This powerpoint presentation is for the mechanical engineering as well as civil engineering subject disaster management.
The topic covered is the case study of Bhuj earthquake.
This PowerPoint Presentation (PPT) is a case study of the Bhuj Earthquake 26th January 2001, prepared by my friend Nitin. I'm uploading this PPT inly because it may useful to some one in their study.
The document summarizes information about the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India. It provides details about the location, magnitude, damage, response efforts, and reconstruction after the 7.7 magnitude earthquake struck near Bhuj on January 26, 2001. Over 20,000 people were killed, 167,000 injured, and hundreds of thousands were left homeless due to the widespread destruction of buildings and infrastructure across several districts. Both international aid organizations and the Indian government responded immediately with search and rescue, relief supplies, and long term recovery and rebuilding programs.
Case Study: Bhuj earth quake 26 th january 2001Parth Pandya
The 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India was a devastating 7.7 magnitude earthquake with its epicenter near Bhuj. It caused over 20,000 deaths and widespread destruction across western Gujarat. The towns of Bhuj and Bhachau suffered the most damage, with over 90% of buildings destroyed in Bhuj. Critical infrastructure like hospitals, roads, bridges, power and water systems were severely damaged. Over 300,000 families were left homeless. The earthquake response involved massive relief and rebuilding efforts by the Indian government, NGOs, and international aid organizations to provide emergency shelter, supplies, and rebuild damaged communities.
Earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth’s crust, sending out a series of shock waves in all directions from its place of origin or epicenter.
Earthquakes constitute one of the worst natural hazards which often turn into disaster causing widespread destruction and loss to human life.
So we have to take data from the historical hazardous and effect , magnitude of earthquake vibration generated from epicenter.
An earthquake measuring 7.9 on the Richter scale struck the city of Bhuj in Gujarat, India on January 26, 2001, killing over 7,000 people and injuring 35,000 more. The high death toll was due to a combination of factors including lax enforcement of building codes, corruption among officials and contractors who built weak structures, unprepared disaster response, and the fact that cities in India were more densely populated than in the past. In contrast, an earthquake of similar size that struck Washington state a month later caused only one death, demonstrating that different political, economic, and infrastructure situations can strongly influence disaster outcomes.
The 2001 Gujarat earthquake occurred on January 26, 2001 in India with a magnitude of 7.7. The epicenter was near the village of Chobari in Gujarat. It killed over 20,000 people, injured 167,000, and destroyed nearly 400,000 homes. The earthquake was particularly devastating in Bhuj, located close to the epicenter, where it destroyed around 40% of homes, schools, hospitals and roads. The earthquake caused massive damage throughout Gujarat and left over 600,000 people homeless. It was one of India's worst natural disasters.
This PowerPoint Presentation (PPT) is a case study of the Bhuj Earthquake 26th January 2001, prepared by my friend Nitin. I'm uploading this PPT inly because it may useful to some one in their study.
The document summarizes information about the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India. It provides details about the location, magnitude, damage, response efforts, and reconstruction after the 7.7 magnitude earthquake struck near Bhuj on January 26, 2001. Over 20,000 people were killed, 167,000 injured, and hundreds of thousands were left homeless due to the widespread destruction of buildings and infrastructure across several districts. Both international aid organizations and the Indian government responded immediately with search and rescue, relief supplies, and long term recovery and rebuilding programs.
Case Study: Bhuj earth quake 26 th january 2001Parth Pandya
The 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India was a devastating 7.7 magnitude earthquake with its epicenter near Bhuj. It caused over 20,000 deaths and widespread destruction across western Gujarat. The towns of Bhuj and Bhachau suffered the most damage, with over 90% of buildings destroyed in Bhuj. Critical infrastructure like hospitals, roads, bridges, power and water systems were severely damaged. Over 300,000 families were left homeless. The earthquake response involved massive relief and rebuilding efforts by the Indian government, NGOs, and international aid organizations to provide emergency shelter, supplies, and rebuild damaged communities.
Earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth’s crust, sending out a series of shock waves in all directions from its place of origin or epicenter.
Earthquakes constitute one of the worst natural hazards which often turn into disaster causing widespread destruction and loss to human life.
So we have to take data from the historical hazardous and effect , magnitude of earthquake vibration generated from epicenter.
An earthquake measuring 7.9 on the Richter scale struck the city of Bhuj in Gujarat, India on January 26, 2001, killing over 7,000 people and injuring 35,000 more. The high death toll was due to a combination of factors including lax enforcement of building codes, corruption among officials and contractors who built weak structures, unprepared disaster response, and the fact that cities in India were more densely populated than in the past. In contrast, an earthquake of similar size that struck Washington state a month later caused only one death, demonstrating that different political, economic, and infrastructure situations can strongly influence disaster outcomes.
