Power losses and voltage drop are existing problems in radial distribution networks. This power losses and voltage drop affect the voltage stability level. Reconfiguring the network is a form of approach to improve the quality of electrical power. The network reconfiguration aims to minimize power losses and voltage drop as well as decreasing the Voltage Stability Index (VSI). In this research, network reconfiguration uses binary particle swarm optimization algorithm and Bus Injection to Branch Current-Branch Current to Bus Voltage (BIBC-BCBV) method to analyze the radial system power flow. This scheme was tested on the 33-bus IEEE radial distribution system 12.66 kV. The simulation results show that before reconfiguration, the active power loss is 202.7126 kW and the VSI is 0.20012. After reconfiguration, the active power loss and VSI decreased to 139.5697 kW and 0.14662, respectively. It has decreased the power loss for 31.3136% significantly while the VSI value is closer to zero.
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of rotation of a shaft.
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of rotation of a shaft.
Hybrid wind-solar Power generation systemShivam Joshi
This project is basically based on power generation with help of wind as well as solar equipments. This we call it as Hybrid stucture of solar and wind. The presentation contains all the baci information required to undestand this new innovative concept. For more information you can contact me. I woll get back to you as soon as possible. Thanks you. Hope its helpfull :)
This presentation is about representation for various types of loads in the power systems.
Follow www.electricalinfo12.blogspot.com to get handy knowledge about electrical engineering as well as parallel branch fields
Electrical Technology was founded on the remarkable discovery by Faraday that a changing magnetic flux creates an electric field. Out of that discovery, grew the largest and most complex engineering achievement of man : the electric power system. Indeed, life without electricity is now unimaginable. Electric power systems form the basic infrastructure of a country. Even as we read this, electrical energy is being produced at rates in excess of hundreds of giga-watts (1 GW = 1,000,000,000 W). Giant rotors spinning at speeds up to 3000 rotations per minute bring us the energy stored in the potential energy of water, or in fossil fuels. Yet we notice electricity only when the lights go out!
While the basic features of the electrical power system have remained practically unchanged in the past century, but there are some significant milestones in the evolution of electrical power systems.
BLDC motor is the permanent magnet synchronous motor designed to have a trapezoidal back emf. Due to rugged construction, less control complexity, higher power density, variable speed over a wide range and flexibility to select the rotor construction suitable for particular application, it is being viewed as an alternative for conventional a.c. motors right from residential to commercial & aerospace systems. Rotation of BLDC motor is achieved by energizing the stator phases in a sequence, which depends on the rotor position. Hall sensors are used to detect the exact position of the rotor. This paper presents design of BLDC motor drive. For the purpose of demonstration, the popularly used loads are considered for industrial application, electric traction system.
ppt of Three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and tri...Vikram Rawani
it's the final ppt which we have made for the project hope you will like it and make use most of it. it will definitely help you guys .
all the best (Y) :)
Network Reconfiguration of Distribution System for Loss Reduction Using GWO A...IJECEIAES
This manuscript presents a feeder reconfiguration in primary distribution networks with an objective of minimizing the real power loss or maximization of power loss reduction. An optimal switching for the network reconfiguration problem is introduced in this article based on step by step switching and simultaneous switching. This paper proposes a Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm to solve the feeder reconfiguration problem through fitness function corresponding to optimum combination of switches in power distribution systems. The objective function is formulated to solve the reconfiguration problem which includes minimization of real power loss. A nature inspired Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm is utilized to restructure the power distribution system and identify the optimal switches corresponding minimum power loss in the distribution network. The GWO technique has tested on standard IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus systems and the results are presented.
Performance Improvement of the Radial Distribution System by using Switched C...idescitation
Distribution system is the major link which provides supply to the consumers
from the high voltage transmission system. The load on the distribution system is not
constant and it changes with respect to time throughout the working period. The voltage
drop and power losses occur in the distribution system mainly depends on the nature of the
load which is applied on the system. The voltage drop and power losses frequently occurs
mainly on those systems which are supplying load to the industrial areas, this is mainly
because of the existence of more reactive power. To overcome these problems shunt
compensation is employed to reduce or suppress those effects to an extent. The main aim of
this paper is to determine the specific value of the shunt capacitance required to achieve the
permissible voltage tolerance limits and maximum percentage of power loss reduction in a
sample two feeder radial distribution system.
Hybrid wind-solar Power generation systemShivam Joshi
This project is basically based on power generation with help of wind as well as solar equipments. This we call it as Hybrid stucture of solar and wind. The presentation contains all the baci information required to undestand this new innovative concept. For more information you can contact me. I woll get back to you as soon as possible. Thanks you. Hope its helpfull :)
This presentation is about representation for various types of loads in the power systems.
Follow www.electricalinfo12.blogspot.com to get handy knowledge about electrical engineering as well as parallel branch fields
Electrical Technology was founded on the remarkable discovery by Faraday that a changing magnetic flux creates an electric field. Out of that discovery, grew the largest and most complex engineering achievement of man : the electric power system. Indeed, life without electricity is now unimaginable. Electric power systems form the basic infrastructure of a country. Even as we read this, electrical energy is being produced at rates in excess of hundreds of giga-watts (1 GW = 1,000,000,000 W). Giant rotors spinning at speeds up to 3000 rotations per minute bring us the energy stored in the potential energy of water, or in fossil fuels. Yet we notice electricity only when the lights go out!
While the basic features of the electrical power system have remained practically unchanged in the past century, but there are some significant milestones in the evolution of electrical power systems.
