The document discusses several deadly earthquakes around the world and provides details on some specific quakes in India and surrounding areas. It describes the 2001 Gujarat earthquake that killed over 20,000 people and left millions homeless. It also outlines the 2011 Sikkim earthquake in India that killed 111 and damaged buildings in neighboring countries, as well as the devastating 2015 Nepal earthquake that was centered near Kathmandu and resulted in over 8,800 deaths.

2. DEADLIEST EARTHQUAKES OF THE WORLD
. Rank Date Location Event Magnitude
1 May 22, 1960 Valdivia, Chile
1960 Valdivia
earthquake
9.5
2
March 27,
1964
Prince William
Sound, Alaska,
United States
1964 Alaska
earthquake
9.2
3
December 26,
2004
Indian
Ocean, Sumatra,
Indonesia
2004 Indian
Ocean
earthquake
9.1

3. 26TH JAN, 2001 GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE
LOCATION

4. INTRODUCTION
On the morning of January 26, 2001, the Nation’s
52nd Republic Day, a devastating earthquake
occurred in the Kutch district of the state
of Gujarat.
The earthquake was felt as far away as Delhi in the
north, Kolkata in the east and Chennai in the
south.
Bhuj town and the village Bhachau, 60 km east of
Bhuj, were the worst affected and many other
areas of Gujarat including its state headquarters
Ahmedabad, were badly affected.

5. DAMAGE ASSESMENT
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS
• There were more than 20,000 deaths and 1,67,000 people injured
• Four districts of Gujarat lay in ruin and altogether, 21 districts were affected
• Around 300,000 families and at least 3 million children aged 14 and under were
affected.
• Around 600,000 people were left homeless.
• In the city of Bhuj, more than 3,000 inhabitants of the city lost their lives; the
main hospital was crushed and close to 90% of the buildings were destroyed.
• There was significant damage to infrastructure with facilities such as hospitals,
schools, electric power and water systems, bridges and roads damaged or
destroyed.

6. About 40 to 50 high-rise buildings were crumbled.

7. LOSS OF HERITAGE
The tragedy of the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat took its toll on the rich
architectural heritage and culture of the region too.
Gujarat has a rich heritage of buildings built by the princely rulers of the area over the
last 500 years. Some of these buildings are of international importance. The
Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage has estimated that of 250
heritage buildings inspected in Kutch and Rajkot, about 40% either collapsed or
were seriously damaged, while only 10% remained undamaged.
The old Swaminarayan Mandir in
Bhuj, that was partly destroyed by the
earthquake in 2001
• Among the greatest monumental losses are
the complete collapse of Rao Lahaji Chhatri
in Bhuj, built in 1761, and severe damage to
Limoji Mata Mandir in Delmal, Mehsana
district, built in the 11th century.
• The other earthquake affected areas,
particularly Kutch, have evidence of the
Indus Valley Civilization which were also
damaged.

8. EARTHQUAKE RELIEF AND REHABILITATION
GOVERNMENT FUNDS
PM National Relief Fund
NGOs
• SRISTI has been actively involved in relief and rehabilitation work in earthquake affected areas of Gujarat
particularly Kutch. Included is an insight into SRISTI's activities along with IIMA (IIMACORE) and GIAN.
• HUNNARSHALA FOUNDATION, Bhuj: THE GENESIS of Hunnarshala lies in the collaborations and associations
that were built after 2001 earthquake in Kutch with an objective to capacitate people for reconstruction of
their habitat.
POST-QUAKE RECONSTRUCTION saw large scale implementation of earth construction. It was a process in which
artisans emerged as bearers of tremendous knowledge and the strengths of traditional building systems and
forms were revealed.
• AGA KHAN DEVELOPMENT NETWORK

9. MEMORIAL
Smritivan, a memorial park and museum dedicated to victims of the earthquake was
built atop Bhujia hill. 13,805 trees dedicated to each victim were planted in the
garden and 108 small water reservoirs were created on the hill.

10. KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE, 2011
LOCATION: Kashmir is the north-western area of the Indian subcontinent. The country
to which Kashmir belongs has been widely disputed in the past and it is currently
owned by India, Pakistan and China. The earthquake occurred in the border
between the Pakistan-controlled Kashmir and the Indian-controlled Kasmir, near
the cities of Muzaffarabad and Balakot. Kashmir is found on the destructive
boundary between the Eurasian plate and the Indian plate.
TIME: At 8:50am on the 8th October 2005 a 7.6 magnitude earthquake struck the
Pakistan controlled region of Kashmir.
EPICENTRE : 19km north north-east of Muzaffarabad, 60km from Islamabad (the
capital).
FOCAL DEPTH : 26km below the surface.
Massive landsliding was a particular
feature of this event

11. EFFECTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE
ECONOMIC EFFECTS
• Cities like Balakot, Muzaffarabad, Bagh,
and all small villages being razed to the
ground, all roads were destroyed. Towns
in Indian held Kashmir were also
affected.
• Of the 564 hospitals in the affected area,
291 are destroyed, 74 partially damaged
and only 199 are functioning.
• Large amounts of farmland destroyed
SOCIAL EFFECTS
• 74,689 people were killed in Pakistan &
1,307 in India
• Over 79,000 injured in Pakistani side;
4,500 in Indian side.
• Over 3 million homeless in Pakistani side;
1 million in Indian side.
• 472,383 houses destroyed total.
• 3.2 to 3.5 million people required
medical care

12. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
• It devastated an area of more the 30,000 square miles. Whole mountain sides
fell into rivers, villages disappeared.
• Large landslides along the fault.
• Parts of the mountains around the epicentre have risen by a few metres.
• Large cracks appeared in the surface.
• Rock Falls: Rock falls involving large rocks or boulders were common and resulted
in considerable damage and disruption to roadways, structures, and
communities. Many such slides, triggered by frequent aftershocks, resulted in
significant fatalities.

13. RELIEF RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION
• According to the World Bank, the relief work
costed $2 billion. According to another
estimate, approximately 0.5 million tents, 3.5
million blankets, 60,000 tons of food, and
3,000 tons of medicine were required.
• Shelter strategy was organized around three
populations: people who lived in houses in
the lower elevations, people living in higher
elevations who could come to the lower
elevations, and people living in inaccessible
snowline areas (5,000-7,000 feet). People in
the former two categories were provided with
tented villages managed by some agency.
People in the last category were not
compelled to descend to the tented villages.
• Survivors are being taught to build
transitional shelter using material from
retrieved debris, reinforced with locally
available materials such as timber and hay in
addition to the corrugated galvanized iron
(CGI) sheets provided to them.
• KHF INDIA is one of the leading NGOs that
provide disaster relief in India by means of
funds, rehabilitation, etc.

14. AID BY INDIA
• Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh offered quake assistance to Pakistan.
Indian and Pakistani High Commissioners were in touch regarding cooperation in
relief work. India had sent 25 tonnes of relief material to Pakistan including food,
blankets and medicine. Big Indian companies such as Infosys have offered aid up
to $226,000. On October 12, an Ilyushin-76 cargo plane ferried across seven
truckloads (about 82 tons) of army medicines, 15,000 blankets and 50 tents and
returned to New Delhi. A senior airforce official also stated that they had been
asked by the Indian government to be ready to fly out another similar
consignment.
• On October 14, India dispatched the second consignment to relief material to
Pakistan, by train through the Wagah Border. The consignment includes 5,000
blankets, 370 tents, 5 tons of plastic sheets and 12 tons of medicine. The third
consignment is of medicine and relief material is being readied and will be sent
shortly, also by train. India also pledged $25 million as aid to Pakistan.