The 2001 Gujarat earthquake occurred on January 26, 2001 in India with a magnitude of 7.7. The epicenter was near the village of Chobari in Gujarat. It killed over 20,000 people, injured 167,000, and destroyed nearly 400,000 homes. The earthquake was particularly devastating in Bhuj, located close to the epicenter, where it destroyed around 40% of homes, schools, hospitals and roads. The earthquake caused massive damage throughout Gujarat and left over 600,000 people homeless. It was one of India's worst natural disasters.
Earthquakes are common in India due to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates forming the Himalayan mountains. Some major earthquakes include the 1993 Latur earthquake that killed over 10,000 people, and the 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake along the Main Central Thrust fault. Studying earthquakes created by reservoirs, such as at Koyna, provides insights into how stress changes can trigger seismic activity. Public education efforts have increased awareness of earthquakes in India following destructive events and new monitoring technologies.
This document discusses the concept of disaster risk management. It begins by showing pictures of recent disasters in India to illustrate the risks faced. It then defines key terms like hazard, vulnerability, capacity and disaster risk. Disaster risk is explained as being a function of hazard x vulnerability - capacity. Recent examples of disasters across India from 2011-2012 are provided, including earthquakes, floods, cyclones and landslides. The document emphasizes that communities must be aware and prepared in order to minimize losses from disasters. It outlines the disaster management cycle and different approaches like emergency management and disaster risk management.
The 2015 Nepal earthquake occurred on April 25th with a magnitude of 7.8. It killed over 6,700 people and injured over twice as many. The earthquake destroyed many UNESCO World Heritage sites in Kathmandu, including buildings at the Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhaktapur Durbar Squares. It also triggered avalanches on Mount Everest that killed at least 19 climbers, making it the deadliest day in Everest's history. The earthquake severely damaged Nepal's infrastructure and economy, which was already one of Asia's poorest countries.
The following is a power point presentation on the Nepal Earthquake 2015. it contains all the necessary details such as affected areas, loss of life and property etc.
There are also some methods that can be used during an earthquake.
The 2001 Gujarat earthquake occurred on January 26th in the state of Gujarat, India. Measuring 7.7 on the Richter scale, the earthquake killed between 13,805-20,023 people and injured over 167,000. The epicenter was located 9 km from the village of Chobari. Extensive damage occurred across many districts, with the city of Bhuj, closest to the epicenter, being devastated with widespread destruction of homes and buildings. The government implemented a large reconstruction and rehabilitation effort that included housing repair and rebuilding programs and a new city plan for Bhuj.
On January 26, 2001 a magnitude 7.7 earthquake struck near Bhuj, Gujarat, India. The earthquake caused widespread damage, with over 20,000 fatalities and 167,000 injuries. Entire villages were destroyed and infrastructure such as hospitals and industries were severely damaged. Ground motions were estimated to be over 0.6g near the epicenter. Studies of the aftershocks found two dominant fault trends and the main shock is believed to have reactivated the Kutch Mainland Fault due to compressional stresses. The earthquake highlighted the vulnerability of structures in the region, which were not designed for earthquake resistance.
This document provides information about earthquakes and earthquake disaster management. It defines what an earthquake is, discusses the causes of earthquakes including tectonic and volcanic causes. It describes earthquake terms like focus, epicenter, magnitude, intensity. It discusses the different types of faults and seismic waves generated by earthquakes. The document also provides safety tips during and after an earthquake and summarizes some historical earthquakes in India.
The 2001 Gujarat earthquake occurred on January 26th near Bhuj, India and measured between 7.6-7.7 on the moment magnitude scale. It killed over 20,000 people, injured 167,000, and destroyed nearly 400,000 homes. The earthquake was particularly devastating in Bhuj, located only 20 km from the epicenter, where it destroyed around 40% of homes, schools, hospitals and roads. In total, over 1 million structures were damaged or destroyed, property damage was estimated at $5.5 billion, and 600,000 people were left homeless.
The document discusses several earthquakes, including:
1) The worst earthquake in India occurred on January 26, 2001 in the Kutch district of Gujarat, with an estimated intensity of 6.9-7.7 on the Richter scale.
2) The worst earthquake in the world was a 7.8 magnitude quake that struck Nepal on April 25, 2015, killing at least 5,000 people and injuring 10,000 more. It destroyed major monuments and world heritage sites near Kathmandu.
3) Earthquakes can have devastating effects by damaging infrastructure and claiming many lives.
