Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increas- ingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Enhancement in Power Quality With Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy So...IJERA Editor
At present the Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid and shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
A CONTROL APPROACH FOR GRID INTERFACING INVERTER IN 3 PHASE 4 WIRE DISTRIBUT...IJMER
With the increase in load demand, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are
increasingly connected in the distribution systems which utilizes power electronic
Converters/Inverters. Nowadays, 3-phase 4-wire distribution power system has been widely used in
residential and office buildings, manufacturing facilities, schools etc This paper presents a novel
control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from the grid-interfacing inverters when installed in
3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject
power to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or
simultaneously. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink
simulation studies
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power Quality Improvement at Distribution Level for Grid Connected Renewable ...IJERA Editor
The non-linear load current harmonics may result in voltage harmonics and can create a serious PQ problem in
the power system network. Active power filters (APF) are extensively used to compensate the load current
harmonics and load unbalance at distribution level. This results in an additional hardware cost. However, in this
project it has incorporated the features of APF in the conventional inverter interfacing renewable with the grid,
without any additional hardware cost. Here, the main idea is the maximum utilization of inverter rating which is
most of the time underutilized due to intermittent nature of RES. The grid-interfacing inverter can effectively be
utilized to perform the four important functions they are to transfer active power harvested from the renewable
resources (wind, solar, etc.), load reactive power demand support, current harmonics compensation at PCC and
current unbalance and neutral current compensation in case of 3-phase 4-wire system. Moreover, with adequate
control of grid-interfacing inverter, all the four objectives can be accomplished either individually or
simultaneously. The PQ constraints at the PCC can therefore be strictly maintained within the utility standards
without additional hardware cost.
With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear
unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies
A NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING ANN TECHNIQUE FO...IJERD Editor
The proposed system presents power-control strategies of a Micro grid-connected hybrid generation
system with versatile power transfer. This hybrid system allows maximum utilization of freely available
renewable energy sources like wind and photovoltaic energies. For this, an adaptive MPPT algorithm along with
standard perturbs and observes method will be used for the system.
The inverter converts the DC output from non-conventional energy into useful AC power for the
connected load. This hybrid system operates under normal conditions which include normal room temperature
in the case of solar energy and normal wind speed at plain area in the case of wind energy. However, designing
an optimal micro grid is not an easy task, due to the fact that primary energy carriers are changeable and
uncontrollable, as is the demand. Traditional design and optimization tools, developed for controlled power
sources, cannot be employed here. Simulation methods seem to be the best solution.
The dynamic model of the proposed system is first elaborated in the stationary reference frame and
then transformed into the synchronous orthogonal reference frame. The transformed variables are used in
control of the voltage source converter as the heart of the interfacing system between DG resources and utility
grid. By setting an appropriate compensation current references from the sensed load currents in control circuit
loop of DG, the active, reactive, and harmonic load current components will be compensated with fast dynamic
response, thereby achieving sinusoidal grid currents in phase with load voltages, while required power of the
load is more than the maximum injected power of the DG to the grid. In addition, the proposed control method
of this paper does not need a phase-locked loop in control circuit and has fast dynamic response in providing
active and reactive power components of the grid-connected loads.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Enhancement in Power Quality With Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy So...IJERA Editor
At present the Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid and shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
A CONTROL APPROACH FOR GRID INTERFACING INVERTER IN 3 PHASE 4 WIRE DISTRIBUT...IJMER
With the increase in load demand, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are
increasingly connected in the distribution systems which utilizes power electronic
Converters/Inverters. Nowadays, 3-phase 4-wire distribution power system has been widely used in
residential and office buildings, manufacturing facilities, schools etc This paper presents a novel
control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from the grid-interfacing inverters when installed in
3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject
power to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or
simultaneously. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink
simulation studies
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Power Quality Improvement at Distribution Level for Grid Connected Renewable ...IJERA Editor
The non-linear load current harmonics may result in voltage harmonics and can create a serious PQ problem in
the power system network. Active power filters (APF) are extensively used to compensate the load current
harmonics and load unbalance at distribution level. This results in an additional hardware cost. However, in this
project it has incorporated the features of APF in the conventional inverter interfacing renewable with the grid,
without any additional hardware cost. Here, the main idea is the maximum utilization of inverter rating which is
most of the time underutilized due to intermittent nature of RES. The grid-interfacing inverter can effectively be
utilized to perform the four important functions they are to transfer active power harvested from the renewable
resources (wind, solar, etc.), load reactive power demand support, current harmonics compensation at PCC and
current unbalance and neutral current compensation in case of 3-phase 4-wire system. Moreover, with adequate
control of grid-interfacing inverter, all the four objectives can be accomplished either individually or
simultaneously. The PQ constraints at the PCC can therefore be strictly maintained within the utility standards
without additional hardware cost.
