The document discusses the design standards and components for three types of firefighting water supply systems - dry riser systems, wet riser systems, and downcomer systems. For each system, it describes the requirements for landing valves on each floor, breeching inlets for fire brigade access, pipe sizing and layout, pumps and control panels, and water storage tanks. The systems are designed to provide pressurized water to fire hoses on all floors through permanently installed vertical risers.

1. DRY RISER SYSTEM

2. 1.0 DESIGN STANDARDS
• Part 1  Hydrant systems, hose
reels and foam inlets.
• Part 2  Landing valves for dry
risers.
• Part 3  Inlet breeching for riser
inlets.
• Part 4 Boxes for landing valves
for dry risers.

3. 1.1 LANDING VALVE
• Provided in each floor and comply with
landing valve for dry risers.
• Located at fire access lobbies, protected
staircases and protected lobbies.
• Installed not more than 0.75m above floor
level.
• To protect landing valves, box are
provided.
• Fire hose not less 38mm diameter, 30m
length, 60mm diameter and nozzle should
be provided.

4. 1.2 BREECHING INLET
• Fire brigade breeching inlet installed at bottom of
riser should comply with inlet breeching.
• Breeching inlets enclosed within a box and labeled
‘Dry Riser Inlet’.
• Drain should be provided at bottom of riser to
drain the system after use.
• Two-way breeching inlet should provided 100mm
diameter dry riser.
• Four-way breeching inlet installed with 150mm
diameter dry riser.
• Breeching inlets should located not more than 18m
from appliance access road and not more 30m from
near external hydrant outlet.

5. 1.3 RISER PIPE
• Riser pipe diameter located within fire access
lobby or staircase at 150m if highest outlet more
than 22.875m above breeching inlet or otherwise
pipe riser diameter is 100mm.
• Riser pipe will galvanised iron to heavy gauzed or
class c tested to 21 bar.
• Horizontal runs pipework feeding the risers should
slope to enable proper draining.
• Air release valve should installed at top of riser to
relief air trapped.
• Riser pipe should electrically earthed or connected
to building earth to avoid equipotential.

6. WET RISER SYSTEM

7. 2.0 DESIGN STANDARDS
• Part 1  Hydrant systems, hose reels
and foam inlets.
• Part 1  Landing valves for wet risers.
• Part 3  Inlet breeching for riser inlets.
• Part 4 Boxes for landing valves for
dry risers.

8. 2.1 WET RISER LANDING VALVE
• Landing valves are provided on each floor and
comply with hydrant systems, hose reels and
foam inlets.
• Located within fire fighting access lobbies,
protected staircases or protected lobbies and
installed not more than 0.75m from floor.
• To protect landing valves, boxes are provided
and should comply with boxes for landing
valves for dry risers.
• Pressure at landing valve should be no
lessthan 4 bars and not more 7 bars.

9. • Two type of landing valves
i) pressure reducing with outlet
(required wet riser return pipe)
ii) pressure reducing without outlet
• Fire hose of canvas not less 38mm
diameter, 30m length, 6mm diameter
quick coupling and jet spray nozzle are
provided in hose crdle beside landing
valve.

10. 2.2 BREECHING INLET
• Breeching inlet should 4-way type comply
with inlet breeching for riser inlets.
• Breeching inlet is enclosed within a box
and labelled with ‘ Wet Riser Inlet’.
• A drain are provided at bottom of riser to
clean the system.
• Breeching inlets should located not more
than 18m from fire appliance access road
not more than m from nearest external
hydrant.

11. 2.3 WET RISER PIPE
• Located with in smoke free lobby,
protected areas within 45m coverage from
landing valve.
• More than one riser are required for each
floor and distance between risers not
more 60m.
• Distance between lowest and topmost
landing valve in upper stage riser not
more 60m.
• Riser pipe diameter should 150mm
galvanised iron to heavy gauge.

12. • Relief pipe are required with return pipe
minimum 100mm diameter, galvanised iron to
medium gauge, discharging back to wet riser tank
whenever possible.
• Air release valve should installed at top of riser to
relief air trapped in system.
• Wet riser pipes should coated with primer and
finished with red gloss paint or coded by red
bands 100mm width and elbows and tees painted
red.
• Wet riser pipes should electrically earthed to
achieve equipotential.

13. 2.4 WET RISER PUMPS
• Wet riser pumps draw water from wet riser
storage tank and two sets of pump.
• Pump capacity usually sized to deliver a flow rate
1500l/min at running pressure not less 4 bars but
not more 7 bars.
• Standby wet riser pumpset should supplied with
power from emergency generator it available or it
should be diesel engine driven.
• Fuel supply should adequate minimum 2 hours
continuous operation.