15. 25TH APRIL, 2015 NEPAL EARTHQUAKE
DATE OF ORIGIN: 25 APRIL 2015
ORIGIN TIME: 11:56:26NST
MAGNITUDE: 7.8
DEPTH: 8.2KM
EPICENTER: 28.147N 84.708E
TYPE: THRUST

16. INTRODUCTION
OCCURRED ON 25 APRIL 2015 AT 11:56 A.M. NST
DEPTH 15 km (9.3 mi),
EPICENTRE approximately 34 km (21 mi) east-
southeast of Lamjung, Nepal,
DURATION: fifty seconds.
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) said two
powerful quakes were registered in Nepal at 06:11
UTC and 06:45 UTC. The first quake measured 7.8
Mw. The second earthquake was somewhat less
powerful at 6.6 Mw.
LOCATION: 65 km (40 mi) east of Kathmandu
SEISMIC FOCUS DEPTH 10 km (6.2 mi) below the
earth's surface.
Over thirty-eight aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 Mw or
greater occurred in the day following the initial
earthquake, including the one of magnitude 6.8 Mw.

17. CAUSE OF THE EARTHQUAKE
According to the USGS, the earthquake was caused by a sudden thrust, or release of
built-up stress, along the major fault line where the Indian Plate, carrying India, is
slowly diving underneath the Eurasian Plate, carrying much of Europe and Asia.
Kathmandu, situated on a block of crust approximately 120 km (74 miles) wide
and 60 km (37 miles) long, reportedly shifted 3 m (10 ft) to the south in a matter
of just 30 seconds.
Intensity in Kathmandu was IX (Violent).
Tremors were felt in the neighbouring Indian states of
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal, Sikkim,
Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Gujarat, New Delhi and as
far south as Karnataka. Minor quakes were
registered as far as Kochi in the southern state of
Kerala.
INTENSITY

18. AFTERSHOCKS
A series of aftershocks began immediately after the main shock, at intervals of 15–30 minutes,
with one aftershock reaching 6.6Mw within 34 minutes of the initial quake. A major aftershock
of magnitude 6.9 Mw occurred on 26 April 2015 in the same region at 12:54 NST (07:08 UTC).
The aftershock caused fresh avalanches on Mount Everest and was felt in many places in
northern India.
As of 23 September 2015, 395 aftershocks had occurred with different epicenters and
magnitudes equal to or above 4 Mw (out of which 51 aftershocks are equal to or above 5 Mw
and 5 aftershocks above 6 Mw) and more than 20,000 aftershocks less than 4 Mw.
12 MAY 2015 EARTHQUAKE
A second major earthquake occurred on 12 May
2015 at 12:50 NST with a moment magnitude (Mw)
of 7.3Mw. The epicenter was near the Chinese border
between the capital of Kathmandu and Mt. Everest.
It struck at the depth of 18.5 km (11.5 miles). This
earthquake occurred along the same fault as the
original magnitude 7.8 earthquake of 25 April.
At least 153 died in Nepal as a result of the
aftershock and about 2,500 were injured. 62 others
died in India, two in Bangladesh, and one in China.

19. DAMAGE
Thousands of houses were destroyed across many districts of the country, with entire villages flattened,
especially those near the epicenter.
•The Tribhuvan International Airport serving Kathmandu was closed immediately after the quake.
•Several of the churches in the Kathmandu valley were destroyed.
•Several temples on Kathmandu Durbar Square, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, collapsed, as did the
Dharahara tower, built in 1832; the collapse of the latter structure killed at least 180 people. Several other
temples, partially collapsed.
•The northeastern parts of India also received major damage. Heavy shocks were felt in the states
Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and others. Huge damage was caused to the property and the lives
of the people.

20. ECONOMIS LOSS
Nepal, with a total Gross Domestic Product of USD$19.921 billion (according to a 2012
estimate), is one of Asia's poorest countries, and has little ability to fund a major
reconstruction effort on its own. Even before the quake, the Asian Development Bank
estimated that it would need to spend about four times more than it currently does annually
on infrastructure through to 2020 to attract investment. The U.S. Geological Survey initially
estimated economic losses from the tremor at 9 percent to 50 percent of gross domestic
product, with a best guess of 35 percent.
SOCIAL EFFECTS
It was reported that the survivors were preyed upon by human traffickers involved in
the supply of girls and women to the brothels of South Asia. These traffickers took
advantage of the chaos that resulted from the aftermath of the earthquake. The most
affected were women from poor communities who lost their homes.