BLDC motor is the permanent magnet synchronous motor designed to have a trapezoidal back emf. Due to rugged construction, less control complexity, higher power density, variable speed over a wide range and flexibility to select the rotor construction suitable for particular application, it is being viewed as an alternative for conventional a.c. motors right from residential to commercial & aerospace systems. Rotation of BLDC motor is achieved by energizing the stator phases in a sequence, which depends on the rotor position. Hall sensors are used to detect the exact position of the rotor. This paper presents design of BLDC motor drive. For the purpose of demonstration, the popularly used loads are considered for industrial application, electric traction system.
ppt of Three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and tri...Vikram Rawani
it's the final ppt which we have made for the project hope you will like it and make use most of it. it will definitely help you guys .
all the best (Y) :)
Network Reconfiguration of Distribution System for Loss Reduction Using GWO A...IJECEIAES
This manuscript presents a feeder reconfiguration in primary distribution networks with an objective of minimizing the real power loss or maximization of power loss reduction. An optimal switching for the network reconfiguration problem is introduced in this article based on step by step switching and simultaneous switching. This paper proposes a Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm to solve the feeder reconfiguration problem through fitness function corresponding to optimum combination of switches in power distribution systems. The objective function is formulated to solve the reconfiguration problem which includes minimization of real power loss. A nature inspired Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm is utilized to restructure the power distribution system and identify the optimal switches corresponding minimum power loss in the distribution network. The GWO technique has tested on standard IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus systems and the results are presented.
Performance Improvement of the Radial Distribution System by using Switched C...idescitation
Distribution system is the major link which provides supply to the consumers
from the high voltage transmission system. The load on the distribution system is not
constant and it changes with respect to time throughout the working period. The voltage
drop and power losses occur in the distribution system mainly depends on the nature of the
load which is applied on the system. The voltage drop and power losses frequently occurs
mainly on those systems which are supplying load to the industrial areas, this is mainly
because of the existence of more reactive power. To overcome these problems shunt
compensation is employed to reduce or suppress those effects to an extent. The main aim of
this paper is to determine the specific value of the shunt capacitance required to achieve the
permissible voltage tolerance limits and maximum percentage of power loss reduction in a
sample two feeder radial distribution system.
A Novel Approach for Allocation of Optimal Capacitor and Distributed Generati...paperpublications3
Abstract: Distributed generation (DG) units, based on their interfacing technology are divided into synchronous generator interfaced DGs, asynchronous generator interfaced DGs and inverter interfaced DGs. This paper presents two algorithms for allocation of optimal capacitor and distributed generation on radial distribution system. These algorithms predict requirement of reactive vars and real power and supplied via capacitor banks and distributed generation. This arrangement reduces transmission losses and voltage stability problem. Developed algorithm has been implemented on two IEEE 69 nodes and 52 nodes systems.
Moth Flame Optimization Method for Unified Power Quality Conditioner Allocati...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a new optimization method to determine the optimal allocation of Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) in the distribution systems. UPQC is a versatile Custom Power Device (CPD) to solve problems related to voltage and current by the series and shunt compensator in the distribution systems. The task of UPQC highlighted in this paper is the required load reactive power is provided by both the series and shunt compensators. The UPQC’s steady state compensation capability has given a solution for providing reactive power compensation in large distribution systems. The optimization method adopted is Moth Flame Optimization (MFO). The best location and series compensator voltage are determined using MFO. The voltage injected by the series compensator and reactive power injected by the shunt compensator is incorporated in the load flow method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated with standard distribution systems.
Distribution network reconfiguration for loss reduction using PSO method IJECEIAES
In recent years, the reconfiguration of the distribution network has been proclaimed as a method for realizing power savings, with virtually zero cost. The current trend is to design distribution networks with a mesh network structure, but to operate them radially. This is achieved by the establishment of an appropriate number of switchable branches which allow the realization of a radial configuration capable of supplying all of the normal defects in the box of permanent defect. The purpose of this article is to find an optimal reconfiguration using a Meta heuristic method, namely the particle swarm optimization method (PSO), to reduce active losses and voltage deviations by taking into account certain technical constraints. The validity of this method is tested on a 33-IEEE test network and the results obtained are compared with the results of basic load flow.
Particle Swarm Optimization based Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Sys...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
A Novel Distribution System Power Flow Algorithm using Forward Backward Matri...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Novel control of a Grid-Interfacing Inverter to Improve the Quality of Powe...IJERA Editor
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increas- ingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
Optimal Placement of Dynamic Voltage Restorer in Distribution Systems for Vol...IJERA Editor
This paper deals with Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) allocation in radial distribution systems by injecting series voltage. The DVR is used to inject both real and reactive powers into the system for voltage profile improvement and active and reactive power loss minimization. The objective of this paper is to identify the optimal location and series voltage of DVR using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The proposed method is tested on standard IEEE 33-bus system and the results are presented.