The 2001 Gujarat earthquake occurred on January 26, 2001 near the village of Chobari in western India with a magnitude between 7.6-7.7. It killed over 20,000 people, injured 167,000, and destroyed nearly 400,000 homes across 21 districts of Gujarat. The city of Bhuj, only 20 km from the epicenter, was devastated with the destruction of 40% of homes, hospitals, roads and historic buildings. Over 600,000 people were left homeless. The earthquake was particularly damaging as it was intraplate and the area was not well prepared for it.
A massive 8.0 magnitude earthquake struck Sichuan province in China on May 12, 2008. The earthquake lasted just 22 seconds but caused widespread damage and loss of life. Over 67,000 people were killed and millions lost their homes. Entire towns were destroyed and thousands of students died when schools collapsed. The earthquake was caused by tectonic plate movement along the Longmen Shan fault, where the Eurasian and Indian plates meet. It was one of the deadliest earthquakes in history to strike China.
The document summarizes information about the 2001 Gujarat earthquake in India. It describes key details of the earthquake including the date, location, magnitude, and damages. Over 18,600 people were killed and extensive damage occurred across many districts in Gujarat state. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and dams suffered significant collapse or damage. The earthquake also caused widespread liquefaction that impacted areas near the coast. Retrofitting of vulnerable structures was needed to improve earthquake resistance.
An earthquake of magnitude 7.8 struck Nepal on April 25, 2015. The earthquake caused widespread damage, killing over 8,800 people. It destroyed buildings and infrastructure across the Kathmandu valley. The earthquake also triggered landslides that killed people climbing Mount Everest. India launched a major rescue and relief operation called Operation Maitri to help Nepal in the aftermath of the devastating earthquake.
The 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China's Sichuan province was measured at 7.9 on the Richter scale. It killed over 69,000 people and injured hundreds of thousands more. The shallow depth and long duration of the quake contributed to the extensive damage, leveling thousands of buildings including poorly constructed schools where many children died. Rebuilding the devastated areas cost around $1 trillion. Improved building codes and earthquake drills could have reduced the human and economic toll.
Presentation with case study on earhquake JatinAggrawal
The earthquake in Gujarat, India on January 26, 2001 caused widespread damage and loss of life. Major structural defects like floating columns, pounding, soft first stories, and asymmetry contributed to building failures. Over 19,000 people died, especially in the worst-hit areas of Bhuj and Bhachau. Key infrastructure and cultural monuments were destroyed. Lessons learned can help improve earthquake resiliency through better engineering practices.
- On April 25, 2015 a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck Nepal, killing over 8,800 people.
- The earthquake had severe economic impacts in Nepal, lowering GDP growth by over 1.5% and pushing hundreds of thousands into poverty.
- Heritage sites, churches, and temples in Kathmandu were heavily damaged or destroyed. Vulnerable groups like women, children, and the elderly suffered disproportionate effects.
- The document outlines Nepal's contingency plan to provide emergency relief, early recovery assistance, and long-term rehabilitation programs to help rebuild after the disaster.
Sichuan Earthquake - China
The 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China measured 7.8 on the Richter scale, killing over 68,000 people in Sichuan province and leaving millions homeless. The earthquake devastated infrastructure and halted economic development in the region. As an LEDC, Sichuan struggled with rebuilding due to limited resources and frequent damaging aftershocks, requiring extensive foreign aid and government spending to reconstruct damaged buildings and infrastructure and help the displaced population recover. The earthquake set back development goals for the province and country.
The Sichuan earthquake occurred on May 12, 2008 near Chengdu, China with a magnitude of 7.9. It caused widespread destruction with over 69,000 people confirmed dead. The shallow epicenter and lack of earthquake-resistant buildings led to massive building collapses. Long term effects included food shortages, price increases, and over 10 million people being left homeless without work. As an LEDC, China lacked the resources and infrastructure to predict, prepare for, and respond effectively to a disaster of this scale, exacerbating the human and economic toll. Rebuilding the extensive damage will require large loans and have long-term economic impacts.
The document provides information on major disasters that have occurred in India between 1980-2005 including floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, cyclones, and other events. It also summarizes major droughts and famines that have impacted India throughout history. Key developments in disaster management in India are outlined including the establishment of organizations to help coordinate relief efforts. The evolution of the study of natural disasters from a phase of awareness under British colonial rule to current recognition of the issues is described.
The 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India caused widespread destruction, killing over 20,000 people and leaving over 3 million homeless. The magnitude 7.7 earthquake destroyed 90% of buildings in the city of Bhuj and damaged infrastructure across western Gujarat. International relief arrived to assist survivors amid the devastation, while the government and NGOs coordinated reconstruction efforts, building over 200,000 disaster-resistant homes to replace those destroyed.