21. REPAIR AND RECONSTRUCTION
MONUMENTS
• According to UNESCO, more than 30 monuments in the Kathmandu Valley collapsed in
the quakes, and another 120 incurred partial damage.
• Repair estimates are $160 million to restore 1,000 damaged and destroyed structures .
UNESCO designated seven groups of multi-ethnic monuments clustered in the valley as
a single World Heritage Site, including Swayambhu, the Durbar squares of Kathmandu,
Patan, and Bhaktapur, and the Hindu temples of Pashupati and Changu Narayan.
Damaged in the quakes were the structures in the three Durbar squares, the temple of
Changu Narayan, and the 1655 temple in Sankhu. Drones fly above cultural heritage
sites to provide 3D images of the damage to use for planning repairs.
POST EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO

22. FAMED ARCHITECT SHIGERU BAN BUILDS QUAKE-PROOF HOMES
FROM RUBBLE IN NEPAL
After twin earthquakes in April and May claimed 9,000 lives
and left vast swathes of Nepal in ruins, survivors worried if
they reused the brick rubble, they would end up with the
same vulnerable, seismically unsound structures.
Renowned Japanese architect Shigeru Ban (Pritzker prize
winner) - who helped bring global attention to humanitarian
architecture and continues to influence fellow architects
and disaster-relief workers - devised a solution.
The prototype for his latest humanitarian housing project in Nepal consists of standard timber
door frames joined together and reinforced with plywood. The frames are filled in with brick
rubble, and the roof is covered with a plastic sheet and thatched for insulation.
The resulting structure is strong enough to meet Japan's stringent earthquake standards.

23. 18TH SEPTEMBER, 2011 SIKKIM EARTHQUAKE
DATE OF ORIGIN: 18 SEPTEMBER 2011
ORIGIN TIME: 18:10 IST (UTC+05:30)
MAGNITUDE: 6.9
DEPTH: 19.7 KM
EPICENTER: 27.723°N 88.064°E
TYPE: INTRAPLATE

24. INTRODUCTION
The 2011 Sikkim earthquake (also known as the
2011 Himalayan earthquake)
MOMENT MAGNITUDE OF 6.9
CENTERED near the border of Nepal and the Indian
state of Sikkim
Date & Time: 18:10 IST on Sunday, 18 September.
The earthquake was felt across north eastern India,
Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and southern Tibet.
At least 111 people were killed in the earthquake.
Several buildings collapsed in Gangtok. Structural
damage occurred in Bangladesh, Bhutan, and
across Tibet.
Exactly a year after the original earthquake at 5:55
pm on 18 September 2012, another earthquake of
magnitude 4.1 struck Sikkim, sparking panic
among the people observing the anniversary of the
original quake.

25. EARTHQUAKE
•At the location, the continental Indian and Eurasian Plates converge with one another along a
tectonic boundary beneath the mountainous region of north-east India near the Nepalese
border.
•Although earthquakes in this region are usually interplate in nature, preliminary data suggests
the Sikkim earthquake was triggered by shallow strike-slip faulting from an intraplate source
within the over-riding Eurasian Plate. Initial analyses also indicate a complex origin, with the
perceived tremor likely being a result of two separate events occurring close together in time at
similar focal depths.
INTENSITY
•Located at a shallow depth beneath the
surface, the earthquake caused strong shaking
in many areas adjacent to its epicenter
reportedly lasting 30 – 40 seconds.
•The strongest shaking occurred to the west in
Gangtok. Lighter tremors spread southward
through populous regions, with these motions
reported in the Patna capital of Bihar and as far
southwest as Bihar Sharif.
•In all, the earthquake was felt in Nepal, India,
Bhutan, Bangladesh and China. Tremors were
felt in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, parts of West
Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Chandigarh and Delhi states of India.