Energy harvesting maximization by integration of distributed generation based...nooriasukmaningtyas
The purpose of distributed generation systems (DGS) is to enhance the distribution system (DS) performance to be better known with its benefits in the power sector as installing distributed generation (DG) units into the DS can introduce economic, environmental and technical benefits. Those benefits can be obtained if the DG units' site and size is properly determined. The aim of this paper is studying and reviewing the effect of connecting DG units in the DS on transmission efficiency, reactive power loss and voltage deviation in addition to the economical point of view and considering the interest and inflation rate. Whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is introduced to find the best solution to the distributed generation penetration problem in the DS. The result of WOA is compared with the genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and grey wolf optimizer (GWO). The proposed solutions methodologies have been tested using MATLAB software on IEEE 33 standard bus system
The Impact of Line Resistance on the Performance of Controllable Series Compe...Editor Jacotech
In recent years controllable FACTS devices are increasingly
integrated into the transmission system. FACTS devices that
provide series control such as Controllable Series Compensator
(CSC) has significant effect on the voltage stability of Electric
Power system. In this work impact of line resistance on the
performance of CSC in a single-load infinitive-bus (SLIB)
model is investigated. The proposed framework is applied to
SLIB model and obtained results demonstrates that line
resistance has considerable effect on voltage stability limits and
performance of CSC.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Square transposition: an approach to the transposition process in block cipherjournalBEEI
The transposition process is needed in cryptography to create a diffusion effect on data encryption standard (DES) and advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithms as standard information security algorithms by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The problem with DES and AES algorithms is that their transposition index values form patterns and do not form random values. This condition will certainly make it easier for a cryptanalyst to look for a relationship between ciphertexts because some processes are predictable. This research designs a transposition algorithm called square transposition. Each process uses square 8 × 8 as a place to insert and retrieve 64-bits. The determination of the pairing of the input scheme and the retrieval scheme that have unequal flow is an important factor in producing a good transposition. The square transposition can generate random and non-pattern indices so that transposition can be done better than DES and AES.
Hyper-parameter optimization of convolutional neural network based on particl...journalBEEI
Deep neural networks have accomplished enormous progress in tackling many problems. More specifically, convolutional neural network (CNN) is a category of deep networks that have been a dominant technique in computer vision tasks. Despite that these deep neural networks are highly effective; the ideal structure is still an issue that needs a lot of investigation. Deep Convolutional Neural Network model is usually designed manually by trials and repeated tests which enormously constrain its application. Many hyper-parameters of the CNN can affect the model performance. These parameters are depth of the network, numbers of convolutional layers, and numbers of kernels with their sizes. Therefore, it may be a huge challenge to design an appropriate CNN model that uses optimized hyper-parameters and reduces the reliance on manual involvement and domain expertise. In this paper, a design architecture method for CNNs is proposed by utilization of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to learn the optimal CNN hyper-parameters values. In the experiment, we used Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) database of handwritten digit recognition. The experiments showed that our proposed approach can find an architecture that is competitive to the state-of-the-art models with a testing error of 0.87%.
Supervised machine learning based liver disease prediction approach with LASS...journalBEEI
In this contemporary era, the uses of machine learning techniques are increasing rapidly in the field of medical science for detecting various diseases such as liver disease (LD). Around the globe, a large number of people die because of this deadly disease. By diagnosing the disease in a primary stage, early treatment can be helpful to cure the patient. In this research paper, a method is proposed to diagnose the LD using supervised machine learning classification algorithms, namely logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, AdaBoost, KNN, linear discriminant analysis, gradient boosting and support vector machine (SVM). We also deployed a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) feature selection technique on our taken dataset to suggest the most highly correlated attributes of LD. The predictions with 10 fold cross-validation (CV) made by the algorithms are tested in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, precision and f1-score values to forecast the disease. It is observed that the decision tree algorithm has the best performance score where accuracy, precision, sensitivity and f1-score values are 94.295%, 92%, 99% and 96% respectively with the inclusion of LASSO. Furthermore, a comparison with recent studies is shown to prove the significance of the proposed system.
A secure and energy saving protocol for wireless sensor networksjournalBEEI
The research domain for wireless sensor networks (WSN) has been extensively conducted due to innovative technologies and research directions that have come up addressing the usability of WSN under various schemes. This domain permits dependable tracking of a diversity of environments for both military and civil applications. The key management mechanism is a primary protocol for keeping the privacy and confidentiality of the data transmitted among different sensor nodes in WSNs. Since node's size is small; they are intrinsically limited by inadequate resources such as battery life-time and memory capacity. The proposed secure and energy saving protocol (SESP) for wireless sensor networks) has a significant impact on the overall network life-time and energy dissipation. To encrypt sent messsages, the SESP uses the public-key cryptography’s concept. It depends on sensor nodes' identities (IDs) to prevent the messages repeated; making security goals- authentication, confidentiality, integrity, availability, and freshness to be achieved. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed approach produced better energy consumption and network life-time compared to LEACH protocol; sensors are dead after 900 rounds in the proposed SESP protocol. While, in the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) scheme, the sensors are dead after 750 rounds.
Plant leaf identification system using convolutional neural networkjournalBEEI
This paper proposes a leaf identification system using convolutional neural network (CNN). This proposed system can identify five types of local Malaysia leaf which were acacia, papaya, cherry, mango and rambutan. By using CNN from deep learning, the network is trained from the database that acquired from leaf images captured by mobile phone for image classification. ResNet-50 was the architecture has been used for neural networks image classification and training the network for leaf identification. The recognition of photographs leaves requested several numbers of steps, starting with image pre-processing, feature extraction, plant identification, matching and testing, and finally extracting the results achieved in MATLAB. Testing sets of the system consists of 3 types of images which were white background, and noise added and random background images. Finally, interfaces for the leaf identification system have developed as the end software product using MATLAB app designer. As a result, the accuracy achieved for each training sets on five leaf classes are recorded above 98%, thus recognition process was successfully implemented.
