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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
UTILIZATION OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AS A SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL...IAEME Publication
In developing countries, accumulation of unmanaged agricultural waste has resulted in an increased environmental concern. Recycling of such agricultural wastes is the viable solution not only to pollution problem, but also the problem of land filling. In view of utilization of agricultural waste in concrete and mortar, the present paper reviews, utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) in different compositions that were added to the raw material at different levels to develop
sustainable concrete and mortar. Various physico-mechanical properties of the concrete and mortar incorporating sugarcane bagasse ash are reviewed and recommendations are suggested as the outcome of the study.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
UTILIZATION OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AS A SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL...IAEME Publication
In developing countries, accumulation of unmanaged agricultural waste has resulted in an increased environmental concern. Recycling of such agricultural wastes is the viable solution not only to pollution problem, but also the problem of land filling. In view of utilization of agricultural waste in concrete and mortar, the present paper reviews, utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) in different compositions that were added to the raw material at different levels to develop
sustainable concrete and mortar. Various physico-mechanical properties of the concrete and mortar incorporating sugarcane bagasse ash are reviewed and recommendations are suggested as the outcome of the study.
The thermal power station by product "flyash" (which pollutes ecosystem and poses health problems) can be effectively used in geotechnical applications.
A REPORT ON PARTIAL SUBSTITUTE OF CEMENT IN CONCRETE USING RICE HUSK ASHIAEME Publication
Objectives: This research work is to examine the partial replacement of cement in concrete mistreatment rice husk ash. It involved the study of strength properties of the concrete with totally different proportions of rice husk ash as partial replacement in cement. Methods: The major problem sweet-faced by the globe nowadays is that the environmental pollution. In the industry, mainly the production of cement can cause the emission of pollutants that includes a nice impact on atmosphere. This can be reduced by the magnified usage of business by-products within the industry. Findings: In this present study, to produce the concrete, Portland cement is partially substituted with Rice husk ash. Different ratios of partial replacement is done like 1/3, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% is taken to prepare completely different mixes. The concrete specimens are tested for their compressive strength, split tensile strength take a look at and flexural strength test at the age of seven and twenty eight days.
A STUDY ON REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH RICE HUSK ASHIAEME Publication
Objectives: This study is to identify the effect of parameter such as Activator ratio thataffects the properties of alkali activated fly ash
Methodology: To achieve the above objectives, the present investigation is adopted atechnology that is currently in use to manufacture and to test themain aim of this activity was to facilitate promotion of newmaterials later on to the concreteindustry. Research variable included activator ratio (1:2, 1:2.5, and 1:3). The trial mix isprepared for the molarity of 16 M. Concrete specimens were cured at roresponse variables are Flexural strength, Compressive strength and Split tensile strength.Findings: Test data are used to identify the variation ofGeopolymer concrete propertieswhich are affected by using of various activator ratios and curing period. At all ages, theactivator ratio 1:3 gives maximum strength and also economical when compared to otheractivator ratios. There is substantial gain incompressive strength of fly ash geopolymerconcrete with age.Improvements:Thisworkcan beenhancedforvariousmolaritiesundervarioustemperaturesandvariousactivator ratios.
Utilization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) In Concrete By Partial Replacemen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Utilization of Industrial Waste in Cement Mortar: A ReviewA Makwana
The effective utilization of different industrial
waste materials like ceramic waste, Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash
(RHA), silica fume, hypo sludge, quarry dust, sewage sludge
ash, Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), as
partial replacement of cement and sand in cement mortar.
By using Different industrial waste materials replacing with
cement or sand can reduce the cost. The study is helpful for
various resource persons involved in construction industry
to develop sustainable and eco-friendly construction
materials. Utilization of such waste and it application for
eco-friendly and sustainable development of the
construction industry is the most efficient solution, possible
alternative solution of safe disposal of such waste & also
address the high value application of such waste.
A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE...IAEME Publication
A Large quantities of waste materials and by-products are generated from manufacturing processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes, etc. As a result, solid waste management has become one of the major environmental concerns in the world. With the increasing awareness about the environment, scarcity of land-fill space and due to its ever increasing cost, waste materials and by-products utilization has become an attractive alternative to disposal. High consumption of natural sources, high amount production of industrial wastes and environmental pollution require obtaining new solutions for a sustainable development.Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as a major construction material throughout the world.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on Compressive Str...inventionjournals
Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, costeffective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20% cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about 2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
Durability Studies on Concrete and Comparison with Partial Replacement of Cem...IJERA Editor
This research work describes the feasibility of using the Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
(SCBA) waste in concrete production as a partial replacement of cement. This present work deals with the effect
on strength and mechanical properties of concrete using RHA and SCBA instead of cement. The cement has
been replaced by rice husk ash, accordingly in the range of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight. Concrete
mixtures with RHA, were produced, tested and compared in terms of compressive strengths with the
Conventional concrete. These tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties for the test results of
7, 28, 60, 90 days for compressive strengths in normal water and in MgSO4 solution of 1%, 3% and 5%. Also
the durability aspect for rice husk ash concrete for sulphate attack was tested. Similarly the above tests were also
performed for SCBA. The result indicates that the RHA and SCBA improve concrete durability. Finally the test
results for RHA and SCBA were compared. Key words: Rice Husk Ash, Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, Concrete,
M35 grade concrete, cubes, cylinders, MgSO4, durability.
Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in Concreteijsrd.com
Utilization of industrial and agricultural waste products in the industry has been the focus of research for economic, environmental, and technical reasons. Sugar-cane bagasse is a fibrous waste-product of the sugar refining industry, along with ethanol vapour. This waste-product is already causing serious environmental pollution which calls for urgent ways of handling the waste. In this paper, Bagasse ash has been chemically and physically characterized, in order to evaluate the possibility of their use in the industry. X-ray diffractometry determination of composition and presence of crystalline material, scanning electron microscopy/EDAX examination of morphology of particles, as well as physical properties and refractoriness of bagasse ash has been studied.
Utilization of Foundry Waste Sand as a Masonry Mortar iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Utilization of rice husk ash in mix asphalt concrete as mineral fillar replac...rajatsikarwar
how to use rice husk as a replacement of cement in concrete
and conducting diifferent tests conducted to prove that it is satisfying the indian standards(IS).
Study on Bagasse Ash As Partial Replacement of Cement in ConcreteIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Today, the increasing demand and scarcity of construction materials like cement make the researchers all over the world to focus on finding ways of utilizing either industrial or agricultural wastes as a source of raw materials and ecofriendly substitutes or alternatives. These wastes utilization would, not only be economical, but may also help to create a sustainable and pollution free environment as the disposing of such wastes is tedious but, promoting towards waste management. Sugar-cane bagasse is one such fibrous waste product of the sugar mills and sugar refining industry. The bagasse ash with alumina and silica, creates disposaland environmental problems around the factories.The use of such ash in concrete by partial replacement of cement, not only reduces the cost of making concrete, but also improves the properties of concrete and reduces environmental pollution. This paper presents the attempt made in making concrete with partially replacing cement by 2.5, 5.0, 7.5,10 and 12.5 % of bagasse ash. Mix design is made for conventional M20 grade, conventional and ash based concrete prepared, the workability, strength and durability characteristics are determined through proper testing and the results are compared.The optimum level of cement replacement with bagasse ash is observed to be 7.5 percent.
Strength of Bamboo Leaf Ash and Pulverized Burnt Clay Waste Blended Cement Co...iosrjce
This study examines concrete made from ordinary Portland cement (OPC) blended with bamboo leaf
ash (BLA) and pulverized burnt clay waste (PBCW).The binders were characterized, their influence on concrete
workability examined, and the blended cement concrete compressive strength investigated. 100 mm concrete
cubes specimens were cast according to BS EN 12390-3. The specimens were water cured extensively for 3, 7.
14. 28, 56, 90 and 120 days. Incorporation of BLA and PBCW in cement concrete made it sticky, stiffer and less
workable, BLA had a greater influence than PBCW. The higher the composition of BLA and PBCW in the
blended cement concrete, the lower the compressive strength at early days of curing, however, at later ages of
hydration, their strength surpassed that of the control. Binders with 90% OPC and 10% PBCW; 90% OPC and
10% BLA; 80% OPC, 10% PBCW and 10% BLA performed optimally
The thermal power station by product "flyash" (which pollutes ecosystem and poses health problems) can be effectively used in geotechnical applications.
A REPORT ON PARTIAL SUBSTITUTE OF CEMENT IN CONCRETE USING RICE HUSK ASHIAEME Publication
Objectives: This research work is to examine the partial replacement of cement in concrete mistreatment rice husk ash. It involved the study of strength properties of the concrete with totally different proportions of rice husk ash as partial replacement in cement. Methods: The major problem sweet-faced by the globe nowadays is that the environmental pollution. In the industry, mainly the production of cement can cause the emission of pollutants that includes a nice impact on atmosphere. This can be reduced by the magnified usage of business by-products within the industry. Findings: In this present study, to produce the concrete, Portland cement is partially substituted with Rice husk ash. Different ratios of partial replacement is done like 1/3, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% is taken to prepare completely different mixes. The concrete specimens are tested for their compressive strength, split tensile strength take a look at and flexural strength test at the age of seven and twenty eight days.
