journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Partial Replacement of Cement by Saw Dust Ash in Concrete A Sustainable ApproachIJERD Editor
Concrete industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources due to which sustainability of concrete industry is under threat. The environmental and economic concern is the biggest challenge concrete industry is facing. In this paper, the issues of environmental and economic concern are addressed by the use of saw dust ash as partial replacement of cement in concrete. Cement was replaced by Saw Dust Ash as 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight for M-25 mix. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive strength, durability (water absorption) and density at 28 days of age and the results obtained were compared with those of normal concrete. The results concluded the permissibility of using Saw Dust Ash as partial replacement of cement up to 10% by weight for particle size of range 90micron.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Partial Replacement of Cement by Saw Dust Ash in Concrete A Sustainable ApproachIJERD Editor
Concrete industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources due to which sustainability of concrete industry is under threat. The environmental and economic concern is the biggest challenge concrete industry is facing. In this paper, the issues of environmental and economic concern are addressed by the use of saw dust ash as partial replacement of cement in concrete. Cement was replaced by Saw Dust Ash as 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight for M-25 mix. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive strength, durability (water absorption) and density at 28 days of age and the results obtained were compared with those of normal concrete. The results concluded the permissibility of using Saw Dust Ash as partial replacement of cement up to 10% by weight for particle size of range 90micron.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
EFFECT OF BAGAGSE ASH ON PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USED AS PARTIAL REPLACEMNT FO...IAEME Publication
Background/Objectives: Cement is one of the sources for producing inexperienced house gases united ton of carbon dioxide is created with each one ton of cement production. Use of alternative materials will scale back this pollution downside. Methods/ Statistical analysis: In the present work Sugarcane pulp ash has been tried as another material for partial replacement of cement. Sugarcane bagasse ash is a by-product of sugarcane and disposal of that is making serious setting issues. In the present work, trails are created (with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) to value absolutely the quantum of cement that may get replaced by bagasse ash while not poignant the strength capabilities of the cast. Findings: Different tests such as compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength are to be conducted on concrete for seven days and twenty-eight days natural process. Analysis of the results would give conclusions and inferences. Applications/Improvements: Outcome shows that for 15% substitute of cement by way of the SCBA strength is nearly enough the nominal force of the concrete.
compressive strength of concrete containing milled glass as partial substitut...IJAEMSJORNAL
This work reports the outcome of an experiment carried out by using milled glass (MG) of varying percentages (20%, 40% and 60% by weight)of cement in concrete making. MG was sourced for and milled to required fineness. The concrete was batched with mix ratio of 1։2։ 4. Concrete Cube specimens produced were allowed to cure for 7-28 days and compressive strength, slump and setting time tests were carried out and were compared with those of conventional concrete (0% MG). Results obtained showed that compressive strength of the concrete increased with increase in length of curing age, but decreased as the percentage of MG increased. However, the strength still remained in the allowable range of workability for concrete in line with British standard. MG replacement of 20% was found to be the most suitable mix considering the strength and safe use of the concrete. It was concluded that MG replacement of 20% showed no significant loss in strength compared to the control sample and is stable and could be acceptable in most concrete. At the long run. Waste glass that currently constitutes waste concern in built environment in Nigeria can best be managed through alternative use in concrete production.
“Experimental studies on the characteristics properties of concrete produced ...AjeetPanedakatti
Concrete is the most widely used man-made construction material in the world and is consumed second only to water on this planet. It is obtained by mixing the cementitious materials, water and aggregates in the required proportions. However, the various required performance attributes of concrete including strength, workability, dimensional stability and durability, often impose contradictory requirements on the mix parameters to be adopted, there by rendering the concrete mix design a very difficult task.
The increase in global warming has resulted a wide range of change in earth’s temperature, the source being emission of carbon dioxide gas from the production process of cement. Use of naturally available pozzolanic waste materials (fly ash & granite powder) as a partial substitute of OPC cement in mortar mix has seen a wide potential in the utilization of these waste material and also enhancing the properties of mortar mix and thus reducing the environment impact caused by manufacturing of cement. In this study the effect of using fly ash & granite powder is used as a partial substitute of ordinary port-land cement and to reduce the cost of the cement.
An investigation was conducted to determine the suitability of using fly ash (bi-product from thermal power plant) and waste granite powder as partial replacement for cement for concrete production. Apart from the control concrete sample which had 100% cement all the other samples were treated to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% replacement of cement with flyash and granite powder. Concrete cubes of 150mmx150mmx150mm, cylinders of 150mm diameter and 300mm height, beams of 100mmx100mmx500mm were made with the various proportions of cement, sand and coarse aggregates in a mix ratio of 1:2.2:3, water -cement ratio of 0.50 and cured over 28 days. The results of compressive strength tests show that the strength of the concrete cubes with varying amounts of cement and fly ash and granite powder changed marginally. This was interpreted to mean that the partial replacement of cement with fly ash and granite powder up to 20% in concrete results in about 1.4% increase in the strength of the concrete. The compressive strength of concrete cubes is 33N/mm2, flexural strength of concrete beams is 5.10 N/mm2 and split tensile strength of concrete cylinder is 2.34 N/mm2 for 20% replacement.
