement, sand, gravel etc. are increasing day by day. The reason for increase in cost is high demand and less availability of material. Nowadays, most of the researchers are doing research on the material which can reduce the cost of construction as well as increase the strength. Research on waste material such as fly ash, rice husk, slag and sludge from treatment of industrial and domestic waste water demolished building material is being done. Use of coconut shell in concrete is not only useful economically but also environmentally useful for human being. Coconut shell is one of the main contributors of pollution problem as a solid waste. Coconut shell used as coarse aggregate in concrete encouraged sustainable and environmentally helpful material in the construction field. Since cement rate increases day per day and its availability is decreasing as per time so it can be useful to use coconut shell ash used as substitute of cement in concrete. Coconut shell can be used in the form of powder with epoxy resins or epoxy matrixes in concrete also. Composites are made by combining two or more natural or artificial materials to maximize their useful properties and minimize their weaknesses.
Studies on usage potential of broken tiles as part replacement to coarse aggr...eSAT Journals
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The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on Compressive Strength and Shrinkage of Plaster Mortar for EcoHouse
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 6 Issue 4|| April 2017 || PP. 60-65
www.ijesi.org 60 | Page
The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on
Compressive Strength and Shrinkage of Plaster Mortar for Eco-
House
Okello Thomas1
, Prof. Oyawa Walter2
, Dr. Ajwang Patrick3
1
(Pan African University Institute of basic sciences technology and innovation, P.O. Box 62000 00200 Nairobi)
2
(Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000 00200 Nairobi)
3
(Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000 00200 Nairobi)
Abstract: Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement
and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, cost-
effective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace
cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour
on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery
waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20%
cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement
replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum
shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local
brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about
2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
Keywords: Bitter cassava, Compressive strength, Local brewery waste (Local brewery waste), Shrinkage
I. Introduction
Globally cement is a major construction material ([1]; [4]). However, given the escalating costs of
cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is urgent need to source, develop
and use alternative, cost-effective, non-conventional, locally available materials suitable for construction,
especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. The production of one ton of cement generates one
ton of carbon dioxide [4]. Mehta [9]-[10] suggested that materials that use few natural resources, less energy,
and minimize carbon dioxide emissions should be used to make environment-friendly concrete. Al-Jabri [6]
investigated the properties of hollow sandcrete blocks made from cement kiln dust as an additive and as a
replacement for ordinary Portland cement and reported that the compressive strength and density of blocks
generally decreased with higher replacement levels of cement. Ettu [7] investigated the compressive strength of
binary and ternary blended cement containing cassava waste ash and plantain leaf ash and found that the
compressive strength of cement sandcrete and soilcrete blocks increased at 150 days, as compared to the control
mix with 10% cement replacement. Ogunbode and Akanmu [2] tested the strengths of cassava ash blended
cement in laterized concrete and found a 46% reduction in the compressive strength. Olusola [5] showed that
the compressive strength reduces beyond 50% replacement whereas, Faseyemei [11] found that cement
replacement up to 10% with silica fume leads to an increase in the compressive strength, for C30 grade of
concrete.
Currently, almost 50% of the world’s population lives in Earth based dwellings [3]. Most of these earth
constructions are found in the developing countries and are always plastered with mud plaster and rendered with
cow dung slurry which is not resistant to weather. Therefore there is need to find weather resistant and
environmentally friendly material for plastering low, medium and high cost houses.
II. Methodology
2.1 Shrinkage test
Bitter cassava flour and local brewery waste is a hydrophilic material that expands when wet and
contracts as it dries. This test was done to predict cracking behavior and/or to examine the relative performance
of different plaster mixtures with differing proportions of cassava flour, local brewery waste and cement. To
perform shrinkage test the ready mix plaster was packed in a wooden formwork with interior dimensions of
50x300x300mm. The plaster was mixed, tamped firmly into the box and the top surface was screeded off level
with the top of the formwork. The sample was completely cured. Then the shrinkage was measured by pushing
the entire sample (including separated lumps) tightly up to one end of the box and measuring the gap created by
the shrinkage for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days (Figure 1).