A STUDY ON REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH RICE HUSK ASHIAEME Publication
Objectives: This study is to identify the effect of parameter such as Activator ratio thataffects the properties of alkali activated fly ash
Methodology: To achieve the above objectives, the present investigation is adopted atechnology that is currently in use to manufacture and to test themain aim of this activity was to facilitate promotion of newmaterials later on to the concreteindustry. Research variable included activator ratio (1:2, 1:2.5, and 1:3). The trial mix isprepared for the molarity of 16 M. Concrete specimens were cured at roresponse variables are Flexural strength, Compressive strength and Split tensile strength.Findings: Test data are used to identify the variation ofGeopolymer concrete propertieswhich are affected by using of various activator ratios and curing period. At all ages, theactivator ratio 1:3 gives maximum strength and also economical when compared to otheractivator ratios. There is substantial gain incompressive strength of fly ash geopolymerconcrete with age.Improvements:Thisworkcan beenhancedforvariousmolaritiesundervarioustemperaturesandvariousactivator ratios.
Utilization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) In Concrete By Partial Replacemen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Utilization of Industrial Waste in Cement Mortar: A ReviewA Makwana
The effective utilization of different industrial
waste materials like ceramic waste, Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash
(RHA), silica fume, hypo sludge, quarry dust, sewage sludge
ash, Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), as
partial replacement of cement and sand in cement mortar.
By using Different industrial waste materials replacing with
cement or sand can reduce the cost. The study is helpful for
various resource persons involved in construction industry
to develop sustainable and eco-friendly construction
materials. Utilization of such waste and it application for
eco-friendly and sustainable development of the
construction industry is the most efficient solution, possible
alternative solution of safe disposal of such waste & also
address the high value application of such waste.
A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH SUGARCANE BAGASSE...IAEME Publication
A Large quantities of waste materials and by-products are generated from manufacturing processes, service industries and municipal solid wastes, etc. As a result, solid waste management has become one of the major environmental concerns in the world. With the increasing awareness about the environment, scarcity of land-fill space and due to its ever increasing cost, waste materials and by-products utilization has become an attractive alternative to disposal. High consumption of natural sources, high amount production of industrial wastes and environmental pollution require obtaining new solutions for a sustainable development.Ordinary Portland cement is recognized as a major construction material throughout the world.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on Compressive Str...inventionjournals
Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, costeffective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20% cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about 2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
Durability Studies on Concrete and Comparison with Partial Replacement of Cem...IJERA Editor
This research work describes the feasibility of using the Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash
(SCBA) waste in concrete production as a partial replacement of cement. This present work deals with the effect
on strength and mechanical properties of concrete using RHA and SCBA instead of cement. The cement has
been replaced by rice husk ash, accordingly in the range of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight. Concrete
mixtures with RHA, were produced, tested and compared in terms of compressive strengths with the
Conventional concrete. These tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties for the test results of
7, 28, 60, 90 days for compressive strengths in normal water and in MgSO4 solution of 1%, 3% and 5%. Also
the durability aspect for rice husk ash concrete for sulphate attack was tested. Similarly the above tests were also
performed for SCBA. The result indicates that the RHA and SCBA improve concrete durability. Finally the test
results for RHA and SCBA were compared. Key words: Rice Husk Ash, Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, Concrete,
M35 grade concrete, cubes, cylinders, MgSO4, durability.
Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in Concreteijsrd.com
Utilization of industrial and agricultural waste products in the industry has been the focus of research for economic, environmental, and technical reasons. Sugar-cane bagasse is a fibrous waste-product of the sugar refining industry, along with ethanol vapour. This waste-product is already causing serious environmental pollution which calls for urgent ways of handling the waste. In this paper, Bagasse ash has been chemically and physically characterized, in order to evaluate the possibility of their use in the industry. X-ray diffractometry determination of composition and presence of crystalline material, scanning electron microscopy/EDAX examination of morphology of particles, as well as physical properties and refractoriness of bagasse ash has been studied.
Utilization of Foundry Waste Sand as a Masonry Mortar iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Utilization of rice husk ash in mix asphalt concrete as mineral fillar replac...rajatsikarwar
how to use rice husk as a replacement of cement in concrete
and conducting diifferent tests conducted to prove that it is satisfying the indian standards(IS).
Study on Bagasse Ash As Partial Replacement of Cement in ConcreteIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Today, the increasing demand and scarcity of construction materials like cement make the researchers all over the world to focus on finding ways of utilizing either industrial or agricultural wastes as a source of raw materials and ecofriendly substitutes or alternatives. These wastes utilization would, not only be economical, but may also help to create a sustainable and pollution free environment as the disposing of such wastes is tedious but, promoting towards waste management. Sugar-cane bagasse is one such fibrous waste product of the sugar mills and sugar refining industry. The bagasse ash with alumina and silica, creates disposaland environmental problems around the factories.The use of such ash in concrete by partial replacement of cement, not only reduces the cost of making concrete, but also improves the properties of concrete and reduces environmental pollution. This paper presents the attempt made in making concrete with partially replacing cement by 2.5, 5.0, 7.5,10 and 12.5 % of bagasse ash. Mix design is made for conventional M20 grade, conventional and ash based concrete prepared, the workability, strength and durability characteristics are determined through proper testing and the results are compared.The optimum level of cement replacement with bagasse ash is observed to be 7.5 percent.