Steel industry by products for sustainable constructionsManjunatha L.R
Dr.L.R.Manjunatha ,PhD ,A Sustainability Expert presents on who steel industry byproducts can be effectively utilized by using technologies and converted to valuable green products for the construction sector
The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on Compressive Str...inventionjournals
Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, costeffective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20% cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about 2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
durability aspects in reference to permeable voids and leaching of calcium hy...IJCMESJOURNAL
The concrete industry is constantly looking for supplementary cementitious material with the objective of reducing the solid waste disposal problem. Fly ash (FA) and Quarry sand (QS) are some among the solid wastes generated by industry. The Quarry sand is one such material which can be used to replace sand as fine aggregate. To overcome from this crisis, partial replacement of natural sand (NS) with Quarry sand and partial replacement of cement with FA can be an economic alternative. This research is carried to study the effect of replacement of sand by Quarry sand and cement by fly ash with using admixture in concrete, especially in reference to permeable voids development, compressive strength, leaching of Ca(OH)2 in curing water and RCPT at 28, 56 and 90 days of age. A M25, M30, M40 Grade concrete were chosen for research. The mix design was carried out and three combinations were chosen, first combination using 100% Natural sand and 100% cement ( treated as controlled mix).In second combination 100%Natural sand is replaced by Quarry sand and cement remains100%. In third combination 30% cement is replaced by Fly ash and 45% Natural sand is replaced by Quarry sand (treated as critical mix). These were chosen from 30 combinations of variable % of Natural sand and Quarry sand and fly ash. The study is aim at understanding the performance of critical mix in reference to controlled mix and concrete containing 100% quarry sand. It is observed that if quarry and is used for concrete then suitable percentage natural sand and fly ash must be added to achieve desired compressive strength and performance of concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
EFFECT OF BAGAGSE ASH ON PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USED AS PARTIAL REPLACEMNT FO...IAEME Publication
Background/Objectives: Cement is one of the sources for producing inexperienced house gases united ton of carbon dioxide is created with each one ton of cement production. Use of alternative materials will scale back this pollution downside. Methods/ Statistical analysis: In the present work Sugarcane pulp ash has been tried as another material for partial replacement of cement. Sugarcane bagasse ash is a by-product of sugarcane and disposal of that is making serious setting issues. In the present work, trails are created (with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) to value absolutely the quantum of cement that may get replaced by bagasse ash while not poignant the strength capabilities of the cast. Findings: Different tests such as compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength are to be conducted on concrete for seven days and twenty-eight days natural process. Analysis of the results would give conclusions and inferences. Applications/Improvements: Outcome shows that for 15% substitute of cement by way of the SCBA strength is nearly enough the nominal force of the concrete.
compressive strength of concrete containing milled glass as partial substitut...IJAEMSJORNAL
This work reports the outcome of an experiment carried out by using milled glass (MG) of varying percentages (20%, 40% and 60% by weight)of cement in concrete making. MG was sourced for and milled to required fineness. The concrete was batched with mix ratio of 1։2։ 4. Concrete Cube specimens produced were allowed to cure for 7-28 days and compressive strength, slump and setting time tests were carried out and were compared with those of conventional concrete (0% MG). Results obtained showed that compressive strength of the concrete increased with increase in length of curing age, but decreased as the percentage of MG increased. However, the strength still remained in the allowable range of workability for concrete in line with British standard. MG replacement of 20% was found to be the most suitable mix considering the strength and safe use of the concrete. It was concluded that MG replacement of 20% showed no significant loss in strength compared to the control sample and is stable and could be acceptable in most concrete. At the long run. Waste glass that currently constitutes waste concern in built environment in Nigeria can best be managed through alternative use in concrete production.
“Experimental studies on the characteristics properties of concrete produced ...AjeetPanedakatti
Concrete is the most widely used man-made construction material in the world and is consumed second only to water on this planet. It is obtained by mixing the cementitious materials, water and aggregates in the required proportions. However, the various required performance attributes of concrete including strength, workability, dimensional stability and durability, often impose contradictory requirements on the mix parameters to be adopted, there by rendering the concrete mix design a very difficult task.