2. The effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on compressive strength and shrinkage …
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Figure 2.1: The schematic design for the shrinkage test
2.2 Compression tests
Specimens test for compressive strength for plaster cubes was conducted from the laboratory according
to the Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (ASTM C109).
To perform this test, different plaster mixes were made from the cement-sand mix, cassava-flour-sand
mix, local brewery waste-sand mix, cement-cassava sand mix, cement-local brewery waste-sand mix. A total of
three cubes were made from each sample and tested for the compressive strength for 7, 14 and 28 days of
curing.
The testing was done in accordance with the standard procedures of cube testing using a Universal
Testing Machine (UTM).The cube was removed from the curing place and dried by exposing it to air for a
period of about two hours and then weighed with 0.5 g accuracy.
The dimension of the cube was measured and the cube loaded in the compression test machine with
trowelled faces perpendicular to the vertical axes to the machine. The cube was then tested, the maximum load
and the compressive strength recorded.
Figure 2.2: Diagram showing the schematic design of compression test
3. The effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on compressive strength and shrinkage …
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III. Results and Discussion
3.1 Compressive strength test of bitter cassava flour of mix 1:3
The results showed that at 10% bitter cassava replacement the strength was 21.9Mpa at 28 days of
curing then dropped to 18.1Mpa at 20%. However, there was a great reduction in the compressive strength at
30% to 3.7Mpa but this strength is above the minimum requirements of plaster for eco house (BS 5628 part1,
ASTM D1663, KS02-1070:1993). At 40 and 50% the strength was below the minimum requirement for the
above standards. However, it can still be used for plastering other low cost houses constructed from weak
materials of below 2Mpa Mbereyaho et al (2014) reported that the compressive strength of un burnt brick is
1.14Mpa. Saul (2006) found that the compressive strength of stabilized block using cassava powder increased at
1.5% then greatly reduced to beyond 7% replacement. Several studies on the replacement of cement with other
locally available materials reported a reduction in compressive strength for Balwaik and Raut (20110) reported
that reduction in the compressive strength when cement was replaced with paper pulp, Ogunbode et al reported
reduction in compressive strength when cement was replaced with cassava ash, Kula et al (2002) reported that a
cement replacement with tincal waste at 5% caused a significant reduction in the compressive strength. All the
above studies finding relates well to the results found in this study. The reduction in the compressive strength
could have been due to the increased water/cement ratio in the mix because the floor table results showed that
the required water/cement ratio of 0.5 could not be used even at 10% cassava replacement. Therefore the water
cement ratio was adjusted from 0.5 to 0.6,07, and 0.8 for different levels of replacement. (Neville, 1995)
Figure 3.1: Showing compressive strength of bitter cassava mortar of mix 1:3
3.2 The compressive strength of bitter local brewery waste of mix 1:3
Local brewery waste is a bye product of cassava fermented alcohol after distillation. This waste was
also investigated in this study ranging from 10-50% replacement of cement by weight, the result showed a
significant reduction in compressive strength even at 10% as compared to the bitter cassava flour and cement
sand mortar. This great reduction in strength could be attributed to the increase in the water cement ratio
(Neville., 1995), the presence of high amount of iron (Fe) about 8% as compared to that in cement and also due
to the fact that cassava is mixed with other ingredients during the fermentation of the alcohol. At 10%
replacement the attained compressive strength at 28 days was about 2.1Mpa which is slightly above the
minimum requirement of the British Standards (BS 5628 part1) and the New Mexico Standards of 2Mpa. This
strength can be used to plaster houses made from the above blocks. However, the local brewery waste showed
little reduction in the compressive strength as more cement is being replaced that is 20% 1.9Mpa, 30% 1.7Mpa,
40% 1.3Mpa and 50% 1.0Mpa. Mbereyaho et al (2014) reported that the compressive strength of un burnt brick
is 1.14Mpa. Several studies on the replacement of cement with other locally available materials reported a
reduction in compressive strength for Balwaik and Raut (20110) reported that reduction in the compressive
strength when cement was replaced with paper pulp, Ogunbode et al reported reduction in compressive strength
when cement was replaced with cassava ash. This finding relates well to the findings of this study. All levels of
replacement with local brewery waste did not meet the minimum requirement for mortar for low cost housing as
specified in ASTM C270 of 2.4Mpa.