Strength of Bamboo Leaf Ash and Pulverized Burnt Clay Waste Blended Cement Co...iosrjce
This study examines concrete made from ordinary Portland cement (OPC) blended with bamboo leaf
ash (BLA) and pulverized burnt clay waste (PBCW).The binders were characterized, their influence on concrete
workability examined, and the blended cement concrete compressive strength investigated. 100 mm concrete
cubes specimens were cast according to BS EN 12390-3. The specimens were water cured extensively for 3, 7.
14. 28, 56, 90 and 120 days. Incorporation of BLA and PBCW in cement concrete made it sticky, stiffer and less
workable, BLA had a greater influence than PBCW. The higher the composition of BLA and PBCW in the
blended cement concrete, the lower the compressive strength at early days of curing, however, at later ages of
hydration, their strength surpassed that of the control. Binders with 90% OPC and 10% PBCW; 90% OPC and
10% BLA; 80% OPC, 10% PBCW and 10% BLA performed optimally
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on Compressive Str...inventionjournals
Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, costeffective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20% cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about 2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Rice Husk Ash Sandcrete Block as Low Cost Building MaterialIJERA Editor
Concrete is a widely used construction material for various types of structures due to its structural stability and
strength. The construction industry is today consuming more than 400 million tonnes of concrete every year
.Most of the increase in cement demand will be met by the use of supplementary cementing materials, as each
ton of Portland cement clinker production is associated with similar amount of CO2 emission, which is a major
source of global warming. Partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement with mineral admixtures like fly ash,
ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, metakaolin, Rice husk Ash (RHA),etc with plasticizers
eliminates these drawbacks. The use of rice husk modifies the physical qualities of fresh cement paste as well as
microstructure of paste after hardening. By burning the rice husk under a uncontrolled temperature in the
atmosphere, a highly reactive RHA was obtained and the ash was utilized as a supplementary cementing
material. This paper presents the effects of using Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as a partial cement replacement
material in mortar mixes. This work is based on an experimental study of mortar made with replacement of
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with 10%, 20% 30% & 40% RHA. The properties investigated were the
compressive strength, setting time, consistency, workability and specific gravity. Finally, a cost analysis was
also done to compare the efficiency of rice husk ash sandcrete blocks. From the test results it can be concluded
that rice husk ash can be utilized in day today life of manufacturing building blocks which are more economical
and more eco-friendly than the cement concrete blocks which are produced now-a-days
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
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L0342071076
1. International Journal of Computational Engineering Research||Vol, 03||Issue, 4||
www.ijceronline.com ||April||2013|| Page 71
Strength of Binary Blended Cement Composites Containing
Afikpo Rice Husk Ash
L. O. Ettu1
, I. O. Onyeyili2
, U. C. Anya3
, C. T. G. Awodiji4
, and A. P. C.
Amanze5
1,3,4,5
Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
I. INTRODUCTION
The high cost of Ordinary Portland cementin Nigeriaand many other parts of Africahas resulted in
extremely high cost of building thereby rendering many persons “homeless.” Thus, so long as the cement
industry continues to play a cardinal role in physical infrastructural development, attempts should continuously
be made to (i) reduce the cost of production of Portland cement, (ii) reduce the consumption of the raw
materials, (iii) protect the environment, and (iv) enhance the quality of cement. One way is to use suitable low-
cost, sustainable, and environmentally friendly materials as partial replacement of Portland cement. Major
materials used in this regard are industrial and agricultural by-products, otherwise regarded as wastes in
technologically disadvantaged communities. Researchers have especially more recently intensified work on
substitute materials for cement in makingcement composites such as concrete and sandcrete (Olugbenga et al.,
2007). Blended cements are currently used in many parts of the world (Bakar, Putrajaya, and Abdulaziz, 2010).
During hydration of Portland cement, calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] is obtained as one of the hydration
products. It is responsible for deterioration of concrete. When a pozzolanic material is blended with Portland
cementit reacts with the Ca(OH)2to produce additional calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H), which is the main
cementing component. Thus the pozzolanic material reduces the quantity of Ca(OH)2 and increases the quantity
of C-S-H. Therefore, the cementing quality is enhanced if a good pozzolanic material is blended in suitable
quantity with Portland cement (Padney et al., 2003; Dwivedia et al., 2006).The incorporation of agricultural by-
product pozzolans calcined at high temperatures has been studied with positive results in the manufacture and
application of blended cements (Malhotra and Mehta, 2004). Ezeh and Ibearugbulem (2009) found good
prospect in partially replacing cement with periwinkle shell ash in river stone aggregate concrete.