The increase in global warming has resulted a wide range of change in earth’s temperature, the source being emission of carbon dioxide gas from the production process of cement. Use of naturally available pozzolanic waste materials (fly ash & granite powder) as a partial substitute of OPC cement in mortar mix has seen a wide potential in the utilization of these waste material and also enhancing the properties of mortar mix and thus reducing the environment impact caused by manufacturing of cement. In this study the effect of using fly ash & granite powder is used as a partial substitute of ordinary port-land cement and to reduce the cost of the cement.
An investigation was conducted to determine the suitability of using fly ash (bi-product from thermal power plant) and waste granite powder as partial replacement for cement for concrete production. Apart from the control concrete sample which had 100% cement all the other samples were treated to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% replacement of cement with flyash and granite powder. Concrete cubes of 150mmx150mmx150mm, cylinders of 150mm diameter and 300mm height, beams of 100mmx100mmx500mm were made with the various proportions of cement, sand and coarse aggregates in a mix ratio of 1:2.2:3, water -cement ratio of 0.50 and cured over 28 days. The results of compressive strength tests show that the strength of the concrete cubes with varying amounts of cement and fly ash and granite powder changed marginally. This was interpreted to mean that the partial replacement of cement with fly ash and granite powder up to 20% in concrete results in about 1.4% increase in the strength of the concrete. The compressive strength of concrete cubes is 33N/mm2, flexural strength of concrete beams is 5.10 N/mm2 and split tensile strength of concrete cylinder is 2.34 N/mm2 for 20% replacement.
Steel industry by products for sustainable constructionsManjunatha L.R
Dr.L.R.Manjunatha ,PhD ,A Sustainability Expert presents on who steel industry byproducts can be effectively utilized by using technologies and converted to valuable green products for the construction sector
The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on Compressive Str...inventionjournals
Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, costeffective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20% cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about 2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
durability aspects in reference to permeable voids and leaching of calcium hy...IJCMESJOURNAL
The concrete industry is constantly looking for supplementary cementitious material with the objective of reducing the solid waste disposal problem. Fly ash (FA) and Quarry sand (QS) are some among the solid wastes generated by industry. The Quarry sand is one such material which can be used to replace sand as fine aggregate. To overcome from this crisis, partial replacement of natural sand (NS) with Quarry sand and partial replacement of cement with FA can be an economic alternative. This research is carried to study the effect of replacement of sand by Quarry sand and cement by fly ash with using admixture in concrete, especially in reference to permeable voids development, compressive strength, leaching of Ca(OH)2 in curing water and RCPT at 28, 56 and 90 days of age. A M25, M30, M40 Grade concrete were chosen for research. The mix design was carried out and three combinations were chosen, first combination using 100% Natural sand and 100% cement ( treated as controlled mix).In second combination 100%Natural sand is replaced by Quarry sand and cement remains100%. In third combination 30% cement is replaced by Fly ash and 45% Natural sand is replaced by Quarry sand (treated as critical mix). These were chosen from 30 combinations of variable % of Natural sand and Quarry sand and fly ash. The study is aim at understanding the performance of critical mix in reference to controlled mix and concrete containing 100% quarry sand. It is observed that if quarry and is used for concrete then suitable percentage natural sand and fly ash must be added to achieve desired compressive strength and performance of concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on Compressive Str...inventionjournals
Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, costeffective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20% cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about 2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect on Concrete Strength by Partial Replacement of Cement with Cotton Stal...ijtsrd
Huge quantity of Cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash are generating as a waste product in agriculture sector in India and many other developing countries every year. In lack of proper wakefulness and technology expansion, great portion of these by products remain unutilized causing severe disposal and environmental troubles. The main goal of this thesis is to examine the performance of M40 grade concrete with a mix ratio as per M40 grade and a water cement ratio of 0.425 Additionally, it aims to determine the compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength of concrete cement when cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash are used in place of cement. With various percentage like 10, 20, and 30 etc. of cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash well as with combined replacement of Cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash. and results that the workability of concrete was found to be reduced on enhance the Cotton stalk ash CSA , rice husk ash RHA by difference percentages. The Maximum increase in 53.67 N mm2 of compressive strength is obtained after the period 28 days with cotton stalk ash substituting 10 of the cement CSA . The maximum increase in flexural strength over the period of 28 days was 5.98 N mm2, with cotton stalk ash substituting 10 of the cement CSA . When 10 of the cement is replaced with cotton stalk ash, the significant increase in split tensile strength for 28 days is 4.23N mm2 CSA By substituting cotton stalk ash, rice husk ash for 20, 10 of the cement, the compressive strength as per this investigations for 28 days is observed 49.47 N mm2 CSA, RHA is not achieved highest value but achieve the target mean strength. The greatest results are achieved when cotton stalk ash are utilized, although at different percentages. Maninder Singh | Mr. Janardan Tiwari "Effect on Concrete Strength by Partial Replacement of Cement with Cotton Stalk Ash and Rice Husk Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52353.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52353/effect-on-concrete-strength-by-partial-replacement-of-cement-with-cotton-stalk-ash-and-rice-husk-ash/maninder-singh