Figure 3.2: Showing compressive strength of local brewery waste mortar of mix 1:3
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Similar trends were observed when cement was replaced with bitter cassava flour and local brewery
waste in the mix ratio of 1:4 and 1:6 as shown in the figures below.
Figure 3.3: Showing compressive strength of bitter cassava of mix 1:4
Figure 3.4: Showing compressive strength of bitter cassava mortar of mix 1:6
Figure 3.5: Showing compressive strength of local brewery waste of mix 1:4
Figure 3.6: Showing compressive strength of local brewery waste of mix 1:6
3.3 Shrinkage of bitter cassava for mix ratio 1:3
Drying shrinkage was evaluated using mortar method. Increase drying shrinkage were noted for
increase substitution with bitter cassava flour. At 10% 0.4mm and at 50% 0.8mm the maximum shrinkage
determined in this study. This finding compared well with that of South (2004). There was no further shrinkage
observed after 14 days of curing. Only 40 and 50% of bitter cassava cracked in the mix ratio of 1:3, respectively
previously Markus (2011) reported that shrinkage should be minimized to avoid cracking of the mortar.
5. The effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on compressive strength and shrinkage …
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Figure 3.7: Showing shrinkage of bitter cassava mortar of mix 1:3
3.3 Shrinkage of local brewery waste for mix ratio 1:3
Decrease drying shrinkage were noted for increase substitution with local brewery waste. At 10%
0.5mm and at 50% 0.1mm. There was no further shrinkage observed after 14 days of curing. This finding is in
line with Markus (2011) reported that shrinkage should be minimized to avoid cracking of the mortar. This
could have been why the mortar showed no crack at all level of replacement with local brewery waste and also
the presence of yeast was also responsible for the expansion in the mortar at 100% replacement.
Figure 3.8: Showing shrinkage of local brewery waste mortar of mix 1:3
Similar trends were observed when cement was replaced with bitter cassava flour and local brewery
waste in the mix ratio of 1:4 and 1:6 as shown in the figures below.
Figure 3.9: Showing shrinkage of bitter cassava waste mortar of mix 1:4
Figure 3.9: Showing shrinkage of bitter cassava waste mortar of mix 1:6
6. The effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on compressive strength and shrinkage …
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Figure 3.10: Showing shrinkage of local brewery waste mortar of mix 1:4
Figure 3.11: Showing shrinkage of local brewery waste mortar of mix 1:6
IV. Conclusions
From the above study the following conclusions can be made;
1. Bitter cassava increases the level of shrinkage and as more is replaced and it was observed that only 40 and
50% showed cracks in the mix ratio of 1:3 and 1:4 while local brewery waste reduces the level of shrinkage
of the plaster as more of cement is replaced with local brewery waste. There was no crack observed from all
levels of replacement and at 50% replacement with local brewery zero, shrinkage was observed.
2. The compressive strength reduced generally. Bitter cassava showed better compressive strength up to 20%
replacement and then greatly reduced. The compressive strength of local brewery waste reduced greatly
from any level of replacement but then any addition there was gradual decrease in the strength. Therefore
considering the fact a mud brick has an average of 1.14Mpa, burnt brick 4Mpa and stone blocks 7Mpa.
Bitter cassava replacement up to 20% can be used to build and plaster high cost buildings while 30-50% can
be used mortar plaster for eco houses. All levels of local brewery waste replacement can only be used as
mortar plaster for eco houses because it showed low compressive strength which is below the average
compressive strength of a mud brick (1.14Mpa).
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