Abstract:
This work investigated the strength characteristics of binary blended cement composites
made with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Afikpo Rice Husk Ash (RHA). 105 concrete cubes
and 105 sandcrete cubes of 150mm x 150mm x 150mm were produced at percentage OPC
replacement with Afikpo RHA of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% and crushed to obtain their
compressive strengths at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 50, and 90 days of curing. The 3-14 day compressive
strength values of OPC-Afikpo RHA binary blended cement concrete were found to be much lower
than the control values; the 21-28 day strengths were comparable to the control values; while the 50-
90 day strengths were higher than the control valuesespecially at 5-10% replacements of OPC with
Afikpo RHA, ranging from 26.80N/mm2
for 10% replacement of OPC to 29.30N/mm2
for 5%
replacement of OPC compared with the control value of 23.60N/mm2
. This same trend was observed
for OPC-Afikpo RHA binary blended cement sandcrete. The variation in density was not significant.
Mathematical models were developed for predicting compressive strengths of OPC-Afikpo RHA
binary blended cement composites using polynomial regression analysis. The model values of
compressive strengths obtained from the various model equations were found to be either exactly the
same as those of the equivalent laboratory values or very close to them, especially at ages 28-90
days, with percentage differences ranging from 0 to 0.05. Thus, OPC-Afikpo RHA binary blended
cement composites would be good for civil engineering works and the developed model equations can
be easily used to estimate their strengths for various curing ages and percentage OPC replacement
with Afikpo RHA.
Key words: Binary blended cement, composites, concrete, pozzolan, rice husk ash, sandcrete.
2. Strength of Binary Blended Cement Composites Containing Afikpo Rice Husk Ash
www.ijceronline.com ||April||2013|| Page 72
Adewuyi and Ola (2005) successfully applied waterworks sludge as partial replacement for cement in
concrete production. Elinwa and Awari (2001) investigated the potentials of groundnut husk ash concrete by
partially replacing Ordinary Portland Cement with groundnut husk ash.Many other researchers have also
confirmed rice husk ash (RHA) a pozzolanic material that can be used to partially replace OPC in making
cement composites (Ikpong and Okpala, 1992; Cisse and Laquerbe, 2000; Wada et al., 2000; Rukzon and
Chindaprasirt, 2006; Cordeiro, Filho, and Fairbairn, 2009; Fadzil et al., 2008; Poon, Kou, and Lam, 2006; De
Sensale, 2006; Saraswathy and Song, 2007; Agbede and Obam, 2008; Habeeb and Fayyadh, 2009; Rukzon,
Chindaprasirt, and Mahachai, 2009.). However, studies by Chandrasekar et al. (2003) have shown that the
physical and chemical properties of RHA are dependent on a number of factors, including the soil chemistry,
paddy variety, climatic and geographical conditions, and fertilizers applied during rice cultivation.
Efforts to intensify food production and local economic ventures in many Nigerian communities lead to
increased agricultural wastes such as rice husk.The problem is worse in places like Afikpo district of Ebonyi
State where farming in general and massive cultivation of rice in particular is the predominant business of many
community dwellers, leading to the generation of some thousands of tons of rice husk annually.There is
therefore a need to specifically investigate the suitability of using Afikpo rice husk ash as possible cement
replacement in making cement composites.Its utilization as pozzolanic material would both reduce the problem
of solid waste management (Elinwa and Ejeh, 2004)and add commercial value to the otherwise waste product.
This would serve as a boost to intensive cultivation of the product and ultimately lead to increased food, more
jobs for people, and more peaceful society through the elimination of various vices related to poverty and
idleness.
II. METHODOLOGY
Rice husk was obtained from rice milling factories in Afikpo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria, air-dried, and
calcined into ashes in a locally fabricated combustion chamber at temperatures generally below 650o
C. The ash
was sieved and large particles retained on the 600µm sieve were discarded while those passing the sieve were
used for this work. No grinding or any special treatment to improve the ash quality and enhance its
pozzolanicity was applied because the researchers wanted to utilize simple processes that can be easily
replicated by local community dwellers. The resultant rice husk ash (RHA)had a bulk density of 760 Kg/m3
,
specific gravity of 1.81, and fineness modulus of 1.40. Other materials used for the work are Ibeto brand of
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with a bulk density of 1650 Kg/m3
and specific gravity of 3.13; river sand free
from debris and organic materials witha bulk density of 1580 Kg/m3
, specific gravity of 2.70, and fineness
modulus of 2.84; Crushed granite of 20 mm nominal size free from impurities with a bulk density of 1510
Kg/m3
, specific gravity of 2.94, and fineness modulus of 3.65; and water free from organic impurities.
A simple form of pozzolanicity test was carried out for the RHA. It consists of mixing a given mass of
the ash with a given volume of Calcium hydroxide solution [Ca(OH)2] of known concentration and titrating
samples of the mixture against hydrochloric acid solution of known concentration at time intervals of 30, 60, 90,
and 120 minutes using phenolphthalein as indicator at normal temperature. The titre value (volume of acid
required to neutralize the constant volume of calcium hydroxide-ash mixture) continuously reduced with time,
confirming the ash as a pozzolan that fixed more and more of the calcium hydroxide, thereby reducing the
alkalinity of the mixture (The amount of lime fixed by the pozzolan could be computed.). The chemical analysis
of the ash showed it satisfied the ASTM requirement that the sum of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 should be not less
than 70% for pozzolans.