Customized moodle-based learning management system for socially disadvantaged...journalBEEI
This study aims to develop Moodle-based LMS with customized learning content and modified user interface to facilitate pedagogical processes during covid-19 pandemic and investigate how teachers of socially disadvantaged schools perceived usability and technology acceptance. Co-design process was conducted with two activities: 1) need assessment phase using an online survey and interview session with the teachers and 2) the development phase of the LMS. The system was evaluated by 30 teachers from socially disadvantaged schools for relevance to their distance learning activities. We employed computer software usability questionnaire (CSUQ) to measure perceived usability and the technology acceptance model (TAM) with insertion of 3 original variables (i.e., perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use) and 5 external variables (i.e., attitude toward the system, perceived interaction, self-efficacy, user interface design, and course design). The average CSUQ rating exceeded 5.0 of 7 point-scale, indicated that teachers agreed that the information quality, interaction quality, and user interface quality were clear and easy to understand. TAM results concluded that the LMS design was judged to be usable, interactive, and well-developed. Teachers reported an effective user interface that allows effective teaching operations and lead to the system adoption in immediate time.
Understanding the role of individual learner in adaptive and personalized e-l...journalBEEI
Dynamic learning environment has emerged as a powerful platform in a modern e-learning system. The learning situation that constantly changing has forced the learning platform to adapt and personalize its learning resources for students. Evidence suggested that adaptation and personalization of e-learning systems (APLS) can be achieved by utilizing learner modeling, domain modeling, and instructional modeling. In the literature of APLS, questions have been raised about the role of individual characteristics that are relevant for adaptation. With several options, a new problem has been raised where the attributes of students in APLS often overlap and are not related between studies. Therefore, this study proposed a list of learner model attributes in dynamic learning to support adaptation and personalization. The study was conducted by exploring concepts from the literature selected based on the best criteria. Then, we described the results of important concepts in student modeling and provided definitions and examples of data values that researchers have used. Besides, we also discussed the implementation of the selected learner model in providing adaptation in dynamic learning.
Prototype mobile contactless transaction system in traditional markets to sup...journalBEEI
One way to prevent and reduce the spread of the covid-19 pandemic is through physical distancing program. This research aims to develop a prototype contactless transaction system using digital payment mechanisms and QR code technology that will be applied in traditional markets. The method used in the development of electronic market systems is a prototype approach. The application of QR code and digital payments are used as a solution to minimize money exchange contacts that are common in traditional markets. The results showed that the system built was able to accelerate and facilitate the buying and selling transaction process in traditional market environment. Alpha testing shows that all functional systems are running well. Meanwhile, beta testing shows that the user can very well accept the system that was built. The results of the study also show acceptance of the usefulness of the system being built, as well as the optimism of its users to be able to take advantage of this system both technologically and functionally, so its can be a part of the digital transformation of the traditional market to the electronic market and has become one of the solutions in reducing the spread of the current covid-19 pandemic.
Wireless HART stack using multiprocessor technique with laxity algorithmjournalBEEI
The use of a real-time operating system is required for the demarcation of industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) stacks (RTOS). In the industrial world, a vast number of sensors are utilised to gather various types of data. The data gathered by the sensors cannot be prioritised ahead of time. Because all of the information is equally essential. As a result, a protocol stack is employed to guarantee that data is acquired and processed fairly. In IWSN, the protocol stack is implemented using RTOS. The data collected from IWSN sensor nodes is processed using non-preemptive scheduling and the protocol stack, and then sent in parallel to the IWSN's central controller. The real-time operating system (RTOS) is a process that occurs between hardware and software. Packets must be sent at a certain time. It's possible that some packets may collide during transmission. We're going to undertake this project to get around this collision. As a prototype, this project is divided into two parts. The first uses RTOS and the LPC2148 as a master node, while the second serves as a standard data collection node to which sensors are attached. Any controller may be used in the second part, depending on the situation. Wireless HART allows two nodes to communicate with each other.
Implementation of double-layer loaded on octagon microstrip yagi antennajournalBEEI
A double-layer loaded on the octagon microstrip yagi antenna (OMYA) at 5.8 GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) Band is investigated in this paper. The double-layer consist of two double positive (DPS) substrates. The OMYA is overlaid with a double-layer configuration were simulated, fabricated and measured. A good agreement was observed between the computed and measured results of the gain for this antenna. According to comparison results, it shows that 2.5 dB improvement of the OMYA gain can be obtained by applying the double-layer on the top of the OMYA. Meanwhile, the bandwidth of the measured OMYA with the double-layer is 14.6%. It indicates that the double-layer can be used to increase the OMYA performance in term of gain and bandwidth.
The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the human headjournalBEEI
In this work, a numerical calculation was carried out in one of the universal programs for automatic electro-dynamic design. The calculation is aimed at obtaining numerical values for specific absorbed power (SAR). It is the SAR value that can be used to determine the effect of the antenna of a wireless device on biological objects; the dipole parameters will be selected for GSM1800. Investigation of the influence of distance to a cell phone on radiation shows that absorbed in the head of a person the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the brain decreases by three times this is a very important result the SAR value has decreased by almost three times it is acceptable results.
Exact secure outage probability performance of uplinkdownlink multiple access...journalBEEI
In this paper, we study uplink-downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems by considering the secure performance at the physical layer. In the considered system model, the base station acts a relay to allow two users at the left side communicate with two users at the right side. By considering imperfect channel state information (CSI), the secure performance need be studied since an eavesdropper wants to overhear signals processed at the downlink. To provide secure performance metric, we derive exact expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) and and evaluating the impacts of main parameters on SOP metric. The important finding is that we can achieve the higher secrecy performance at high signal to noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, the numerical results demonstrate that the SOP tends to a constant at high SNR. Finally, our results show that the power allocation factors, target rates are main factors affecting to the secrecy performance of considered uplink-downlink NOMA systems.