The document summarizes the 2001 Bhuj earthquake that struck the state of Gujarat, India on January 26th. The magnitude 7.7 earthquake was centered near Bhuj and caused widespread destruction, with over 20,000 deaths and 167,000 injuries reported. Entire districts in Gujarat were devastated and around 300,000 families were left homeless, with 90% of buildings destroyed in Bhuj city. Critical infrastructure like hospitals, roads, and bridges suffered significant damage.
The 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India caused widespread destruction and loss of life. Over 20,000 people were killed and 167,000 injured. Entire districts were destroyed and around 300,000 families were left homeless. The cities of Bhuj and Bhachau were most severely damaged, with over 90% of buildings destroyed in Bhuj. Critical infrastructure like hospitals, roads, and bridges sustained heavy damage. International relief efforts provided emergency aid in search and rescue as well as long-term reconstruction programs.
Earthquakes are common in India due to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates forming the Himalayan mountains. Some major earthquakes include the 1993 Latur earthquake that killed over 10,000 people, and the 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake along the Main Central Thrust fault. Studying earthquakes created by reservoirs, such as at Koyna, provides insights into how stress changes can trigger seismic activity. Public education efforts have increased awareness of earthquakes in India following destructive events and new monitoring technologies.
This document discusses the concept of disaster risk management. It begins by showing pictures of recent disasters in India to illustrate the risks faced. It then defines key terms like hazard, vulnerability, capacity and disaster risk. Disaster risk is explained as being a function of hazard x vulnerability - capacity. Recent examples of disasters across India from 2011-2012 are provided, including earthquakes, floods, cyclones and landslides. The document emphasizes that communities must be aware and prepared in order to minimize losses from disasters. It outlines the disaster management cycle and different approaches like emergency management and disaster risk management.
The 2015 Nepal earthquake occurred on April 25th with a magnitude of 7.8. It killed over 6,700 people and injured over twice as many. The earthquake destroyed many UNESCO World Heritage sites in Kathmandu, including buildings at the Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhaktapur Durbar Squares. It also triggered avalanches on Mount Everest that killed at least 19 climbers, making it the deadliest day in Everest's history. The earthquake severely damaged Nepal's infrastructure and economy, which was already one of Asia's poorest countries.
The following is a power point presentation on the Nepal Earthquake 2015. it contains all the necessary details such as affected areas, loss of life and property etc.
There are also some methods that can be used during an earthquake.
The 2001 Gujarat earthquake occurred on January 26th in the state of Gujarat, India. Measuring 7.7 on the Richter scale, the earthquake killed between 13,805-20,023 people and injured over 167,000. The epicenter was located 9 km from the village of Chobari. Extensive damage occurred across many districts, with the city of Bhuj, closest to the epicenter, being devastated with widespread destruction of homes and buildings. The government implemented a large reconstruction and rehabilitation effort that included housing repair and rebuilding programs and a new city plan for Bhuj.
On January 26, 2001 a magnitude 7.7 earthquake struck near Bhuj, Gujarat, India. The earthquake caused widespread damage, with over 20,000 fatalities and 167,000 injuries. Entire villages were destroyed and infrastructure such as hospitals and industries were severely damaged. Ground motions were estimated to be over 0.6g near the epicenter. Studies of the aftershocks found two dominant fault trends and the main shock is believed to have reactivated the Kutch Mainland Fault due to compressional stresses. The earthquake highlighted the vulnerability of structures in the region, which were not designed for earthquake resistance.
This document provides information about earthquakes and earthquake disaster management. It defines what an earthquake is, discusses the causes of earthquakes including tectonic and volcanic causes. It describes earthquake terms like focus, epicenter, magnitude, intensity. It discusses the different types of faults and seismic waves generated by earthquakes. The document also provides safety tips during and after an earthquake and summarizes some historical earthquakes in India.
The 2001 Gujarat earthquake occurred on January 26th near Bhuj, India and measured between 7.6-7.7 on the moment magnitude scale. It killed over 20,000 people, injured 167,000, and destroyed nearly 400,000 homes. The earthquake was particularly devastating in Bhuj, located only 20 km from the epicenter, where it destroyed around 40% of homes, schools, hospitals and roads. In total, over 1 million structures were damaged or destroyed, property damage was estimated at $5.5 billion, and 600,000 people were left homeless.
The document discusses several earthquakes, including:
1) The worst earthquake in India occurred on January 26, 2001 in the Kutch district of Gujarat, with an estimated intensity of 6.9-7.7 on the Richter scale.
2) The worst earthquake in the world was a 7.8 magnitude quake that struck Nepal on April 25, 2015, killing at least 5,000 people and injuring 10,000 more. It destroyed major monuments and world heritage sites near Kathmandu.