A standard mix ratio of 1:2:4 (blended cement: sand: granite) was used for concrete and 1:6 (blended
cement: sand) for sandcrete. Batching was by weight and a constant water/cement ratio of 0.6 was used. Mixing
was done manually on a smooth concrete pavement. The RHA was first thoroughly blended with OPC at the
required proportion and the homogenous blend was then mixed with the fine aggregate-coarse aggregate mix,
also at the required proportions. Water was then added gradually and the entire concrete heap was mixed
thoroughly to ensure homogeneity. The workability of the fresh concrete was measured by slump test, and the
wet density was also determined.One hundred and five (105) granite concrete cubes and one hundred and five
(105) sandcrete cubes of 150mm x 150mm x 150mm were produced at percentage OPC replacement with RHA
of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. Twenty one concrete cubes and twenty one sandcrete cubes with 100% OPC
were also produced to serve as controls. This gives a total of 126concrete cubes and 126 sandcrete cubes. All the
concrete cubes were cured by immersion while the sandcrete cubes were cured by water sprinkling twice daily
in a shed. Three concrete cubes and three sandcrete cubes for each percentage replacement of OPC with RHA
and the control were tested for saturated surface dry bulk density and crushed to obtain their compressive
strengths at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 50, and 90 days of curing.
3. Strength of Binary Blended Cement Composites Containing Afikpo Rice Husk Ash
www.ijceronline.com ||April||2013|| Page 73
Average values of concrete and sandcretecompressive strengths and densities for the various curing
ages and percentages of OPC replacement with RHA were obtained and presented in tables and graphs.
Mathematical models were developed in form of equations through polynomial regression analysis of the data
showing the variation of concrete and sandcretecompressive strengths with curing age and percentage
replacement of OPC with RHA. Suitable analytical tools in Microsoft Excel were used to plot appropriate
polynomial curves, generate the corresponding mathematical equations, and obtain model values of compressive
strengths for comparison with corresponding laboratory values.
2.1 Results and Discussion
The particle size analysis showed that the RHA was much coarser than OPC, the reason being that it
was not ground to finer particles. The implication of this is that whatever compressive strength values obtained
using it can still be improved upon when the ash is ground to finer particles. The pozzolanicity test confirmed
Afikpo rice husk ash as a pozzolan since it fixed some quantities of lime over time, thereby reducing the
alkalinity of the mixture as reflected in the smaller titre value over time compared to the blank titre.The
compressive strengths of the binary blended cement concrete and sandcrete produced with OPC and Afikpo
RHA are shown in tables 1 and 2 respectively.
Table1.Compressive strength of blended OPC-RHA cement concrete
Age
(days)
Compressive Strength (N/mm2
) for
0 %
RHA
5 %
RHA
10 %
RHA
15 %
RHA
20 %
RHA
25 %
RHA
3 7.90 5.20 4.70 4.20 3.50 3.30
7 14.00 9.70 9.20 8.10 7.20 7.00
14 21.50 18.00 17.70 15.50 11.70 11.00
21 22.10 22.00 21.40 18.90 16.00 14.00
28 23.00 25.30 22.50 20.80 17.90 16.00
50 23.50 28.00 24.70 23.80 21.60 20.00
90 23.60 29.30 26.80 25.90 23.20 22.00
Table2.Compressive strength of blended OPC-RHA cement sandcrete
Age
(days)
Compressive Strength (N/mm2
) for
0 %
RHA
5 %
RHA
10 %
RHA
15 %
RHA
20 %
RHA
25 %
RHA
3 2.70 1.90 1.80 1.60 1.50 1.50
7 5.00 3.00 3.00 2.50 2.30 2.20
14 7.10 4.40 4.00 3.50 3.20 2.80
21 8.00 5.20 4.80 4.00 3.80 3.20
28 9.30 7.60 6.40 5.80 5.00 4.10
50 9.70 9.80 8.90 8.00 7.10 6.20
90 10.30 11.30 10.80 10.10 9.50 8.80
It can be seen from table 1 that the compressive strength values of binary blended cement concrete
consistently decrease with increase in percentage replacement of OPC with Afikpo RHA. The 3-14 day
compressive strength values are much lower than the control values for all percentage replacements of OPC
with Afikpo RHA. The 3-day strengths range from 3.30N/mm2
at 25% replacement of OPC to 5.20N/mm2
at 5%
replacement of OPC compared with the control value of 7.9 N/mm2
. The 7-day strengths range from
7.00N/mm2
at 25% replacement of OPC to 9.70N/mm2
at 5% replacement of OPC compared with the control
value of 14N/mm2
. The 14-day strengths range from 11.00N/mm2
at 25% replacement of OPC to 18.00N/mm2
at 5% replacement of OPC compared with the control value of 21.50N/mm2
. However, the 90-day strength at 5-
15% replacement of OPC with Afikpo RHAis higher than that of the control, ranging from 25.90 N/mm2
for
15% replacement of OPC to 29.30N/mm2
for 5% replacement of OPC compared with the control value of
23.60N/mm2
. This same trend of binary blended cement concrete strength variation with age and percentage
replacement of OPC with Afikpo RHArelative to the control values is noticeable for blended cement sandcrete
as shown in table 2. The 3-14 day low strength values compared to the control can be attributed to the low rate
of pozzolanic reaction at those ages. The silica from the pozzolans reacts with lime produced as by-product of
hydration of OPC to form additional calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) that increases the binder efficiency and
the corresponding strength values at later days of curing.