26. AFTERSHOCKS
Sikkim experienced three aftershocks since the
earthquake, within 30 minutes of the initial
earthquake.
Kathmandu experienced two aftershocks that both
had a magnitude of 4.8 Mw.
The aftershocks had no serious impact in the region.
At least 20 aftershocks back-to-back throughout the
night created panic in the Gangtok.
IMPACT
The earthquake struck near a mountainous, albeit very
populous region near the Sikkim–Nepal border; most
of the structures were reported to be highly vulnerable
to earthquake shaking. Upon impact, tens of
thousands of residents evacuated their homes, and
many areas suffered from communication and power
outages.
significant building collapse and mudslides; at least
111 people were confirmed killed by the effects of the
earthquake, and hundreds of others sustained injuries.
COUNTRY DEATHS
INDIA 97
CHINA 7
NEPAL 6
BHUTAN 1
BANGLADESH 0
TOTAL 111

27. POST EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO
SEEDS, a non-profit group of young architects, urban planners, social scientists, project
management specialists and media personnel, who leverage their collective strengths to
respond swiftly and effectively to any disaster.
SEEDS developed guidelines for a Shelter Restoration Strategy.
SEEDS had setup 10 demonstrative shelter models in the affected areas and constructed5
schools and 5 community buildings, including health centres.
However, Sikkim, located in an extremely high risk zone, needed broader advocacy to mitigate
risks and reduce the loss of life and property. Therefore, knowledge enhancement was the core
of the rehabilitation process.
A mobile clinic was set up which addressed the emerging training and capacity building needs
of the masons and the community at large.

28. 2011 TŌHOKU EARTHQUAKE
The earthquake is also often referred to in
Japan as the Great East Japan earthquake
and also known as the 2011 Tohoku
earthquake, and the 3.11 earthquake. It
was the most powerful earthquake ever
recorded to have hit Japan, and the fourth
most powerful earthquake in the world
Date 11 March 2011
Origin time 14:46:24 JST (UTC+09:00)
Duration 6 minutes
Magnitude 9.0 Mw
Depth 30 km (19 mi)
Epicenter 38.322°N
142.369°ECoordinates: 38.3
22°N 142.369°E
Type Megathrust
Areas affected Japan (shaking, tsunami)
Pacific Rim (tsunami)
Total damage Tsunami wave, flooding,
landslides, fires, building and
infrastructure damage,
nuclear incidents including
radiation releases
Max. intensity IX (Violent)
Peak acceleration 2.99 g
Tsunami Up to 40.5 m (133 ft)
in Miyako, Iwate, Tōhoku
Landslides Yes
Foreshocks List of foreshocks and
aftershocks of the 2011
Tōhoku earthquake
Aftershocks 11,450 (as of 3 March 2015)
Casualties 15,894 deaths,
6,152 injured,
2,562 people missing

29. FORESHOCKS AND WARNINGS
• The main earthquake was preceded by a number of large
foreshocks, with hundreds of aftershocks reported. One of
the first major foreshocks was a 7.2 Mw event on 9 March,
approximately 40 km (25 mi) from the epicenter of the 11
March earthquake, with another three on the same day in
excess of 6.0 Mw.
• One minute before the earthquake was felt in Tokyo, the
Earthquake Early Warning system, which includes more
than 1,000 seismometers in Japan, sent out warnings of
impending strong shaking to millions. It is believed that the
early warning by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)
saved many lives. The warning for the general public was
delivered about 8 seconds after the first P wave was
detected, or about 31 seconds after the earthquake
occurred.