With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear
unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies
A NOVEL CONTROL STRATEGY FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING ANN TECHNIQUE FO...IJERD Editor
The proposed system presents power-control strategies of a Micro grid-connected hybrid generation
system with versatile power transfer. This hybrid system allows maximum utilization of freely available
renewable energy sources like wind and photovoltaic energies. For this, an adaptive MPPT algorithm along with
standard perturbs and observes method will be used for the system.
The inverter converts the DC output from non-conventional energy into useful AC power for the
connected load. This hybrid system operates under normal conditions which include normal room temperature
in the case of solar energy and normal wind speed at plain area in the case of wind energy. However, designing
an optimal micro grid is not an easy task, due to the fact that primary energy carriers are changeable and
uncontrollable, as is the demand. Traditional design and optimization tools, developed for controlled power
sources, cannot be employed here. Simulation methods seem to be the best solution.
The dynamic model of the proposed system is first elaborated in the stationary reference frame and
then transformed into the synchronous orthogonal reference frame. The transformed variables are used in
control of the voltage source converter as the heart of the interfacing system between DG resources and utility
grid. By setting an appropriate compensation current references from the sensed load currents in control circuit
loop of DG, the active, reactive, and harmonic load current components will be compensated with fast dynamic
response, thereby achieving sinusoidal grid currents in phase with load voltages, while required power of the
load is more than the maximum injected power of the DG to the grid. In addition, the proposed control method
of this paper does not need a phase-locked loop in control circuit and has fast dynamic response in providing
active and reactive power components of the grid-connected loads.
Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV SystemYogeshIJTSRD
In today’s scenario, renewable energy based applications are increasing due to the global warming issue and increase in the prices of fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources RES like sun, biomass, air, water etc. are environmental friendly and have plenty of potential that can be utilized in power generation. However, RES have a problem of intermittent in nature that can be conquered presently by combining RES known as hybrid system that can provide the reliable, economic and environment friendly electricity. The increased penetration of grid connected renewable energy sources has an impact on the grid power quality in particular weak grids. Voltage fluctuation, frequency fluctuation and harmonics are major power quality issues. Muhammad Shahid | MD Ejaz Ali "Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43761.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43761/modeling-and-simulation-of-grid-connected-pv-system/muhammad-shahid
The use of a new control method for grid-connected inverters for reducing the output current harmonic distortion in a wide range of grid-connected distributed generation (DG) applications, including wind turbine (WT) and fuel cell (FC) inverters is proposed in this paper. The control method designed to eliminate main harmonics in a microgrid (MG) and between MG and point of common coupling (PCC) and responsible for the correction of the system unbalance. Another advantage of the proposed control method is that it can be easily adopted into the DG control system without the installation of extra hardware. The proposed control method is comprised of the synchronous reference frame method (SRF). Results from the proposed control method are provided to show the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Optimal Siting And Sizing Of Distributed Generation For Radial Distribution S...inventy
Research Inventy provides an outlet for research findings and reviews in areas of Engineering, Computer Science found to be relevant for national and international development, Research Inventy is an open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to Engineering. In its publications, to stimulate new research ideas and foster practical application from the research findings. The journal publishes original research of such high quality as to attract contributions from the relevant local and international communities.