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
Experimental Study on Performance of Concrete M30 with Partial Replacement of...IJERA Editor
In this research work experiments have been conducted with collection of materials required and the data required for mix design are obtained by sieve analysis and specific gravity test. Sieve analysis is carried out from various fine aggregates (FA) and coarse aggregates (CA) samples and the sample which suits the requirement is selected. Specific gravity tests are carried out for fine and coarse aggregate. The various materials used were tested as per Indian standard specifications. On the basis of the experimental studies carried out on M30 grade concrete as partial replacement of coarse aggregates with sea shells and coconut shells, the following conclusions are drawn from the above experiment we conclude that comparing to traditional concrete, compressive strength of 10% (5% + 5%) of coconut shells (5%) and sea shells (5%) increased. whereas the compressive strength of the concrete cubes has gradually decreased from addition of 10% (5% + 5%) of coconut shells and sea shells. Hence for economical view 10% is preferable and in the perspective of compressive strength 10% is suggested. Thus, 10% replacement coconut shells and sea shells are recommended for both heavy weight and light weight concrete production.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MUD MORTAR IN COMPARISON WIT...civej
Mud is a versatile material which finds application in construction industry as mud blocks for wall
construction, mud mortar for binding and plastering and as tiles for flooring and roofing. It is universally
accepted as an environment friendly and user friendly material for construction from time immemorial. The
state of Kerala, where nature imprints its heritage witnessed numerous mud constructions in the form of
traditional buildings, ancient palaces and monumental buildings irrespective of the size of the buildings
and status of the owners. Yet its utilization as a construction material has come down drastically over a
past few decades with the advent of cement and concrete. In a state like Kerala, where there is ample
scope for procuring mud, it is high time that its potential as building material has been fully utilized. The
potential of mud as a sustainable building material has been overviewed by the same authors in the first
phase of investigation. As the second phase experimental work was conducted to compare the properties of
mud mortar with conventional mortars so as to check the feasibility of using mud as mortar. The effect of
stabilizers such as cow dung, cement and lime on raw mud has been studied in this paper. This paper also
checks the effect of fibres on the durability of reinforced mud mortar.
Strength Improvement of Mud Houses Through Stabilization of the Lateritic Mat...theijes
This paper reports an experimental investigation of the compressive strength of laterite stabilized with cement (CSL), lime (LSL) and rice straw (RSL) respectively. The laterites were collected from borrow pit used by locals in Bauchi, Nigeria to build mud houses. Unfortunately the mud houses experienced massive failures by through wall collapses over the years during the flooding cycles of the rainy seasons. An attempt is made to stabilize the lateritic soil materials used for the mud house walls in order to strengthen them against rains and flood erosions. Briefly discussed are factors that affect performance and strength, this include mix proportions, compaction, characteristics of the lateritic soil, mix procedure and curing. The results showed that the lateritic soils in the investigated area were relatively high on sand and lower on clay thereby promoting cement as the best stabilizer for strength. It increased the compressive strength by 661% from 0.61 N/mm2 at zero stabilization (ZSL) to 4.64 N/mm2 at 8% cement content after 28 days of curing. LSL and RSL at the same contents had strengths of 1.21 N/mm2 (98.4% increase) and 0.71 N/mm2 (16.4% increase) respectively. At 6% contents strength values were 4.33 N/mm2 , 1.16 N/mm2 and 0.66 N/mm2 respectively. The values reduced at 4% contents reporting 3.14N/mm2 , 0.82N/mm2 and 0.44N/mm2 respectively. While CSL increased non-linearly in density with increase in cement content, LSL and RSL decreased with increase of the respective contents. The results show that with cement as the stabilizer, mud house walls constructed with CSL bricks will resist collapse failures due to the perennial flooding in the area. Moreover by their relatively high compressive strengths they can be used for load bearing walls as much as sandcrete blocks
Use of Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement In Concreteinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 6, Issue 10 (April 2013), PP. 77-82
77
Strength of Binary Blended Cement Composites
Containing Corn Cob Ash
L. O. Ettu1
, U. C. Anya2
, J. I. Arimanwa3
, L. Anyaogu4
, and K. C. Nwachukwu5
1,2,3,4,5
Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.