3) Earthquakes can have devastating effects by damaging infrastructure and claiming many lives.
The 2001 Gujarat earthquake occurred on January 26, 2001 near the village of Chobari in western India with a magnitude between 7.6-7.7. It killed over 20,000 people, injured 167,000, and destroyed nearly 400,000 homes across 21 districts of Gujarat. The city of Bhuj, only 20 km from the epicenter, was devastated with the destruction of 40% of homes, hospitals, roads and historic buildings. Over 600,000 people were left homeless. The earthquake was particularly damaging as it was intraplate and the area was not well prepared for it.
A massive 8.0 magnitude earthquake struck Sichuan province in China on May 12, 2008. The earthquake lasted just 22 seconds but caused widespread damage and loss of life. Over 67,000 people were killed and millions lost their homes. Entire towns were destroyed and thousands of students died when schools collapsed. The earthquake was caused by tectonic plate movement along the Longmen Shan fault, where the Eurasian and Indian plates meet. It was one of the deadliest earthquakes in history to strike China.
The document summarizes information about the 2001 Gujarat earthquake in India. It describes key details of the earthquake including the date, location, magnitude, and damages. Over 18,600 people were killed and extensive damage occurred across many districts in Gujarat state. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and dams suffered significant collapse or damage. The earthquake also caused widespread liquefaction that impacted areas near the coast. Retrofitting of vulnerable structures was needed to improve earthquake resistance.
An earthquake of magnitude 7.8 struck Nepal on April 25, 2015. The earthquake caused widespread damage, killing over 8,800 people. It destroyed buildings and infrastructure across the Kathmandu valley. The earthquake also triggered landslides that killed people climbing Mount Everest. India launched a major rescue and relief operation called Operation Maitri to help Nepal in the aftermath of the devastating earthquake.
The 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China's Sichuan province was measured at 7.9 on the Richter scale. It killed over 69,000 people and injured hundreds of thousands more. The shallow depth and long duration of the quake contributed to the extensive damage, leveling thousands of buildings including poorly constructed schools where many children died. Rebuilding the devastated areas cost around $1 trillion. Improved building codes and earthquake drills could have reduced the human and economic toll.
Presentation with case study on earhquake JatinAggrawal
The earthquake in Gujarat, India on January 26, 2001 caused widespread damage and loss of life. Major structural defects like floating columns, pounding, soft first stories, and asymmetry contributed to building failures. Over 19,000 people died, especially in the worst-hit areas of Bhuj and Bhachau. Key infrastructure and cultural monuments were destroyed. Lessons learned can help improve earthquake resiliency through better engineering practices.
- On April 25, 2015 a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck Nepal, killing over 8,800 people.
- The earthquake had severe economic impacts in Nepal, lowering GDP growth by over 1.5% and pushing hundreds of thousands into poverty.
- Heritage sites, churches, and temples in Kathmandu were heavily damaged or destroyed. Vulnerable groups like women, children, and the elderly suffered disproportionate effects.
- The document outlines Nepal's contingency plan to provide emergency relief, early recovery assistance, and long-term rehabilitation programs to help rebuild after the disaster.
Sichuan Earthquake - China
The 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China measured 7.8 on the Richter scale, killing over 68,000 people in Sichuan province and leaving millions homeless. The earthquake devastated infrastructure and halted economic development in the region. As an LEDC, Sichuan struggled with rebuilding due to limited resources and frequent damaging aftershocks, requiring extensive foreign aid and government spending to reconstruct damaged buildings and infrastructure and help the displaced population recover. The earthquake set back development goals for the province and country.
The Sichuan earthquake occurred on May 12, 2008 near Chengdu, China with a magnitude of 7.9. It caused widespread destruction with over 69,000 people confirmed dead. The shallow epicenter and lack of earthquake-resistant buildings led to massive building collapses. Long term effects included food shortages, price increases, and over 10 million people being left homeless without work. As an LEDC, China lacked the resources and infrastructure to predict, prepare for, and respond effectively to a disaster of this scale, exacerbating the human and economic toll. Rebuilding the extensive damage will require large loans and have long-term economic impacts.
The document provides information on major disasters that have occurred in India between 1980-2005 including floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, cyclones, and other events. It also summarizes major droughts and famines that have impacted India throughout history. Key developments in disaster management in India are outlined including the establishment of organizations to help coordinate relief efforts. The evolution of the study of natural disasters from a phase of awareness under British colonial rule to current recognition of the issues is described.
The 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India caused widespread destruction, killing over 20,000 people and leaving over 3 million homeless. The magnitude 7.7 earthquake destroyed 90% of buildings in the city of Bhuj and damaged infrastructure across western Gujarat. International relief arrived to assist survivors amid the devastation, while the government and NGOs coordinated reconstruction efforts, building over 200,000 disaster-resistant homes to replace those destroyed.