Application of PI controller based active filter for harmonic mitigation of g...journalBEEI
The recent trends show the interconnection of PV system with electric grid. With this configuration the issue of harmonics comes into existence. The mounting figure of power-electronic instruments has formed considerable impression on the power-quality of electric supply. Harmonics deformations have conventionally been handled amid the application of passive-LC filters. Active Filter has emerged as a good substitute for passive filters to reduce the harmonics to great extent as it has numerous benefits over the former filters. The active filter’s most vital part is the applied control strategies. Several researches are being under process to advance the functioning of the filter. One of the important control requirements of filter is the regulation of DC link up capacitor voltage. Here the voltage supervision of capacitor is being done using PI controller. The paper show current harmonics compensation of PV grid connected system using PI controller based active filter. Simulation outcomes have been shown which displays the harmonics are within the IEEE boundaries.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This paper presents the design and analysis of a relatively new wireless power transfer technique using capacitive coupling, named Capacitive power transfer (CPT). In general, CPT system has been introduced as an attractive alternative to the former inductive coupling method. This is because CPT uses lesser number of components, simpler topology, enhanced EMI performance and better strength to surrounding metallic elements. In this work, aluminium sheet is used as a capacitive coupling at transmitter and receiver side. Moreover, a Class-E resonant inverter together with π1a impedance matching network has been proposed because of its ability to perform the dc-to-ac inversion well. It helps the CPT system to achieve maximum power transfer. The CPT system is designed and simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The validity of the proposed concept is then verified by conducting a laboratory experimental of CPT system. The proposed system able to generate a 9.5W output power through a combined interface capacitance of 2.44nF, at an operating frequency of 1MHz, with 95.10% efficiency. The proposed CPT system with impedance matching network also allows load variation in the range of 20% from its nominal value while maintaining the efficiency over 90%.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Single core configurations of saturated core fault current limiter performanc...IJECEIAES
Economic growth with industrialization and urbanization lead to an extensive increase in power demand. It forced the utilities to add power generating facilities to cause the necessary demand-generation balance. The bulk power generating stations, mostly interconnected, with the penetration of distributed generation result in an enormous rise in the fault level of power networks. It necessitates for electrical utilities to control the fault current so that the existing switchgear can continue its services without upgradation or replacement for reliable supply. The deployment of fault current limiter (FCL) at the distribution and transmission networks has been under investigation as a potential solution to the problem. A saturated core fault current limiter (SCFCL) technology is a smart, scalable, efficient, reliable, and commercially viable option to manage fault levels in existing and future MV/HV supply systems. This paper presents the comparative performance analysis of two single-core SCFCL topologies impressed with different core saturations. It has demonstrated that the single AC winding configuration needs more bias power for affecting the same current limiting performance with an acceptable steady-state voltage drop contribution. The fault state impedance has a transient nature, and the optimum bias selection is a critical design parameter in realizing the SCFCL applications.
Techno Economic Analysis of HVDC Links for Inter State InterconnectionYogeshIJTSRD
The design of an interregional high voltage transmission system in the US is a revolutionary technological concept that will likely play a significant role in the planning and operation of future electric power systems. This paper presents techno economics analysis of HVDC link for interstate inter connected system. there are two type transmission system used for large power supply to long distance transmission 1 HVDC high voltage dc transmission system 2 HVAC high voltage ac transmission system in which HVDC is preferable due less power loss in transmissions but it need high installing charge at the starting moment. It need two type of installation block 1 rectifier block at the sending end 2 inverter block at receiving end these both block deal with high reactive VAR. In this paper we are going to analyze technology of HVDC installation, there control, how HVDC link deal with reactive VAR reactive power compensation , how its economical if it need high installing charge .In this paper we are using 2500 MVA, 230 volt, 60 grid after rectifying power transmitted to 100 km by 100 km cable then it invert at receiving end for distribution. Here we are calculating reactive power demand for both inverter and converter both, we comparing HVDC transmutation system with HVAC transmission system economically we also coverings the environmental advantages for HVDC system. My focus in this paper is, how to minimize installing charge of HVDC link, how to increase power carrying capacity of HVDC system and how to make it environment friendly. Muhammad Shahid | MD Asif "Techno-Economic Analysis of HVDC Links for Inter-State Interconnection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43760.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43760/technoeconomic-analysis-of-hvdc-links-for-interstate-interconnection/muhammad-shahid
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level Wi...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters.
This project presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems.
The inverter can thus be utilized as:
1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid &
2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current.
Optimal placement of distributed power flow controller for loss reduction usi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to reduce power loss and improve the voltage profiles in an electrical system in optimal manner. The flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device such as Distributed power flow controller (DPFC) can strongly improve the different parameters in a power system. DPFC can be used to reduce line losses and increase voltage profiles. The optimized allocation of FACTS devices is an important issue, so the Voltage stability index (L-index) has been used in order to place UPFC in power system. The advantage of the L-index is to accelerate the optimization process. After placing the DPFC, Firefly optimization method is used for finding the rating of DPFC. The results obtained using Firefly optimization method is compared with Genetic Algorithm. To show the validity of the proposed techniques and for comparison purposes, simulation carried out on an IEEE- 14 Bus and IEEE- 30 Bus test system for different loading conditions.
Keywords: Distributed power flow controllers (DPFC), Optimized Placement, Voltage stability index (L-index), Firefly optimization method, Genetic algorithm.
Power system operation considering detailed modelling of the natural gas supp...IJECEIAES
The energy transition from fossil-fuel generators to renewable energies represents a paramount challenge. This is mainly due to the uncertainty and unpredictability associated with renewable resources. A greater flexibility is requested for power system operation to fulfill demand requirements considering security and economic restrictions. In particular, the use of gas-fired generators has increased to enhance system flexibility in response to the integration of renewable energy sources. This paper provides a comprehensive formulation for modeling a natural gas supply network to provide gas for thermal generators, considering the use of wind power sources for the operation of the electrical system over a 24-hour period. The results indicate the requirements of gas with different wind power level of integration. The model is evaluated on a network of 20 NG nodes and on a 24-bus IEEE RTS system with various operative settings during a 24-hour period.