Design of a dual-band antenna for energy harvesting applicationjournalBEEI
This report presents an investigation on how to improve the current dual-band antenna to enhance the better result of the antenna parameters for energy harvesting application. Besides that, to develop a new design and validate the antenna frequencies that will operate at 2.4 GHz and 5.4 GHz. At 5.4 GHz, more data can be transmitted compare to 2.4 GHz. However, 2.4 GHz has long distance of radiation, so it can be used when far away from the antenna module compare to 5 GHz that has short distance in radiation. The development of this project includes the scope of designing and testing of antenna using computer simulation technology (CST) 2018 software and vector network analyzer (VNA) equipment. In the process of designing, fundamental parameters of antenna are being measured and validated, in purpose to identify the better antenna performance.
Transforming data-centric eXtensible markup language into relational database...journalBEEI
eXtensible markup language (XML) appeared internationally as the format for data representation over the web. Yet, most organizations are still utilising relational databases as their database solutions. As such, it is crucial to provide seamless integration via effective transformation between these database infrastructures. In this paper, we propose XML-REG to bridge these two technologies based on node-based and path-based approaches. The node-based approach is good to annotate each positional node uniquely, while the path-based approach provides summarised path information to join the nodes. On top of that, a new range labelling is also proposed to annotate nodes uniquely by ensuring the structural relationships are maintained between nodes. If a new node is to be added to the document, re-labelling is not required as the new label will be assigned to the node via the new proposed labelling scheme. Experimental evaluations indicated that the performance of XML-REG exceeded XMap, XRecursive, XAncestor and Mini-XML concerning storing time, query retrieval time and scalability. This research produces a core framework for XML to relational databases (RDB) mapping, which could be adopted in various industries.
Key performance requirement of future next wireless networks (6G)journalBEEI
Given the massive potentials of 5G communication networks and their foreseeable evolution, what should there be in 6G that is not in 5G or its long-term evolution? 6G communication networks are estimated to integrate the terrestrial, aerial, and maritime communications into a forceful network which would be faster, more reliable, and can support a massive number of devices with ultra-low latency requirements. This article presents a complete overview of potential 6G communication networks. The major contribution of this study is to present a broad overview of key performance indicators (KPIs) of 6G networks that cover the latest manufacturing progress in the environment of the principal areas of research application, and challenges.
Noise resistance territorial intensity-based optical flow using inverse confi...journalBEEI
This paper presents the use of the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function with the territorial intensity-based optical flow to prove the effectiveness in noise resistance environment. In general, the image’s motion vector is coded by the technique called optical flow where the sequences of the image are used to determine the motion vector. But, the accuracy rate of the motion vector is reduced when the source of image sequences is interfered by noises. This work proved that the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function can increase the percentage of accuracy in the motion vector determination by the territorial intensity-based optical flow under the noisy environment. We performed the testing with several kinds of non-Gaussian noises at several patterns of standard image sequences by analyzing the result of the motion vector in a form of the error vector magnitude (EVM) and compared it with several noise resistance techniques in territorial intensity-based optical flow method.
Modeling climate phenomenon with software grids analysis and display system i...journalBEEI
This study aims to model climate change based on rainfall, air temperature, pressure, humidity and wind with grADS software and create a global warming module. This research uses 3D model, define, design, and develop. The results of the modeling of the five climate elements consist of the annual average temperature in Indonesia in 2009-2015 which is between 29oC to 30.1oC, the horizontal distribution of the annual average pressure in Indonesia in 2009-2018 is between 800 mBar to 1000 mBar, the horizontal distribution the average annual humidity in Indonesia in 2009 and 2011 ranged between 27-57, in 2012-2015, 2017 and 2018 it ranged between 30-60, during the East Monsoon, the wind circulation moved from northern Indonesia to the southern region Indonesia. During the west monsoon, the wind circulation moves from the southern part of Indonesia to the northern part of Indonesia. The global warming module for SMA/MA produced is feasible to use, this is in accordance with the value given by the validate of 69 which is in the appropriate category and the response of teachers and students through a 91% questionnaire.
An approach of re-organizing input dataset to enhance the quality of emotion ...journalBEEI
The purpose of this paper is to propose an approach of re-organizing input data to recognize emotion based on short signal segments and increase the quality of emotional recognition using physiological signals. MIT's long physiological signal set was divided into two new datasets, with shorter and overlapped segments. Three different classification methods (support vector machine, random forest, and multilayer perceptron) were implemented to identify eight emotional states based on statistical features of each segment in these two datasets. By re-organizing the input dataset, the quality of recognition results was enhanced. The random forest shows the best classification result among three implemented classification methods, with an accuracy of 97.72% for eight emotional states, on the overlapped dataset. This approach shows that, by re-organizing the input dataset, the high accuracy of recognition results can be achieved without the use of EEG and ECG signals.
Parking detection system using background subtraction and HSV color segmentationjournalBEEI
Manual system vehicle parking makes finding vacant parking lots difficult, so it has to check directly to the vacant space. If many people do parking, then the time needed for it is very much or requires many people to handle it. This research develops a real-time parking system to detect parking. The system is designed using the HSV color segmentation method in determining the background image. In addition, the detection process uses the background subtraction method. Applying these two methods requires image preprocessing using several methods such as grayscaling, blurring (low-pass filter). In addition, it is followed by a thresholding and filtering process to get the best image in the detection process. In the process, there is a determination of the ROI to determine the focus area of the object identified as empty parking. The parking detection process produces the best average accuracy of 95.76%. The minimum threshold value of 255 pixels is 0.4. This value is the best value from 33 test data in several criteria, such as the time of capture, composition and color of the vehicle, the shape of the shadow of the object’s environment, and the intensity of light. This parking detection system can be implemented in real-time to determine the position of an empty place.