Abstract:-The strength characteristics of binary blended cement composites made with Ordinary
Portland Cement (OPC) and Corn Cob Ash (CCA) were investigated in this work. 105 concrete cubes
and 105 sandcrete cubes of 150mm x 150mm x 150mm were produced at percentage OPC replacement
with CCA of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% and crushed to obtain their compressive strengths at 3, 7,
14, 21, 28, 50, and 90 days of curing. The 3-28 day compressive strength values of OPC-CCA binary
blended cement concrete were found to be much lower than the control values; the 50 day strengths
were comparable to the control values; while the 90 day strengths were higher than the control values
especially at 5-15% replacements of OPC with CCA, ranging from 24.00N/mm2
for 15% replacement
of OPC to 27.00N/mm2
for 5% replacement of OPC compared with the control value of 23.60N/mm2
.
This same trend was observed for OPC-CCA binary blended cement sandcrete. The variation in
density was not significant. Mathematical models were developed for predicting compressive strengths
of OPC-CCA binary blended cement composites using polynomial regression analysis. The model
values of compressive strengths obtained from the various model equations were found to be either
exactly the same as those of the equivalent laboratory values or very close to them, with differences
ranging from 0 to 0.3N/mm2
. Thus, OPC-CCA binary blended cement composites could be good for
civil engineering works and the developed model equations can be used to estimate their strengths for
various curing ages and percentage OPC replacement with CCA.
Keywords:-Blended cement, binary, composites, compressive strength, concrete, corn cob
ash,pozzolan, sandcrete.
I. INTRODUCTION
The need to provide adequate accommodation for the increasing populace in Nigeria and many other
parts of Africa has constrained researchers to continue to seek ways of reducing the cost of building projects.
Suitable more affordable materials could be used as partial replacement of Portland cement to achieve this
purpose. Agricultural by-products regarded as wastes in technologically underdevelopedsocieties could be
harnessed in this regard. Efforts have recently been focused on such substitute materials in making cement
composites such as concrete and sandcrete (Olugbenga et al., 2007). Blended cements are currently used in
many parts of the world (Bakar, Putrajaya, and Abdulaziz, 2010). Lime or calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] is one
of the hydration products of Portland cement and it greatly contributes toward the deterioration of cement
composites. When a pozzolan is blended with Portland cement it reacts with the lime to produce additional
calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H), which is the main cementing compound. Thus the pozzolanic material reduces
the quantity of lime and increases the quantity of C-S-H. Therefore, the cementing quality is enhanced if a
pozzolan is blended in suitable quantity with Portland cement (Padney et al., 2003).
Agricultural by-product pozzolans have been used in the manufacture and application of blended
cements (Malhotra and Mehta, 2004). Elinwa and Awari (2001) successfully investigated the potentials of
groundnut husk ash concrete by partially replacing Ordinary Portland Cement with groundnut husk ash.
Adesanya (1996) investigated the properties of blended cement mortar, concrete, and stabilized earth made from
OPC and corn cob ash and recommended that corn cob ash can serve as replacement for OPC in the production
of cement composites. Adesanya (2000) further studied the characteristics of lateritic bricks and blocks
stabilized with corn cob fillers and obtained results that confirm the usability of corn cob ash as laterite
stabilizer for block making. Nimityongskul and Daladar (1995) highlighted the potentialities of coconut husk
ash, corn cob ash, and peanut shell ash as good pozzolans. Dwivedia et al. (2006)successfully investigated the
pozzolanicity of bamboo leaf ash.Martirena, Middendorf, and Budelman (1998) found that sugar industry solid
wastes such as sugar cane straw ash has pozzolanic activity derived from its high content of amorphous silica.
Some other researchers have also confirmed the possibility of using sugar industry wastes as pozzolans
(Hernandez et al., 1998; Singh, Singh, and Rai, 2000; Middendorf et al., 2003).Many other researchers have
confirmed rice husk ash a pozzolanic material that can be used to partially replace OPC in making cement
2. Strength of Binary Blended Cement Compositescontaining Corn Cob Ash
78
composites (Cordeiro, Filho, and Fairbairn, 2009; Habeeb and Fayyadh, 2009; Rukzon, Chindaprasirt, and
Mahachai, 2009). A number of researchers have also found good prospects in using blended cements made with
sawdust ash (Mehta, 1997; Elinwa, Ejeh, and Mamuda, 2008; and Elinwa and Abdulkadir, 2011). Studies by
Chandrasekar et al. (2003) suggest that soil, climatic, and geographical conditions could affect the physical and
chemical properties and consequently the pozzolanicity of agricultural by-products.
The commitment to farmingby many Nigerian rural community dwellers have led to increased agricultural
wastes such as corn cob, large quantities of which are generated in various rural communities all over South
Eastern Nigeria. There is therefore a need to further specifically investigate the suitability of using Nigerian corn
cobash as possible cement replacement in making cement composites. Its utilization as pozzolanic material
would add commercial value to the otherwise waste product and encourage massive cultivation of corn for
various uses.