Various demand side management techniques and its role in smart grid–the stat...IJECEIAES
The current lifestyle of humanity relies heavily on energy consumption, thusrendering it an inevitable need. An ever-increasing demand for energy hasresulted from the increasing population. Most of this demand is met by thetraditional sources that continuously deplete and raise significantenvironmental issues. The existing power structure of developing nations isaging, unstable, and unfeasible, further prolonging the problem. The existingelectricity grid is unstable, vulnerable to blackouts and disruption, has hightransmission losses, low quality of power, insufficient electricity supply, anddiscourages distributed energy sources from being incorporated. Mitigatingthese problems requires a complete redesign of the system of powerdistribution. The modernization of the electric grid, i.e., the smart grid, is anemerging combination of different technologies designed to bring about theelectrical power grid that is changing dramatically. Demand sidemanagement (DSM) allow customers to be more involved in contributors tothe power systems to achieve system goals by scheduling their shiftableload. Effective DSM systems require the participation of customers in thesystem that can be done in a fair system. This paper focuses primarily ontechniques of DSM and demand responses (DR), including schedulingapproaches and strategies for optimal savings.
Distributed Generation Sources are becoming an inseparable part of modern electrical grids. Finding the control strategies which can help them to be as much as possibly beneficial for the grid has been a big concern among the researchers. In this work, a PQ controller for connecting A DC source simulates the effect of a Distributed Generation to the grid based on the decoupling of Active and Reactive powers has been proposed. The Simulation results which have been in the MATLAB/Simulink environment show the effectiveness of this control technique for injecting the defined value of active and reactive power to the grid.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level Wi...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly
connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic
converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for
achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters
when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter
is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating
active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be
utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from
RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance,
load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished
either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the
combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire
linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling
appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation
studies and validated through digital signal processor-based
laboratory experimental results.
Index Terms—Active power filter
Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV SystemYogeshIJTSRD
In today’s scenario, renewable energy based applications are increasing due to the global warming issue and increase in the prices of fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources RES like sun, biomass, air, water etc. are environmental friendly and have plenty of potential that can be utilized in power generation. However, RES have a problem of intermittent in nature that can be conquered presently by combining RES known as hybrid system that can provide the reliable, economic and environment friendly electricity. The increased penetration of grid connected renewable energy sources has an impact on the grid power quality in particular weak grids. Voltage fluctuation, frequency fluctuation and harmonics are major power quality issues. Muhammad Shahid | MD Ejaz Ali "Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43761.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43761/modeling-and-simulation-of-grid-connected-pv-system/muhammad-shahid
The use of a new control method for grid-connected inverters for reducing the output current harmonic distortion in a wide range of grid-connected distributed generation (DG) applications, including wind turbine (WT) and fuel cell (FC) inverters is proposed in this paper. The control method designed to eliminate main harmonics in a microgrid (MG) and between MG and point of common coupling (PCC) and responsible for the correction of the system unbalance. Another advantage of the proposed control method is that it can be easily adopted into the DG control system without the installation of extra hardware. The proposed control method is comprised of the synchronous reference frame method (SRF). Results from the proposed control method are provided to show the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Optimal Siting And Sizing Of Distributed Generation For Radial Distribution S...inventy
Research Inventy provides an outlet for research findings and reviews in areas of Engineering, Computer Science found to be relevant for national and international development, Research Inventy is an open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to Engineering. In its publications, to stimulate new research ideas and foster practical application from the research findings. The journal publishes original research of such high quality as to attract contributions from the relevant local and international communities.