The document summarizes the 2001 Bhuj earthquake that struck the state of Gujarat, India on January 26th. The magnitude 7.7 earthquake was centered near Bhuj and caused widespread destruction, with over 20,000 deaths and 167,000 injuries reported. Entire districts in Gujarat were devastated and around 300,000 families were left homeless, with 90% of buildings destroyed in Bhuj city. Critical infrastructure like hospitals, roads, and bridges suffered significant damage.
The 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India caused widespread destruction and loss of life. Over 20,000 people were killed and 167,000 injured. Entire districts were destroyed and around 300,000 families were left homeless. The cities of Bhuj and Bhachau were most severely damaged, with over 90% of buildings destroyed in Bhuj. Critical infrastructure like hospitals, roads, and bridges sustained heavy damage. International relief efforts provided emergency aid in search and rescue as well as long-term reconstruction programs.
This document provides information about an earthquake that occurred in Gujarat, India on January 26, 2001. It summarizes the key details of the earthquake including where it happened in northwestern India near the city of Bhuj, when it occurred, its magnitude of 7.9 on the Richter scale, and the significant damage and loss of life it caused with almost 20,000 confirmed deaths. It also outlines the primary effects such as destruction of buildings and infrastructure as well as secondary effects like homelessness, injuries, and spread of disease. Short and long-term response efforts are summarized.
1. An earthquake occurs when built-up tension along fault lines in the Earth's crust is suddenly released, causing the ground to shake.
2. The effects of an earthquake depend on several factors, including its magnitude on the Richter scale, distance from the epicenter, and the level of development in the affected area.
3. The 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan caused over 30,000 injuries, left over 300,000 homeless as buildings collapsed, and led to long-term economic and social impacts as the city was rebuilt.
This document summarizes information about earthquakes, including what causes them, how they are measured, and examples of major earthquakes. It begins by defining an earthquake as a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. It then discusses focus, epicenter, fault lines, and fault types. Major causes of earthquakes include surface phenomena, volcanic activity, and tectonic plate movement. The Richter scale is explained for measuring earthquake strength. Details are given on the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India that caused over 20,000 deaths. Reconstruction efforts are also summarized.
1) Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust from the slow movement of tectonic plates. They generate shock waves that radiate out from the epicenter.
2) Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and are measured on the Richter scale. Earthquakes above magnitude 7 can cause widespread damage depending on their depth and location.
3) Different types of seismic waves like P, S, R and L waves are generated by earthquakes and travel through the Earth causing shaking at the surface. Surface waves tend to be more destructive to buildings and infrastructure.
A natural vibration of the ground or the earth crust produced by forces is called earthquake or seismic forces.
An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another.
An earthquake of magnitude 7.6 Mw occurred 100 km NE of Islamabad at 0850 local time (0350 GMT) on October 08, 2005. The epicenter of the main shock was located 19 km northeast of Muzaffarabad. Designated as the deadliest earthquake in Pakistan, it took a death toll of more than 80,000 human lives.
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The document discusses earthquakes, including what causes them, how they are measured, their effects, and statistics on major earthquakes around the world. Specifically, it defines an earthquake as rapid shaking caused by the sudden release of energy along fault lines. It describes the movement of tectonic plates and how this results in earthquakes. Key points covered include earthquake magnitude scales, the different types of seismic waves generated, and data on some of the largest earthquakes by magnitude and their impacts.
Introduction of earthquake
focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics
Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
Introduction of earthquake
focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics
Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
The document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, how they are measured, and effects. It discusses that earthquakes are caused by movements within the earth's crust along faults. They produce different types of seismic waves that can be measured to determine the earthquake's location, size, and intensity. Larger earthquakes can cause significant damage through ground shaking and secondary effects like tsunamis or landslides. Predicting earthquakes precisely remains difficult, but changes in animal behavior, groundwater levels, and other factors may provide some warning. The document also offers safety tips during earthquakes.
The document discusses the April 2015 Nepal earthquake and its impacts. It describes how the 7.8 magnitude quake killed over 8,800 people and destroyed buildings and infrastructure. Major aftershocks and landslides exacerbated the damage. Hundreds of thousands were left homeless as entire villages were flattened. Centuries-old UNESCO heritage sites were also destroyed.
This document summarizes an earthquake that occurred in Sikkim, India in 2011. It discusses the magnitude of the earthquake at 6.9 and the aftershocks that followed throughout the night. It then provides definitions and explanations of key earthquake terms like focus, epicenter, fault, body waves and surface waves. Finally, it discusses the impacts of the earthquake in Sikkim and surrounding areas, including damage to buildings and roads, relief efforts provided, and studies conducted on dams and infrastructure.