II. METHODOLOGY
Con cobwas obtained from Aba district of Abia State, Nigeria, crushed into smaller particles, air-dried,
and calcined into ashes in a locally fabricated combustion chamber at temperatures generally below 650o
C. The
ash was sieved and large particles retained on the 600µm sieve were discarded while those passing the sieve
were used for this work. No grinding or any special treatment to improve the ash quality and enhance its
pozzolanicity was applied because the researchers wanted to utilize simple processes that can be easily
replicated by local community dwellers. The resultant corn cobash (CCA) had a bulk density of 800 Kg/m3
,
specific gravity of 1.90, and fineness modulus of 2.02. Other materials used for the work are Ibeto brand of
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with a bulk density of 1650 Kg/m3
and specific gravity of 3.13; river sand free
from debris and organic materials with a bulk density of 1580 Kg/m3
, specific gravity of 2.70, and fineness
modulus of 2.84; Crushed granite of 20 mm nominal size free from impurities with a bulk density of 1510
Kg/m3
, specific gravity of 2.94, and fineness modulus of 3.65; and water free from organic impurities.
A simple form of pozzolanicity test was carried out for the CCA. It consists of mixing a given mass of
the ash with a given volume of Calcium hydroxide solution [Ca(OH)2] of known concentration and titrating
samples of the mixture against hydrochloric acid solution of known concentration at time intervals of 30, 60, 90,
and 120 minutes using phenolphthalein as indicator at normal temperature. The titre value was observed to
reduce with time, confirming the ash as a pozzolan that fixed more and more of the calcium hydroxide, thereby
reducing the alkalinity of the mixture.
A common mix ratio of 1:2:4 (blended cement: sand: granite) was used for concrete and 1:6 (blended
cement: sand) for sandcrete. Batching was by weight and a constant water/cement ratio of 0.6 was used. Mixing
was done manually on a smooth concrete pavement. The CCA was first thoroughly blended with OPC at the
required proportion and the homogenous blend was then mixed with the fine aggregate-coarse aggregate mix,
also at the required proportions. Water was then added gradually and the entire concrete heap was mixed
thoroughly to ensure homogeneity. The workability of the fresh concrete was measured by slump test, and the
wet density was also determined.
One hundred and five (105) concrete cubes and one hundred and five (105) sandcrete cubes of 150mm
x 150mm x 150mm were produced at percentage OPC replacement with CCA of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and
25%. Twenty one concrete cubes and twenty one sandcrete cubes with 100% OPC were also produced to serve
as controls. This gives a total of 126 concrete cubes and 126 sandcrete cubes. All the concrete cubes were cured
by immersion while the sandcrete cubes were cured by water sprinkling twice daily in a shed. Three concrete
cubes and three sandcrete cubes for each percentage replacement of OPC with CCA and the control were tested
for saturated surface dry bulk density and crushed to obtain their compressive strengths at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 50,
and 90 days of curing.
Average values of concrete and sandcrete compressive strengths and densities for the various curing
ages and percentages of OPC replacement with CCA were obtained and presented in tables and graphs.
Mathematical models were developed in form of equations through polynomial regression analysis of the data
showing the variation of concrete and sandcrete compressive strengths with curing age and percentage
replacement of OPC with CCA. Suitable analytical tools in Microsoft Excel were used to plot appropriate
polynomial curves, generate the corresponding mathematical equations, and obtain model values of compressive
strengths for comparison with corresponding laboratory values.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The particle size analysis showed that the CCA was much coarser than OPC, the reason being that it
was not ground to finer particles. Therefore,the compressive strength values obtained using it can still be
improved upon when the ash is ground to finer particles. The pozzolanicity test confirmed CCA as a pozzolan
since it fixed some quantities of lime over time, thereby reducing the alkalinity of the mixture as reflected in the
smaller titre value over time compared to the blank titre.
3. Strength of Binary Blended Cement Compositescontaining Corn Cob Ash
79
The compressive strengths of the binary blended cement concrete and sandcrete produced with OPC
and CCA are shown in tables 1 and 2 respectively. The results show that the compressive strength values of
OPC-CCA binary blended cement concrete consistently decrease with increase in percentage replacement of
OPC with CHA up to 90 days investigated in this work. The 3-21 day compressive strength values are much
lower than the control values for all percentage replacements of OPC with CCA. The 3-day strengths range from
3.70N/mm2
at 25% replacement of OPC to 5.30N/mm2
at 5% replacement of OPC compared with the control
value of 7.9 N/mm2
. The 7-day strengths range from 6.30N/mm2
at 25% replacement of OPC to 9.40N/mm2
at
5% replacement of OPC compared with the control value of 14N/mm2
. The 21-day strengths range from
11.00N/mm2
at 25% replacement of OPC to 21.20N/mm2
at 5% replacement of OPC compared with the control
value of 22.10N/mm2
.
