Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides, the building blocks that contain a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides bond together to form polynucleotide chains, with DNA existing as a double-stranded helix and RNA generally being single-stranded. Friedrich Miescher first discovered nucleic acids in the 1860s in white blood cells and sperm. Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information essential for growth, development, and reproduction in living organisms.

1. (Starting with the name of almighty) Allah)
Content
* What is nucleotide and nucleic acid?
* Structure of nucleotide.
* Bonding in nucleotide.
* Types of nucleotide.
* Multiple choice question (MCQS)
(Presented by S.Mansoor)
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2. NUCLEIC ACID:(BIOMOLECULES)
It is polynucleotide chain formed by the linkage of unit
called nucleotide.
It is information carrier molecules.
Discovery:
First discovered by Friedrich Miescher(swiss physian and biologist) in
nuclei of white blood cell and in sperm head.
Characteristics:
 Found in every cell as well as virus.
 Contain blueprint for normal growth and development of each and
every living organism.
 Essential component of gene.
 Componenets:
 Carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen,oxygen,phosphorous(C,H,N,O,P)
Types:
1-DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)
2-RNA(ribonucleic acid)
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3. .
Nucleotide is
composed of
-
1 Nitrogeneous
bases
2-Sugar(5C(
3-Phosphoric Acid
Nucleotide:(building blocks of nucleic
acid)
Note:
Nucleoside:
Nucleic acid without phosphoric acid is called nucleoside.
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4. 1-Nitrogeneous bases:
-Cyclic compound containing nitrogen and carbon.
-Six or five membered nitrogen containing ring.
-Attach to sugar at carbon no.1
Nitrogeneous
bases
1-Pyrimidine 2-Purine
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5.  PYRIMIDINE:
IT IS SIX MEMBERED NITROGEN CONTAINING RING(SINGLE).
CYTOSINE(C)
PYRIMIDINE THYMINE(T)
URACIL(U)
MELTING POINT:
20 TO 22°C
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6. PURINE:(DOUBLE)
5 AND 6 MEMBERED NITROGEN CONTAINING RING
FUSED TOGETHER .
IT IS LARGER THAN PYRIMIDINE.
ADENINE
PURINE
GUANINE
MELTING POINT:
2 TO 4 °C
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7. PENTOSE SUGAR(5C):
2 types:
Deoxyribose:(de:absence,oxy:oxygen)
This name is given due to the absence of
oxygen at carbon No.2
It is present in DNA
Ribose:
5 carbon sugar
It is present in RNA. C5H10O4
C5H10O5
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8.  PHOSPHORIC ACID:
FORMULA:
H3PO4
-IT DIFFERENTIATE NUCLEOTIDE FROM NUCLEOSIDE.
-ENERGY IS PROVIDED BY PHOSPHORIC ACID.
ATTACHMENT:
ATTACH TO SUGAR AT CARBON NO.5
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9. Bonding in nucleic acid:
Ester bond or Ester linkage:
Bond present b/w pentose sugar(carbon no.5)
and phosphoric acid(H3PO4).
Glycosidic bond:
Bond b/w pentose sugar(carbon no.1) and
nitrogeneous base.
Phosphodiester bond:
B/w two nucleotides at carbon no.3 and carbon
no.5.
Phosphoanhydride bonds:
Link three phosphate groups to one another.
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10. Nucleotide
3 types
1-Mononucleotide
2-Dinucleotide
3-Polynucleotide
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11. Mononucleotide:(mono:one)
• It is single nucleotide unit.
• Common example:
• ATP(adenosine tri phosphate).
• Adenine+Ribose(pentose s) Adenosine
• 1-Adenosine+H3PO4 Adenosine Monophosphte(AMP)
• 2-AMP+H3PO4 Adenosine Diphosphate(ADP)
• 3-ADP+H3PO4 Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)
• Similarly uridine triphosphate(UTP)
• Thymidine Triphosphate(TTP)
• Guanosine Triphosphate(GTP)
• Cytidine triphosphate(CTP).
• (ATP):
• universal currency of energy
• Found free in cytoplasm+nucleoplasm or precursor for
polynucleotide. S.Mansoor
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12.  When ATP is hydrolize into ADP and AMP 7 Kcal
enrgy is released and so on.
ATP + H2O ADP + P + 7.0 Kcal
. =Wavy bond (energy rich)
=Straight bond (energy poor)
Atpase
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14. • When two nucleotide combine through phosphodiester bond(C-3
and C-5).
• Dinucleotide are co-enzyme.
• Example:
• NAD(nicotonamide adenine dinucleotide) responsible for
o oxidation,reduction
• FAD(flavin adenine dinucleotide)
• 1 nucleotide(Adenine)+2 nucleotide(Vitamin) NAD or FAD
• Function:
IN oxidized form accept hydrogen.
• NAD and FAD both act in electron transport chain as hydrogen
carrier.(Respiration)
• NADH2=3 ATP
• FADH2=2 ATP
Note: Vitamins - Nicotonic acid
Nicotinamide -
Riboflavin(VB2)
Flavin
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15. POLYNUCLEOTIDE:(POLY:MANY)
When many nucleotide
are link together by
phosphodiester bond is
called polynucleotide.
Example:
-DNA(deoxyribonucleic
acid)
-RNA(ribonucleic acid)
By Syed Mansoor
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16. DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)-data bank
 It is molecule composed of two polynucleotide chain that coiled
around each other to form double helix structure that contain
genetic instruction about development,function,growth and
reproduction of all known organism and virus.
 First discovered in nucleus in acidic form.
 Part of DNA is called gene.
 Used in porensic studies,dna fingerfrinting etc.
Discovery:
 Discovered by James watson,francis Crick and Maurice Wilkinb
in pus cell(W.B.C) and later in sperm cell.(1916-2004)
 They are awarded by nobel prize for this discovery.
 Working at King College London, using X-ray diffraction to study
DNA.
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17.  DNA is double helix structure.
 Strand-Antiparallel(5-3,3-5)
Pairs:
 Adenine-Thymine ( double bond ) hydrogen
 Cytocine-Guanine (triple bond )
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18. DNA structure S.Mansoor
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19. S.Mansoor
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20.  There is a lot of information stored in DNA.If we have
to write down all the information in the DNA,it would
make 900 volume,each of 500 pages.All this
knowledge is fitted into a tiny molecule that we
cannot see in our naked eyes.
 Who have fitted all this information in DNA?
 Certainly this is the work of supreme intelligence,He
is ALLAH with his supreme intelligence.
 Limitless knowledge and eternal power,Who
created the universe.
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21. Surah Tariq (Parah:30)
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22. S.Mansoor
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23. S.Mansoor
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24. S.Mansoor
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25. Thanks
For detail study visit my youtube
channel Conceptual study
Cell=+92 03496692208
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