4. Strength of Binary Blended Cement Composites Containing Afikpo Rice Husk Ash
www.ijceronline.com ||April||2013|| Page 74
The density results suggests that although the saturated surface dry bulk densities of OPC-Afikpo
RHAblended cement concrete and sandcrete reduce slightly with both curing age and percentage replacement of
OPC with Afikpo RHA, the variations are of no significance for engineering purposes as they all still fall within
the range for normal weight composites.
As should be expected, the results show that the strength of 100% OPC concrete (the control) increases
steeply with age until about 14 days. The strength still increases steadily but less steeply between 14 and 28
days, after which the strength increases much more slowly such that the strength at 90 days is not much greater
than the strength at 50 days. The variation in strength with age for the binary blended OPC-Afikpo RHA cement
concrete is different from the control, especially at high percentages of OPC replacement with Afikpo RHA.
The results show that the variation for 5% OPC replacement with Afikpo RHA is not much different from that
of the control, although, unlike the control, the binary blended cement concrete continues to attain much higher
strength values up to 90 days. The variation for 10% and 15% OPC replacement with Afikpo RHA is
significantly different from that of the control. The binary blended cement concrete strength picks up more
slowly up to 21 days, after which it begins to increase rapidly until 90 days and beyond. At 20% and 25% OPC
replacement with Afikpo RHA the strength picks up even more gradually during the early ages of up to 21 days
than at 10-15% replacement levels. However the increase in strength continues more steeply at the later ages of
50 days and above.
Mathematical Models for Predicting Compressive Strength of Opc-Afikpo Rha Cement Composites
The mathematical equations for predicting compressive strength of OPC-Afikpo RHA cement concrete
and sandcrete obtained from the results of polynomial regression analysis are presented in this section.
Variation of OPC-Afikpo RHA concrete strength with percentage RHA
Y3 = 0.00009667X4
- 0.00550741X3
+ 0.10786111X2
- 0.94846561X + 7.89563492 ------ (1)
Where Y3 is the 3-day compressive strength in N/mm2
of the binary blended OPC-Afikpo RHA concrete and X
is the percentage replacement of OPC with AfikpoRHA.
Y7 = -0.00001467X5
+ 0.00108000X4
- 0.02910000X3
+ 0.35100000X2
- 2.01333333X + 14.00000000 ------------------------------------------------------------- (2)
Y14 = 0.00032667X4
- 0.01630370X3
+ 0.24972222X2
- 1.57708995X + 21.49603175 -- (3)
Y21 = 0.00009000X4
- 0.00364815X3
+ 0.02380556X2
- 0.04431217X + 22.08769841--- (4)
Y28 = -0.00013333X4
+ 0.00841481X3
- 0.18322222X2
+ 1.12050265X + 23.05158730 -- (5)
Y50 = 0.00005200X5
- 0.00352667X4
+ 0.08690000X3
- 0.93983333X2
+ 3.83500000X + 23.50000000 ---------------------------------------------------------- (6)
Y90 = 0.00005307X5
- 0.00353333X4
+ 0.08590000X3
- 0.93366667X2
+ 4.06933333X + 23.60000000 ----------------------------------------------------------- (7)
Model values of OPC-Afikpo RHA concrete strength from equations (1) to (7) together with their equivalent
laboratory values are shown in table 3.
Variation of OPC-Afikpo RHA sandcrete strength with percentage Afikpo RHA
Y3 = 0.00002667X4
- 0.00151111X3
+ 0.03000000X2
- 0.26984127X + 2.69523810------ (8)
Y7 = -0.00001147X5
+ 0.00079333X4
- 0.01996667X3
+ 0.22216667X2
- 1.10366667X + 5.00000000 ------------------------------------------------------------- (9)
Y14 = -0.00000880X5
+ 0.00062000X4
- 0.01630000X3
+ 0.19850000X2
- 1.19700000X + 7.10000000 ------------------------------------------------------------- (10)
Y21 = 0.00006000X4
- 0.00381481X3
+ 0.08505556X2
- 0.86978836X + 7.97698413 -- (11)
5. Strength of Binary Blended Cement Composites Containing Afikpo Rice Husk Ash
www.ijceronline.com ||April||2013|| Page 75
Y28 = 0.00000480X5
- 0.00030000X4
+ 0.00613333X3
- 0.03850000X2
- 0.26633333X + 9.30000000 -------------------------------------------------------------- (12)
Y50 = -0.00003333X4
+ 0.00203704X3
- 0.04305556X2
+ 0.18375661X + 9.70396825 ---(13)
Y90 = 0.00000133X5
- 0.00013333X4
+ 0.00490000X3
- 0.08266667X2
+ 0.50666667X + 10.30000000 ----------------------------------------------------------- (14)
Model values of OPC-Afikpo RHA sandcrete strength from equations (8) to (14) together with their equivalent
laboratory values are shown in table 4.