A tsunami is a series of waves generated by large displacements of water, typically caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, or meteorite impacts under water or along coastlines. Common triggers include large earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. When a major earthquake or landslide occurs near or undersea, it can displace enough water to cause a destructive tsunami. Coastal areas are most at risk from tsunamis, as the waves travel inland rapidly.
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves. They can range from minor tremors to major disasters that cause widespread destruction and loss of life, depending on their magnitude and intensity. The effects of earthquakes include damage to infrastructure, transportation systems, and economic activities. Major earthquakes are often associated with tectonic plate boundaries and can also be linked to volcanic or other geologic activity. Measurement of earthquakes helps scientists understand seismic hazards and risks in different regions.
Natural disasters are major changes in the Earth that can damage land and threaten lives. They include earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, wildfires, and cyclones. An earthquake is caused by shifting tectonic plates, which can split the ground apart. Floods occur when heavy rain or snowmelt causes rivers to overflow their banks. Tsunamis are large waves caused by undersea earthquakes or landslides. Cyclones are powerful rotating storms with strong winds. Case studies describe specific natural disasters including the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that killed over 200,000 people across several countries.
The document discusses several deadly earthquakes around the world and provides details on some specific quakes in India and surrounding areas. It describes the 2001 Gujarat earthquake that killed over 20,000 people and left millions homeless. It also outlines the 2011 Sikkim earthquake in India that killed 111 and damaged buildings in neighboring countries, as well as the devastating 2015 Nepal earthquake that was centered near Kathmandu and resulted in over 8,800 deaths.
Earthquakes occur along plate boundaries due to the buildup and sudden release of energy from shifting tectonic plates. When plates lock, potential energy builds until released as seismic waves that propagate outward from the earthquake focus. Most earthquakes occur along oceanic and continental plate edges or along faults like normal, reverse, and transform boundaries. P and S waves are the primary seismic waves, with P waves traveling faster and S waves causing the shaking felt during quakes. Earthquake magnitude measures the energy released using the Richter scale, while intensity qualitatively describes the shaking effects on a place using the Mercalli scale.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
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Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
2. Name : Achal Parekh : 150050119053
Subject : Disaster management
Department : Mechanical Engineering
3. Earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth’s crust, sending out a series
of shock waves in all directions from its place of origin or epicenter.
For instance, if you throw stone in a pond of still water, series of
concentric waves are produced on the surface of water, these waves
spread out in all directions from the point where the stone strikes the
water similarly, any sudden disturbances in the earth’s crust may
produce vibrations in the crust which travel in all directions from point
of disturbances.
Earthquakes constitute one of the worst natural hazards which often
turn into disaster causing widespread destruction and loss to human life.
Earthquake risk
Seismic risk = hazard x exposure x vulnerability x location
4. Earthquakes are caused by sudden release of
energy in rocks. Plates in the form of rocks are
moving very slowly and earthquake occur
when moving plates grind and scrape against
each other.The point at which an earthquake
originates is the focus or hypocenter and the
point on the earth’s surface; directly above this
is epicenter.The study of earthquake is called
seismology.
5. There are 7 large and 12 small such plates which are in
continuous motion.
These plates move along three distinctive types of boundaries,
that is :
convergent boundaries : where plates push each
other and one plate slides down the other one
divergent boundaries: where plates pull away from
each other
transformed boundaries : where plates slide past
each other.
Earthquake occur due to several causes such as volcanic
eruption, etc. but the plate tectonic theory is the most
convincing and widely accepted
6.
7. The intensity and strength of an earthquake is
measured on Richter scale, the scale invented
by Charles Richter California, USA in 1935,
which categories earthquake on the basis of
energy released.
9. DateDate PlacePlace mm ScaleScale
Set.2 , 1993Set.2 , 1993 LaturLatur
(maharashtr(maharashtr
a)a)
6.36.3 Large areas of MaharashtraLarge areas of Maharashtra
rocked. 10,000 people lost livesrocked. 10,000 people lost lives
May 22, 1997May 22, 1997 JabalpurJabalpur
(Maharashtr(Maharashtr
a)a)
6.06.0 40 person killed and over 10040 person killed and over 100
injuredinjured
March 29,March 29,
19991999
NandprayagNandprayag 6.86.8 widespread destruction inwidespread destruction in
chamoli , rudraprayag and otherchamoli , rudraprayag and other
areas. Massive loss of humanareas. Massive loss of human
lifelife
Jan. 26 2001Jan. 26 2001 BhujBhuj
(gujrat)(gujrat)
7.87.8 Tremors left by India and itsTremors left by India and its
neighboring countries. Over 1neighboring countries. Over 1
lakh people killed. Huge loss tolakh people killed. Huge loss to
property and infrastructureproperty and infrastructure
Oct. 8, 2005Oct. 8, 2005 MuzzaffarabMuzzaffarab
ad inad in
PakistanPakistan
occupiedoccupied
KashmirKashmir
7.47.4 Heavy damage to life andHeavy damage to life and
property.property.