However, the 90-day strength at 5-15% replacement of OPC with CCA is higher than that of the
control, ranging from 24.00 N/mm2
for 15% replacement of OPC to 27.00N/mm2
for 5% replacement of OPC
compared with the control value of 23.60N/mm2
. This same trend of blended cement concrete strength variation
with age and percentage replacement of OPC with CCA relative to the control values is noticeable for blended
cement sandcrete as shown in table 2. The 3-21 day low strength values compared to the control can be
attributed to the low rate of pozzolanic reaction at those ages. The silica from pozzolans reacts with lime
produced as by-product of hydration of OPC to form additional calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) that increases
the binder efficiency and the corresponding strength values at later days of curing.
The density results suggests that although the saturated surface dry bulk densities of OPC-CCA binary blended
cement concrete and sandcrete reduce slightly with both curing age and percentage replacement of OPC with
CCA, the variations are of no significance for engineering purposes as they all still fall within the range for
normal weight composites.
results show that the strength of 100% OPC concrete (the control) increases steeply with age until
about 14 days. The strength still increases steadily but less steeply between 14 and 28 days, after which the
strength increases much more slowly such that the strength at 90 days is not much greater than the strength at 50
days. The variation in strength with age for the binary blended OPC-CCA cement concrete is different from that
of the control, especially at high percentages of OPC replacement with CCA. The variation for 5% OPC
replacement with CCA is not much different from that of the control, althoughthe binary blended cement
concrete continues to attain much higher strength values up to 90 days. The variation for 10% and 15% OPC
replacement with CCA is significantly different from that of the control. The binary blended cement concrete
strength picks up more slowly up to 21 days, after which it begins to increase rapidly until 90 days and beyond.
At 20% and 25% OPC replacement with CCA the strength picks up even more gradually during the early ages
up to 21 days than at 10-15% replacement levels. However the increase in strength continues more steeply at the
later ages of 50 days and above.
Table1.Compressive strength of blended OPC- CCA cement concrete
Age
(days)
Compressive Strength (N/mm2
) for
0 %
CCA
5 %
CCA
10 %
CCA
15 %
CCA
20 %
CCA
25 %
CCA
3 7.90 5.30 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.70
7 14.00 9.40 9.10 8.00 7.10 6.30
14 21.50 18.70 17.50 14.50 10.90 10.50
21 22.10 21.20 18.50 16.00 13.00 11.00
28 23.00 22.10 21.10 19.30 16.00 13.80
50 23.50 24.10 23.10 21.00 19.10 18.00
90 23.60 27.00 25.70 24.00 22.50 20.50
Table2.Compressive strength of blended OPC-CCA cement sandcrete
Age
(days)
Compressive Strength (N/mm2
) for
0 %
CCA
5 %
CCA
10 %
CCA
15 %
CCA
20 %
CCA
25 %
CCA
3 2.70 1.80 1.80 1.70 1.50 1.40
7 5.00 2.90 2.80 2.60 2.50 2.10
14 7.10 4.20 4.00 3.20 3.00 2.40
21 8.00 5.00 4.90 4.00 3.30 3.10
28 9.30 7.30 6.10 5.40 4.70 3.80
50 9.70 9.60 8.20 7.20 6.60 5.80
90 10.30 11.00 10.40 10.00 9.50 8.40
4. Strength of Binary Blended Cement Compositescontaining Corn Cob Ash
80
IV. MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR PREDICTING COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
OPC-CCA BINARY BLENDED CEMENT COMPOSITES
The mathematical equations for predicting compressive strength of OPC-CCA binary blended cement
concrete and sandcrete obtained from the results of polynomial regression analysis are presented in this section.
Variation of OPC-CCA concrete strength with percentage CCA
Y3 = -0.00000720X5
+ 0.00054000X4
- 0.01503333X3
+ 0.19050000X2
- 1.15966667X + 7.90000000 ------------------------------------------------------------- (1)
Where Y3 is the 3-day compressive strength in N/mm2
of the OPC-CCA binary blended cement concrete and X
is the percentage replacement of OPC with CCA.
Y7 = 0.00016667X4
- 0.00966667X3
+ 0.18983333X2
- 1.61404762X + 13.97142857 -- (2)
Y14 = 0.00024000X4
- 0.01114074X3
+ 0.15377778X2
- 1.07084656X + 21.49206349 - (3)
Y21 = -0.00001667X4
+ 0.00171481X3
- 0.05063889X2
+ 0.00907407X + 22.11944444 - (4)
Y28 = 0.00011000X4
- 0.00521111X3
+ 0.06241667X2
- 0.39126984X + 23.01309524 -- (5)
Y50 = 0.00000333X4
+ 0.00101111X3
- 0.05025000X2
+ 0.35269841X + 23.49404762 -- (6)
Y90 = 0.00000640X5
- 0.00056667X4
+ 0.01873333X3
- 0.28783333X2
+ 1.71766667X + 23.60000000 ------------------------------------------------------------ (7)
Model values of OPC-CCA concrete strength from equations (1) to (7) together with their equivalent laboratory
values are shown in table 3.