It can be seen from tables 3 and 4 that the model values of compressive strengths obtained from the
various model equations 1 to 14 are either exactly the same as those of the equivalent laboratory values or very
close to them, especially at ages 28-150 days, with percentage differences ranging from 0 to 0.05. Therefore, the
respective model equations are all suitable for determining the compressive strength values of OPC-Afikpo
RHA binary blended cement concrete and sandcrete for various curing ages and percentage replacement of OPC
with Afikpo RHA.
Table 3. Model and laboratory values of OPC-Afikpo RHA concrete strength
Age
(days)
Compressive Strength in N/mm2
for
0 %
RHA
5 %
RHA
10 %
RHA
15 %
RHA
20 %
RHA
25 %
RHA
L3 7.9 5.2 4.7 4.2 3.5 3.3
M3 7.9 5.2 4.7 4.2 3.5 3.3
L7 14 9.7 9.2 8.1 7.2 7
M7 14.0 9.7 9.2 8.1 7.2 7.0
L14 21.5 18 17.7 15.5 11.7 11
M14 21.5 18.0 17.7 15.5 11.7 11.0
L21 22.1 22 21.4 18.9 16 14
M 21 22.1 22.1 21.3 19.0 15.9 14.0
L28 23 25.3 22.5 20.8 17.9 16
M 28 23.1 25.0 23.0 20.3 18.2 15.9
L50 23.5 28 24.7 23.8 21.6 20
M50 23.5 28.0 24.7 23.8 21.6 20.0
L90 23.6 29.3 26.8 25.9 23.2 22
M90 23.6 29.3 26.8 25.9 23.2 22.0
L3 = Laboratory value at 3 days; M3 = Model value at 3 days.
Table 4. Model and laboratory values of OPC-Afikpo RHA sandcrete strength
Age
(days)
Compressive Strength in N/mm2
for % RHA of
0 5 10 15 20 25
L3 2.7 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5
M3 2.7 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5
L7 5 3 3 2.5 2.3 2.2
M7 5.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.3 2.2
L14 7.1 4.4 4 3.5 3.2 2.8
M14 7.1 4.4 4 3.5 3.2 2.8
L21 8 5.2 4.8 4 3.8 3.2
M 21 8.0 5.3 4.6 4.2 3.7 3.2
L28 9.3 7.6 6.4 5.8 5 4.1
M 28 9.3 7.6 6.4 5.8 5.0 4.1
L50 9.7 9.8 8.9 8 7.1 6.2
M50 9.7 9.8 8.9 8.0 7.1 6.2
L90 10.3 11.3 10.8 10.1 9.5 8.8
M90 10.3 11.3 10.8 10.1 9.5 8.8
L3 = Laboratory value at 3 days; M3 = Model value at 3 days.
6. Strength of Binary Blended Cement Composites Containing Afikpo Rice Husk Ash
www.ijceronline.com ||April||2013|| Page 76
III. CONCLUSIONS
The strength of OPC-Afikpo RHA binary blended cement concrete gets comparable to that of the
control at 21 days of curing. The strength of the binary blended cement concrete at 5 to 15% replacement is
higher than that of the control at 28, 50, and 90 days of curing. This clearly shows that OPC-Afikpo RHA binary
blended cement concrete can be used for high strength requirements at curing ages greater than 28 days.
There is similarity in the pattern of variation of OPC-Afikpo RHA binary blended cement sandcrete
strength with that of OPC-Afikpo RHA binary blended cement concrete for different percentage replacements of
OPC with Afikpo RHA at 3 to 90 days of curing. Just as for concrete, OPC-Afikpo RHA binary blended cement
sandcrete has very low strength compared to the control at early ages up to 14 days. The strength improves
greatly thereafter and increases to become greater than that of the control at ages above 50 days. Thus OPC-
Afikpo RHA binary blended cement sandcrete could also be used in civil engineering works where early
strength is not a major requirement.The mathematical models/equations developed for predicting compressive
strength of OPC-Afikpo RHA binary blended cement composites can be used as guide in determining
appropriate percentage replacement and minimum curing age to use for required strength values since the model
values of compressive strengths obtained from the equations are either exactly the same as those of the
equivalent laboratory values or very close to them, especially at ages 28-150 days.
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