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. BEEI ISSN: 2302-9285
Distribution Network Reconfiguration Using Binary Particle Swarm Optimization to… (Aji Akbar Firdaus)
515
Several AI-based approaches using various types of meta-heuristics and evolutionary algorithm
have been proposed for the optimization of the distribution network reconfiguration. Those approaches cover
reconfiguration of distribution network using Genetic Algorithm, Binary Genetic Algorithm, and Particle
Swarm Optimization to reduce power losses [6-8]. The implementation of several AI methods previously
mentioned was also developed in Distributed Generation (DG) [9, 10]. The implementation of several AI
methods has increased the power quality and Load Balancing Index (LBI) based on PSO and BPSO methods
[11, 12]. However, only a few papers have discussed VSI.
In this study, the distribution network reconfiguration is implemented to minimize losses and
improve system stability in the distribution networks based on BPSO algorithm to solve discrete function in
optimization problems. The discrete function is the selection of any combination provided by the switches
from the distribution network. In this research, the power flow in the radial distribution system could be
calculated with Bus Injection to Branch Current-Branch Current to Bus Voltage (BIBC-BCBV) method. The
level of voltage stability for the distribution system is determined by the Voltage Stability Index (VSI). The
appropriate reconfiguration could be decided after considering the index value. It depends on the closeness to
the unity, the closer the feasible candidates to the unity the better the results. The next section of this paper is
organized as follows: Section 2 describes the methodology of the proposed method. The simulation results of
the voltage profile, minimal losses, switches selection, and voltage stability index are presented and
supported by analysis in section 3. Finally, in section 4, the conclusions are obtained from the results and
the analysis.
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED METHOD
2.1. Distribution Network Reconfiguration Problem Formulation
This paper has two objectives those are losses minimization and stability improvement of the
system. Minimal losses are able to increase the system economical value. Moreover, it could be obtained by
reconfiguring the system. The Voltage Stability Index (VSI) is an important parameter to the system stability.
The first objective function is to minimize the total loss by following (1) and (2) [13]. The symbol of Ploss
and Qloss are the total active and reactive power loss, respectively. BB(jj) is the branch current. The symbol
R(jj) and X(jj) are the resistance and the inductance.
(1)
(2)
The second objective function is VSI. VSI is used to determine the stability of the distribution
system. The distribution system models are converted into two buses system [14]. Figure 1 shows an
equivalent of the two buses system while VSI equation is shown in (5). Voltage stability level of the total
interconnected system could be measured by using the proposed VSI. In this model, the system is declared to
be stable if the value of the index is closer to zero [15]. Pi+1 and Qi+1 are the total active and reactive power
from the total load. Vi+1 is voltage receiving. In addition to that, ri and xi are equivalent circuit model. Those
are obtained by calculating the total active and reactive power loss in (3) and (4). The symbol of P1 and Q1
are the total active and reactive power generation. And Vi is voltage sending.
Figure 1. The equivalent of two buses system
(3)
(4)
Pi+1,Qi+1,Vi+1
Pi,Qi,Vi
ri +jxi
3. ISSN: 2302-9285
BEEI, Vol. 7, No. 4, December 2018 : 514 – 521
516
The value of VSI must be less than 1
√( )
(5)
2.2. Bus Injection to Branch Current–Branch Current to Bus Voltage (BIBC-BCBV) Method
Power flow in a distribution system is different from the power flow in a transmission system
because a distribution system has a radial network [16]. One of the methods to calculate power flow in the
radial distribution system is Bus Injection to Branch Current-Branch Current to Bus Voltage (BIBC-BCBV).
Figure 2 shows a simple example of the radial distribution network. The symbols of B1 until B5 are branches
current from line 1 until line 5. I1 to I6 are the current injection from bus 1 until bus 6.
Figure 2. Example of a radial distribution network
From Figure 2, the current injection presented in the BIBC matrix as shown as in (6).
[ ] [ ] [ ]
(6)
[ ] [ ][ ] (7)
BCBV matrix is obtained from the voltage drop in (8).
[ ] [ ] [ ]
(8)
[ ] [ ][ ] (9)
If (7) and (9) substituted into the mentioned equation, subsequently the equation ΔV transformed
into (10) and (11).
[ ] [ ][ ][ ] (10)
[ ] [ ][ ] (11)
Completion of power flow computation could be obtained by iteration of (12) and (13).
( ) (12)
[∆Vk
]=[DLF][Ik
] (13)
As shown in (14) is used to update the new voltage for the next iterative steps
1
2 3
4 5
6
B1 B2
B3 B4
B5
I2 I3
I4 I5
I6
4. BEEI ISSN: 2302-9285
Distribution Network Reconfiguration Using Binary Particle Swarm Optimization to… (Aji Akbar Firdaus)
517
[Vk+1
]=[V1] – [∆Vk
] (14)
2.3. The Particle Swarm Optimization
The standard form of PSO algorithm could be written as in (15), and (16) [17,18]. The symbol of vi
and xi are the velocity and the position of particles, successively. In this case, c1 and c2 are positive constants;
φ1 and φ2 are two random variables occurred between 0 and 1; pi is a combination of switches obtained from
the best position of the particle; pg is a combination of switches obtained from the best position of all existing
populations; w is the inertia weight which states the effect of the previous velocity vector of the new vector.