Death toll about one lakh inDeath toll about one lakh in
Pakistan and nearly 2000 inPakistan and nearly 2000 in
IndiaIndia
12. On the morning of January 26, 2001, the Nation’s 52nd
Republic
Day, a devastating earthquake occurred in the Kutch district of
the state of Gujarat.
The earthquake was felt as far away as Delhi in the north,
Kolkata in the east and Chennai in the south.
Bhuj town and the village Bhachau, 60 km east of Bhuj, were
the worst affected and many other areas of Gujarat including
its state headquarters Ahmedabad, were badly affected
13. There were more than 20,000 deaths and 167,000 people injured
Four districts of Gujarat lay in ruin and altogether, 21 districts
were affected
Around 300,000 families and at least 3 million children aged 14
and under were affected.
Around 600,000 people were left homeless.
In the city of Bhuj, more than 3,000 inhabitants of the city lost their
lives; the main hospital was crushed and close to 90% of the
buildings was destroyed.
There was significant damage to infrastructure with facilities such
as hospitals, schools, electric power and water systems, bridges
and roads damaged or destroyed.
15. A homeless family waits for a ride amid ruined houses and a funeral pyre in the
village
16. 5 year old girl recovers at a hospital in Bhuj on
Monday after Friday's massive earthquake
17. Resource Details
Railways
Damage to track between Viramgam to Gandhidam; Gandhidham to Bhuj; Viramgam to Okha; and
Palanpur to Gandhidam. Heavy damage to various station buildings, station cabins, bridges,
residential quarters and signalling systems. Rail links as far as Bhuj have been restored.
Roads 650 kilometres of national highways damaged, 100 kilometres severely. National highways are now
traffic-worthy.
Bridges Many minor and major bridges damaged including the Syurajbari bridge at Bachau. Most main road
bridges have been repaired and are capable of accepting limited weight traffic.
Ports
Berths 1-5 at Kandla Port suffered major structural damage.
Telecommunications
147 exchanges, 82,000 lines and optical fibre systems damaged. All exchanges and at least 40,000
lines have been restored.
Power 45 sub-stations and power supply to 50% of feeders in Kutch damaged. Power supply to nine towns
& 925 villages affected. All substations and 225 feeders have been restored and there is now
power to all villages in Kutch.
Water Water supply to 18 towns and 1340 villages damaged or destroyed. Piped water restored to 9 towns
and 480 villages. Tube wells are gradually being restored.
Fuel Jamnager refinery shutdown 26 January by power failure. Crude oil and product pipelines were shut
down for checking. Crude oil pipeline for one day, product pipelines for nine days. Availability of
product not affected as alternative arrangements have been made.
Schools Kutch District had 1359 primary schools with 5168 schoolrooms. Of these, 992 schools and 4179
classrooms were destroyed. There were 38 secondary schools of which six were destroyed, 14
suffered heavy damage and 12 were partially damaged. Of 128 non-government schools, nine
were destroyed, 11 suffered heavy damage and 99 were partially damaged.
18. The response within India was immediate.The national
and state governments quickly provided assistance in
many forms including cash, medical supplies,
communications teams, shelters, food, clothing,
transport and relief workers.
There were more than 185 non-government
organizations (NGOs), mostly Indian charities, which
undertook earthquake-related activities
19. Search and Rescue teams soon arrived from
Switzerland, United Kingdom, Russia and Turkey
to find and rescue survivors buried under
debris.
Relief teams and supplies soon followed from 38
countries as well as United Nations agencies
and many international NGOs such as the Red
Cross.
20. The short term rescue and relief operation were
being undertaken, medium term and long term
recovery aspects were analyzed. Rehabilitation
schemes Government of Gujarat tired to, known
as packages, were formulated.
The world bank and Asian development bank
sanction loans in less than three months after the
earthquake.
21. Several state governments came forward to participate
in, the reconstruction work in different villages.
The UN system, multilateral and bilateral agencies, NGOs
and the corporate sector participated in the relief and
reconstruction work.
Government of Gujarat provided assistance in the form of
materials and cash to about 218,000 families.
NGOs supplemented the efforts by providing shelter to
about 7000 families.