14. • Electrical cabling to supply power wet riser
pumps should MICC or fire rated type.
• Batteries for diesel engine should maintain free
type.
• Wet riser pumpsets should protected from fire
and away from locations likely to be flood.
• Some are installed in fire pump room located at
basement below external drainage levels.
• It should ventilated by natural or mechanical
means and provide with signage.
• Carbon dioxide type portable extinguisher should
be provided.

15. 2.5 WET RISER TANKS
• Fire water storage tank should sized for
minimum capacity 45 500l with automatic
refill rate 455l/min.
• Intermediate break tank for upper stages
not less than 11, 375l with automatic make-up
flow of 1365l/min.
• Wet riser tank should be pressed steel,
FRP or concrete.
• Pressed steel tanks should hot dipped
galvanized and coated internally with
bituminous for corrosion protection.

16. • Water tank should be compartmented
unless it was reinforced concrete.
• Ball float valves, overflow pipes, drain
pipes and water level indicators should be
provided at each compartment.
• External surface of tank should painted
red or red band minimum 200mm are
painted to indicate it is a fire tank.
• Wet riser tank usually are located at
ground level, first or second basement.
• Wet and dry tank usually seperated from
others tank.

17. • It may be combine with hose reel tank
when tank capacity equal to total
water storage for both wet riser for
hose reel system.
• Hose reel tap off level should be above
riser tap off level to reserve it maintain.

18. 2.6 PUMP STARTER PANELS AND
CONTROLS
• Pump starter panel should complete
with indicator lights.
• Ventilation slot are provided with insect
screen to prevent entry of vermin.
• Cables should be MICC or fire rated
type routed.
• It should be located at same room
where fire pump are located.

19. • Wet riser pumps are automatically started
upon actuation of pressure switches but
stopped manually.
• Three pressure switches are:
i) starting duty pumpset at 80%
ii) starting standby pumpset at 60%
Iii )starting and stopping jockey pumpset at 90% and
110%
• Pressure switches normally installed in test
drain line on pump discharge side.
• Pressure setting should be clearly labelled
on tags attached to each pressure switch.

20. DOWNCOMER SYSTEM

21. 3.0 DESIGN STANDARDS
• Part 1  Hydrant systems, hose reels
and foam inlets.
• Part 1  Landing valves for wet risers.
• Part 3  Inlet breeching for riser inlets.
• Part 4 Boxes for landing valves for
dry risers.

22. 3.1 DOWNCOMER LANDING
VALVE
• Landing valves are provided on each
floor and comply with hydrant system,
hose reels and foam inlets.
• Located within fire fighting access
lobbies, protected staircases or
protected lobbies installed not more
0.75m from floor.
• Pressure at landing valve depends on
static pressure on valve from roof tank.

23. • Semi-rigid 40mm diameter hose and
nozzles should provided at every
landing valve on floor.
• Two sets fire hose of canvas type not
less than 38mm diameter, 30m length
complete with 65mm diameter quick
coupling and jet spray nozzle should
provided at caretakers unit or
management office.

24. 3.2 BREECHING INLETS
• Fire brigade breeching inlets into
firemen pumps water provided at
bottom of riser at ground floor.
• It should 4-way type comply with inlet
breeching for riser inlets.
• Where it is enclosed within box and
label ‘Downcomer Inlet’
• Drain should be provided at bottom of
riser to drain system.

25. • Breeching inlets should located not
more 18m from fire appliance access
road and not more 30m from nearest
external hydrant.
• Check valve installed between topmost
landing valve and tank to prevent back
flow.

26. 3.3 DOWNCOMER PIPE
• Located within some free lobby or
protected areas within 45m coverage
from landing valve.
• More than one riser are required for
each floor, distance not more 60m.
• Riser pipe diameter should 150mm
galvanised iron to heavy gauge.
• Released valve should installed at top
of riser to relief air trapped.

27. • Downcomer pipes should be coated
with primer and finished with red gloss
paint.
• Pipe can be colour coded with red
bands 100mm width and elbows and
tees painted red.
• Riser pipe should electrically earthed.

28. 3.4 FIRE WATER TANKS
• Fire water storage tank should be sized
minimum 45 500l, automatic refill rate of 455l/min.
• Tanks maybe pressed steel, FRP or concrete.
• It should hot dipped galvanized and coated
internally with bituminous for corrosion
protection.
• Water tanks should compartmented unless
they are reinforced concrete and ball float
valves, overflow pipes, drain pipes and water
level indicators should provided.

29. • External surface of tank should painted
red white or red band 200mm should be
painted to indicate it was a tank.
• Usually located on the roof to provide
maximum static pressure and seperated
from other tank.
• It may be combine with hose reel tank
when tank capacity equal to total water
storage for downcomer for hose reel
system.
• Hose reel tap off level should be above
downcomer tap off level to reserved for
downcomer.