1 1 2 2
( 1) . ( ) ( ( )) ( ( ))
i i i i g i
v t wv t c p x t c p x t
(15)
(16)
The standard procedure for applying the PSO algorithm is as follows:
a. Initialization of velocity, position, and parameters of the PSO
b. Update the particle velocity based on (15)
c. Update the particle position using (16)
d. Evaluation of the fitness function to update the value of pi and pg
e. Compare each candidate of pg in the value of the fitness function in order to get the best value of pg.
f. If the value of pg is not the best value, then return to step 2
g. Repeat the iterations until it reached the limit to get a pg with the smallest fitness function or the best
value [17].
2.4. Binary Particle Swarm Optimization
The switches combination in this problem is the positive integers. Accordingly, the PSO algorithm
requires next steps to convert the calculated results of the velocity and the position into positive integers such
as in (17) and (18) [19]. The symbol of vij and xij refers to the velocity and the position of the particle. While
rij is a random number.
( ) (17)
{ (18)
The modification procedure for applying the BPSO algorithm, in this case, is as follows:
a. Initialization of the velocity, the position, and the parameters of PSO
b. Update the particle velocity based on (15), then the result of (15) is used by (17)
c. Update the particle position using (18).
d. Evaluation of the fitness function to update pi and pg
e. Compare each candidate of pg by the value of the fitness function in order to get the best value pg.
f. If the result of pg is not the best available value and return to step 2
g. Repeat the iterations until it achieved the limit to get the value of pg with the smallest fitness function or
the best value [17]. The fitness function or the best from (1) and (5) are the losses and the VSI.
2.6. Genetic Algorithm (GA)
The conventional GA is used to get minimal losses [7]. The standard procedure for applying GA, in
this case, is similar to conventional GA. However, the VSI calculation is added in this paper.
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The proposed reconfiguration method has been tested on the 33 buses system at 12.66 kV. This
system consists of five tie-switches which are set to normally open and 32 sectionalizer switches that
normally closed. Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the test system. The original system is simulated in
MATLAB by using the BIBC-BCBV method. Initially, the first opened switches of this system are switch-
33(s33), (s34), (s35), (s36), (s37). The initial power loss of this system is 202.6845 kW, while the minimum
voltage is 0.9131 pu, and the voltage stability condition of this system is at 0.20688. The minimum voltage
occurs at bus 33 because the furthest load is located on this bus. This result shows that the further the load is,
the lower the voltage due to the increased losses.
5. ISSN: 2302-9285
BEEI, Vol. 7, No. 4, December 2018 : 514 – 521
518
Figure 3. Schematic system 33 buses
The proposed reconfiguration method is BPSO. The parameters used in the simulation network are
20 populations, 5 dimensions, and 100 number of iterations. Figure 4 is the schematic diagram of the
reconfiguration system using BPSO. After reconfiguration, the simulation results are obtained in Figure 5.
The active and the reactive power losses calculated by using BIBC-BCBV method are 139.2168 kW and
102,0619 kVAR. The minimum voltage is 0.9378 pu which is occurred on bus 32. The percentage of power
loss reduction is 31.3136%. After the reconfiguration is processed, the voltage becomes better and the power
loss compared to the initial condition is decreased. Figure 5 shows that there are 7 buses which the voltages
are below 0.95 pu, as the minimum standard. Those buses are bus 17 to bus 18 and bus 29 to bus 33. This
condition indicates that most buses before the reconfiguration processed were already in under-voltage
condition and it has been fixed by reconfiguring the network. The quality of the electricity service to the
consumers is increased with the average voltage obtained in the simulation is 0.9652 pu. The corresponding
value of VSI for new configuration is 0.14999. Thus, the total voltage stability level of the 33-bus system in
01
02
Substation
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14 15
19
20
21
22
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
16 17 18
23
24
25
4
1
2
3
33
34
35
36
37
5
6. BEEI ISSN: 2302-9285
Distribution Network Reconfiguration Using Binary Particle Swarm Optimization to… (Aji Akbar Firdaus)
519
the condition after reconfiguration is closer to zero than the initial VSI value. The final VSI value in Table 1
indicates better system stability.
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the reconfiguration system using BPSO
Table 1. Schematic System 33 Buses before Reconfiguration and after Reconfiguration with BPSO
Scenario
Before reconfiguration Switch open 33, 34, 35, 36, 37
Ploss (kW) 202,6845
Minimum voltage (pu) 0,9131
L-index 0,20688
After reconfiguration Switch open 7, 9, 14, 32, 37
Ploss (kW) 139,2168
Minimum voltage (pu) 0,9378
Loss reduction (%) 31,3136
L-index 0,14999
01
02
Gardu
Induk
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14 15
19
20
21
22
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
16 17 18
23
24
25
33
34
35
36
37
7. ISSN: 2302-9285
BEEI, Vol. 7, No. 4, December 2018 : 514 – 521
520
Figure 5. Voltage on each bus before and after the reconfiguration with BPSO
To compare the performance of BPSO, all scenarios are simulated with GA and the results are
provided in Table 2. Reconfiguring a network using GA gives 146.4 kW of active power. The percentage of
that power loss reduction is 27.7695%. The minimum voltage on bus 33 is 0.937 pu. Figure 6 shows there are
6 buses below 0.95 pu. Those buses are bus 18, and bus 29 to bus 33. The average produced voltage of a
network reconfiguration with GA is 0.96657 pu. The results of VSI value is 0.1531. In Table 2, it is
confirmed that the performance of BPSO is better than GA in the terms of quality of the solutions in all
scenarios. The power losses from BPSO and GA are 139.2168 kW and 146.4 kW, respectively. The value of
VSI simulation results of BPSO and GA are 0.14999 and 0.1531.
