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Documentaries present
some form of reality or
information regarding a
factual topic primarily to
inform or educate its
intended audience but also
to entertain in certain
circumstances.

The phrase ‘Documentary’
was coined by ‘John
Grierson’ in 1926.
Actuality:
                                               Archival footage:
Real life events, places and people
                                               Obtained from film or library
Not like fictional films
                                               Inserted into documentary
Record of real events as they unfold
                                               Something that they haven’t filmed
                                               Show historical events or add detail without
Exposition:
                                               additional filming
Occurs at the beginning and introduces
important themes and also introduces the
                                               Reconstructions:
viewer to the content
                                               Artificial scenes of an event that has actually
Explains the problem
                                               happened
                                               Generally provide factual information.
Voice Over:
Commentary by the film maker
Helps to explain things to the viewer

Interviews:
Common documentary technique
Will mostly choose content that supports the
main theme
Vox-pops: Views of the public (most non
credited)
Realist documentaries:
Minimal treatment on recorded material.
E.g. ‘Fly-on-the-wall’

Formalist documentaries:
Particular narrative structure/story on
recorded material

Subjective documentaries:
Express the film makers personal vision

Note: Any one documentary can mix these
techniques.
How the story is told:

Explores conventions of:                   Closed structure:
•Genre                                     Definite ending
•Character                                 Clear conclusion for the audience.
•Form
•Time                                      Circular structure:
                                           Narrative begins at the end
Structure:                                 Arriving at a journey where they
                                           started.
Linear structure:
Beginning
Middle
End

Open structure:
Audience are left to wonder what happens
next and make sense of it themselves.
Vladimir Propp:
•Driven by the characters, using a set of
narrative functions
•Often in Hollywood Disney films (happy
ever after)
•8 types:
Hero
Villain
Princess
Father
Dispatcher (sends hero off)
Donor (Gives hero something to help him)
Sidekick
False hero
Roland Barthes:
•Described narrative as a series of codes
that are read and interpreted by the
audience:
•Action code-Audience knows, doesn’t need
explaining
•Enigma code-Something hidden from the
audience
•Semic code-Audience recognise through
connotations
•Symbolic code-Something that symbolises
a more abstract concept
•Cultural code-Read with understanding due
to cultural awareness
Certain words understood by certain
cultures.
Tzvetan Todorov:
•Describes narrative as going from
equilibrium to disequilibrium back to an
altered equilibrium
•Equilibrium-Every day life
•Disruption-Something happens
•Conflict-Solving the problem (climax)
•Resolution-Problem is sorted
•New equilibrium-Back to normal (but never
the same). A new normal.
Claude Levi-Strauss
•Describes narrative as created by constant
conflict of binary opposites.
How we can apply this to our
documentary:

Our documentary will be highly
informative, but we feel that by making
the visual and audio aspect of the
documentary interesting it can also be
entertaining for the audience. Given that
our primary audience is the typical
college student it is an important factor
to consider in order to keep them
interested and make them want to carry
on watching the documentary.

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Documentary genre

  • 1. Documentaries present some form of reality or information regarding a factual topic primarily to inform or educate its intended audience but also to entertain in certain circumstances. The phrase ‘Documentary’ was coined by ‘John Grierson’ in 1926.
  • 2. Actuality: Archival footage: Real life events, places and people Obtained from film or library Not like fictional films Inserted into documentary Record of real events as they unfold Something that they haven’t filmed Show historical events or add detail without Exposition: additional filming Occurs at the beginning and introduces important themes and also introduces the Reconstructions: viewer to the content Artificial scenes of an event that has actually Explains the problem happened Generally provide factual information. Voice Over: Commentary by the film maker Helps to explain things to the viewer Interviews: Common documentary technique Will mostly choose content that supports the main theme Vox-pops: Views of the public (most non credited)
  • 3. Realist documentaries: Minimal treatment on recorded material. E.g. ‘Fly-on-the-wall’ Formalist documentaries: Particular narrative structure/story on recorded material Subjective documentaries: Express the film makers personal vision Note: Any one documentary can mix these techniques.
  • 4. How the story is told: Explores conventions of: Closed structure: •Genre Definite ending •Character Clear conclusion for the audience. •Form •Time Circular structure: Narrative begins at the end Structure: Arriving at a journey where they started. Linear structure: Beginning Middle End Open structure: Audience are left to wonder what happens next and make sense of it themselves.
  • 5. Vladimir Propp: •Driven by the characters, using a set of narrative functions •Often in Hollywood Disney films (happy ever after) •8 types: Hero Villain Princess Father Dispatcher (sends hero off) Donor (Gives hero something to help him) Sidekick False hero
  • 6. Roland Barthes: •Described narrative as a series of codes that are read and interpreted by the audience: •Action code-Audience knows, doesn’t need explaining •Enigma code-Something hidden from the audience •Semic code-Audience recognise through connotations •Symbolic code-Something that symbolises a more abstract concept •Cultural code-Read with understanding due to cultural awareness Certain words understood by certain cultures.
  • 7. Tzvetan Todorov: •Describes narrative as going from equilibrium to disequilibrium back to an altered equilibrium •Equilibrium-Every day life •Disruption-Something happens •Conflict-Solving the problem (climax) •Resolution-Problem is sorted •New equilibrium-Back to normal (but never the same). A new normal.
  • 8. Claude Levi-Strauss •Describes narrative as created by constant conflict of binary opposites.
  • 9. How we can apply this to our documentary: Our documentary will be highly informative, but we feel that by making the visual and audio aspect of the documentary interesting it can also be entertaining for the audience. Given that our primary audience is the typical college student it is an important factor to consider in order to keep them interested and make them want to carry on watching the documentary.