Variation of OPC-CCA sandcrete strength with percentage CCA
Y3 = -0.00000213X5
+ 0.00017333X4
- 0.00520000X3
+ 0.06966667X2
- 0.41866667X + 2.70000000 ---------------------------------------------------------- (8)
Y7 = -0.00000773X5
+ 0.00054000X4
- 0.01416667X3
+ 0.17250000X2
- 0.99100000X + 5.00000000 ----------------------------------------------------------- (9)
Y14 = 0.00007667X4
- 0.00471481X3
+ 0.10013889X2
- 0.94050265X + 7.07341270 -- (10)
Y21 = -0.00001440X5
+ 0.00103333X4
- 0.02693333X3
+ 0.30816667X2
- 1.58766667X + 8.00000000 ------------------------------------------------------------- (11)
Y28 = 0.00000333X4
- 0.00064815X3
+ 0.02597222X2
- 0.51645503X + 9.30198413 -- (12)
Y50 = -0.00007667X4
+ 0.00424074X3
- 0.07436111X2
+ 0.25013228X + 9.70436508 -- (13)
Y90 = -0.00006667X4
+ 0.00352593X3
- 0.06455556X2
+ 0.37534392X + 10.30634921--(14)
Model values of OPC-CCA sandcrete strength from equations (8) to (14) together with their equivalent
laboratory values are shown in table 4.
Table 3. Model and laboratory values of OPC-CCA concrete
strength
Age
(days)
Compressive Strength in N/mm2
for
0%
CCA
5%
CCA
10%
CCA
15%
CCA
20%
CCA 25% CCA
L3 7.9 5.3 5 4.5 4 3.7
M3 7.9 5.3 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.7
L7 14 9.4 9.1 8 7.1 6.3
M7 14.0 9.5 8.8 8.3 7.0 6.3
L14 21.5 18.7 17.5 14.5 10.9 10.5
M14 21.5 18.7 17.4 14.6 10.9 10.5
L21 22.1 21.2 18.5 16 13 11
M 21 22.1 21.1 18.7 15.8 13.1 11.0
L28 23 22.1 21.1 19.3 16 13.8
M 28 23.0 22.0 21.2 19.2 16.1 13.8
L50 23.5 24.1 23.1 21 19.1 18
M50 23.5 24.1 23.0 21.1 19.1 18.0
L90 23.6 27 25.7 24 22.5 20.5
M90 23.6 27.0 25.7 24.0 22.5 20.5
L3 = Laboratory value at 3 days; M3 = Model value at 3 days.
5. Strength of Binary Blended Cement Compositescontaining Corn Cob Ash
81
Tables 3 and 4show that the model values of compressive strengths obtained from the various model
equations 1 to 14 are either exactly the same as those of the equivalent laboratory values or very close to them,
with differences ranging from 0 to 0.3N/mm2
. Therefore, the respective model equations are all suitable for
determining the compressive strength values of OPC-CCA binary blended cement concrete and sandcrete for
various curing ages and percentage replacement of OPC with CCA.
V. CONCLUSIONS
The strength of OPC-CCA binary blended cement concrete is higher than that of the control at 90 days
of curing for 5-15% replacement. Therefore, OPC-CCA binary blended cement concrete can be used for high
strength requirements at curing ages greater than 50 days.
There is similarity in the pattern of variation of OPC-CCA binary blended cement sandcrete strength
with that of OPC-CCA binary blended cement concrete for different percentage replacements of OPC with CCA
at 3 to 90 days of curing. Just as for concrete, OPC-CCA binary blended cement sandcrete has very low strength
compared to the control at early ages up to 28 days. The strength improves greatly thereafter and increases to
become greater than that of the control at ages above 50 days. Thus, OPC-CCA binary blended cement
sandcrete could also be used in civil engineering works where early strength is not a major requirement.
The mathematical models/equations developed for predicting compressive strength of OPC-CCA
binary blended cement composites can be used as guide in determining appropriate percentage replacement and
minimum curing age to use for required strength values since the model values of compressive strengths
obtained from the equations are either exactly the same as those of the equivalent laboratory values or very close
to them.
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M7 5.0 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.1
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L50 9.7 9.6 8.2 7.2 6.6 5.8
M50 9.7 9.6 8.2 7.2 6.6 5.8
L90 10.3 11 10.4 10 9.5 8.4
M90 10.3 11.0 10.5 9.9 9.5 8.4
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days.
6. Strength of Binary Blended Cement Compositescontaining Corn Cob Ash
82
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