Table 2. Comparison Schematic System 33 buses after the Reconfiguration with BPSO and after the
Reconfiguration with GA
Method Item After reconfiguration
BPSO Switch open 7, 9, 14, 32, 37
Ploss (kW) 139,2168
Minimum voltage (pu) 0,9378
Loss reduction (%) 31,3136
L-index 0,14999
GA Switch open 9, 28, 33, 34, 36
Ploss (kW) 146,4
Minimum voltage (pu) 0,9370
Loss reduction (%) 27,7695
L-index 0,1531
Figure. 6 The voltage profile each bus obtained from the calculation based on BPSO and GA
8. BEEI ISSN: 2302-9285
Distribution Network Reconfiguration Using Binary Particle Swarm Optimization to… (Aji Akbar Firdaus)
521
4. CONCLUSION
The reconfiguration process is successfully conducted by using BPSO, which provides lower power
losses and better VSI. The VSI value is closer to zero. The optimal reconfiguration is obtained when the
opening switches are (s7), (s9), (s14), (s32), (s37). The simulation results from BPSO give a better minimal
loss and VSI value than GA.
REFERENCES
[1] M.E. Baran and F. Wu, “Network reconfiguration in distribution system for loss reduction and load balancing”,
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, 1989, vol.4, no.2, pp. 1401-1407.
[2] Venkatesh et al, 2004. Optimal reconfiguration of radial distribution system to maximize loadability. IEEE Trans. on
Power System, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 260-266.
[3] Civanlar, S., Grainger, J.J., Yin, H., Lee, S.S.H.: „Distribution feeder reconfiguration for loss reduction‟, IEEE
Trans. Power Deliv., 1988, 3, (3), pp. 1217–1223.
[4] Baran, M.E., Wu, F.F.: „Network reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing‟,
IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1989, 4, (2), pp. 1401–1407.
[5] Gomes, F.V.: „A new distribution system reconfiguration approach using optimum power flow and sensitivity
analysis for loss reduction‟, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2006, 21, (4), pp. 1616–1623.
[6] Nara, K., Shiose, A., Kiagawa, M., Ishihara, T.: „Implementation of genetic algorithm for distribution system loss
minimum configuration‟, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 1992, 7, (3), pp. 1044–1051.
[7] Zhu, J.Z., “Optimal reconfiguration of electrical distribution network using the refined genetic algorithm”, Electr.
Power Syst. Res., 2002, 62, (1), pp. 37–42.
[8] Olimaei, J., Niknam, T., Gharehpetian, G.: “Application of particle swarm optimization for distribution feeder
reconfiguration considering distributed generator”, Appl. Math. Comput., 2008,201, (1-2), pp. 575-586.
[9] Mohammad Salehi Male, Adel Akbari Majd, Ramtin Rasouli Nezhad, “Optimal Determination of Size and Site of
DGs in Mesh System Using PSO”, Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (BEEI), Vol. 3, No. 2, June
2014, pp. 101~108.
[10] Ch.V.S.S. Sailaja, P.V.N. Prasad, “Reliabilty and Cost Benefit Analysis of DG Integrated Distribution System”,
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Vol. 5, No. 4, December 2016, pp. 383~389.
[11] Mohammad Reza Andervazh, Javad Olamaei, Mahmoud Reza Haghifam, “Adaptive multi-objective distribution
network reconfiguration using multi-objective discrete particles swarm optimisation algorithm and graph theory”,
IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2013, Vol. 7.
[12] Xiaoling Jin., Jianguo Zhao., Ying Sun., Kejun Li., Bqin Zhang., “Distribution Network Reconfiguration for Load
Balancing Using Binary Particle Swarm Optimization”, International Conference on Power System Technology-
POWERCON, November 2004.
[13] G. W. Chang, S. Y. Chu, ” An Improved Backward/Forward Sweep Load Flow Algorithm for Radial Distribution
Systems”, IEEE Transactions On Power Systems, Vol. 22, No. 2, May 2007.
[14] U. Eminoglu, M. H. Hocaoglu, “A Voltage Stability Index for Radial Distribution Networks”, UPEC 2007 – 408.
[15] Partha Kaya, Sayonsom Chanda, C. K. Chanda, “Determination of Voltage Stabilityin Distribution Network Using
ANN Technique”, International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics ‐ Vol. 4, No. 2, July 2012.
[16] Jen-Hao T, “A Direct Approach for Distribution System Load Flow Solutions”, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery,
2003, vol.18, no.3, pp. 882-887.
[17] J. Kennedy and R. Eberhart. Swarm Intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., San Francisco, CA, 2001.
[18] Kennedy, J.; Eberhart, R.C. “A discrete binary version of the particle swarm algorithm”, IEEE International
Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1997.
[19] Mojtaba Ahmadieh Khanesar., Mohammad Teshnehlab., Mahdi Aliyari Shoorehdeli., “A Novel Binary Particle
Swarm Optimization”, Proceedings of the 15th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, July 2007,
Athens-greece.
[20] Md. Imran Azim, Md. Fayzur Rahman, “Genetic Algorithm Based Reactive Power Management by SVC”,
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 2, April 2014, pp. 200~206.