30. IMPACT
ENERGY
The surface energy of the seismic waves from the
earthquake was calculated to be at 1.9×1017 joules. If
harnessed, the seismic energy from this earthquake would
power a city the size of Los Angeles for an entire year
GEOPHYSICAL EFFECTS
• Portions of northeastern Japan shifted by as much as
2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) closer to North America, making
some sections of Japan's landmass wider than before.
• The Earth's axis shifted by estimates of between 10 cm
(4 in) and 25 cm (10 in). This deviation led to a number
of small planetary changes, including the length of a
day, the tilt of the Earth.

31. IMPACT
TSUNAMI
An upthrust of 6 to 8 metres along a 180-km-wide seabed
at 60 km offshore from the east coast of Tōhoku, resulted
in a major tsunami that brought destruction along the
Pacific coastline of Japan's northern islands.. Estimated
wave height of 38.9 metres (128 ft) at Omoe peninsula,
Miyako city, Japan

32. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT
CASUALITIES
The National Police Agency has confirmed 15,894 deaths, 6,152 injured, and 2,562 people
missing across twenty prefectures.
ECONOMIC LOSS
•Although Japan has invested the equivalent of billions of dollars on anti-tsunami seawalls which
line at least 40% of its 34,751 km (21,593 mi) coastline and stand up to 12 m (39 ft) high, the
tsunami simply washed over the top of some seawalls, collapsing some in the process.
•45,700 buildings were destroyed and 144,300 were damaged by the quake and tsunami
•The World Bank's estimated economic cost was US$235 billion, making it the costliest natural
disaster in world history.
NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS
The tsunami caused nuclear accidents, at three reactors in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power
Plant complex, and the associated evacuation zones affecting hundreds of thousands of residents.
Many electrical generators were taken down, and at least three nuclear reactors suffered
explosions due to cooling system failure resulting from the loss of electrical power. Residents
within a 20 km (12 mi) radius of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and a 10 km (6.2 mi)
radius of the Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant were evacuated.

33. LOSS OF HERITAGE
754 cultural properties were damaged,
including five National Treasures; 160
Important Cultural Properties one hundred and
forty-four Monuments of Japan (including
Matsushima, Takata-matsubara, Yūbikan, and
the Site of Tagajō); six Groups of Traditional
Buildings; and four Important Tangible Folk
Cultural Properties. Stone monuments at the
UNESCO World Heritage Site: Shrines and
Temples of Nikkō were toppled.
Damage to a traditional lantern
at Tokiwa shrine in Mito City

34. RELIEF RECOVERY AND RESPONSE
• Defence Forces (under Joint Task Force -
Tohoku, led by Lieutenant General Eiji
Kimizuka), while many countries sent search
and rescue teams to help search for survivors.
Aid organizations both in Japan and worldwide
also responded, with the Japanese Red Cross
reporting $1 billion in donations.
• According to Japan's foreign ministry, 116
countries and 28 international organizations
offered assistance. Japan specifically
requested assistance from teams from
Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, and the
United States • Direct Relief(NGO) has since provided more
than $5.5 million in grants to 13 Japanese aid
groups working to provide relief and recovery to
survivors of the strongest known earthquake to
ever hit Japan.
• Immediately following the disaster, Direct Relief
and the Japanese American Citizen’s League
(JACL) established the Japan Earthquake Relief
and Recovery Fund, committing 100 percent of
all contributions to be used exclusively to help
people in Japan in the most productive,
efficient manner possible.

35. MEMORIAL
STONE MEMORIAL BY KOISHIKAWA
ARCHITECTS
• Each stone that makes up this fan-shaped
memorial by Koishikawa Architects represents
one of the 18,000 victims of Japan's most
powerful earthquake.
• The architects have positioned the small 6.5-
square-metre structure on a hillside between a
temple and a cherry tree in Ishinomaki, a city
badly affected by the earthquake.
• Slender pieces of stone were stacked to form
the memorial's curving walls, while its sloping
top is made from mirrored stainless steel and
slate shingles. A shrine set into the front of the
structure can be used to offer flowers or burn
incense

36. ROLE OF AN ARCHITECT