Application of PI controller based active filter for harmonic mitigation of g...journalBEEI
The recent trends show the interconnection of PV system with electric grid. With this configuration the issue of harmonics comes into existence. The mounting figure of power-electronic instruments has formed considerable impression on the power-quality of electric supply. Harmonics deformations have conventionally been handled amid the application of passive-LC filters. Active Filter has emerged as a good substitute for passive filters to reduce the harmonics to great extent as it has numerous benefits over the former filters. The active filter’s most vital part is the applied control strategies. Several researches are being under process to advance the functioning of the filter. One of the important control requirements of filter is the regulation of DC link up capacitor voltage. Here the voltage supervision of capacitor is being done using PI controller. The paper show current harmonics compensation of PV grid connected system using PI controller based active filter. Simulation outcomes have been shown which displays the harmonics are within the IEEE boundaries.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This paper presents the design and analysis of a relatively new wireless power transfer technique using capacitive coupling, named Capacitive power transfer (CPT). In general, CPT system has been introduced as an attractive alternative to the former inductive coupling method. This is because CPT uses lesser number of components, simpler topology, enhanced EMI performance and better strength to surrounding metallic elements. In this work, aluminium sheet is used as a capacitive coupling at transmitter and receiver side. Moreover, a Class-E resonant inverter together with π1a impedance matching network has been proposed because of its ability to perform the dc-to-ac inversion well. It helps the CPT system to achieve maximum power transfer. The CPT system is designed and simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The validity of the proposed concept is then verified by conducting a laboratory experimental of CPT system. The proposed system able to generate a 9.5W output power through a combined interface capacitance of 2.44nF, at an operating frequency of 1MHz, with 95.10% efficiency. The proposed CPT system with impedance matching network also allows load variation in the range of 20% from its nominal value while maintaining the efficiency over 90%.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Single core configurations of saturated core fault current limiter performanc...IJECEIAES
Economic growth with industrialization and urbanization lead to an extensive increase in power demand. It forced the utilities to add power generating facilities to cause the necessary demand-generation balance. The bulk power generating stations, mostly interconnected, with the penetration of distributed generation result in an enormous rise in the fault level of power networks. It necessitates for electrical utilities to control the fault current so that the existing switchgear can continue its services without upgradation or replacement for reliable supply. The deployment of fault current limiter (FCL) at the distribution and transmission networks has been under investigation as a potential solution to the problem. A saturated core fault current limiter (SCFCL) technology is a smart, scalable, efficient, reliable, and commercially viable option to manage fault levels in existing and future MV/HV supply systems. This paper presents the comparative performance analysis of two single-core SCFCL topologies impressed with different core saturations. It has demonstrated that the single AC winding configuration needs more bias power for affecting the same current limiting performance with an acceptable steady-state voltage drop contribution. The fault state impedance has a transient nature, and the optimum bias selection is a critical design parameter in realizing the SCFCL applications.
Techno Economic Analysis of HVDC Links for Inter State InterconnectionYogeshIJTSRD
The design of an interregional high voltage transmission system in the US is a revolutionary technological concept that will likely play a significant role in the planning and operation of future electric power systems. This paper presents techno economics analysis of HVDC link for interstate inter connected system. there are two type transmission system used for large power supply to long distance transmission 1 HVDC high voltage dc transmission system 2 HVAC high voltage ac transmission system in which HVDC is preferable due less power loss in transmissions but it need high installing charge at the starting moment. It need two type of installation block 1 rectifier block at the sending end 2 inverter block at receiving end these both block deal with high reactive VAR. In this paper we are going to analyze technology of HVDC installation, there control, how HVDC link deal with reactive VAR reactive power compensation , how its economical if it need high installing charge .In this paper we are using 2500 MVA, 230 volt, 60 grid after rectifying power transmitted to 100 km by 100 km cable then it invert at receiving end for distribution. Here we are calculating reactive power demand for both inverter and converter both, we comparing HVDC transmutation system with HVAC transmission system economically we also coverings the environmental advantages for HVDC system. My focus in this paper is, how to minimize installing charge of HVDC link, how to increase power carrying capacity of HVDC system and how to make it environment friendly. Muhammad Shahid | MD Asif "Techno-Economic Analysis of HVDC Links for Inter-State Interconnection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43760.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43760/technoeconomic-analysis-of-hvdc-links-for-interstate-interconnection/muhammad-shahid
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level Wi...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters.
This project presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems.
The inverter can thus be utilized as:
1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid &
2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current.
Optimal placement of distributed power flow controller for loss reduction usi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to reduce power loss and improve the voltage profiles in an electrical system in optimal manner. The flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device such as Distributed power flow controller (DPFC) can strongly improve the different parameters in a power system. DPFC can be used to reduce line losses and increase voltage profiles. The optimized allocation of FACTS devices is an important issue, so the Voltage stability index (L-index) has been used in order to place UPFC in power system. The advantage of the L-index is to accelerate the optimization process. After placing the DPFC, Firefly optimization method is used for finding the rating of DPFC. The results obtained using Firefly optimization method is compared with Genetic Algorithm. To show the validity of the proposed techniques and for comparison purposes, simulation carried out on an IEEE- 14 Bus and IEEE- 30 Bus test system for different loading conditions.
Keywords: Distributed power flow controllers (DPFC), Optimized Placement, Voltage stability index (L-index), Firefly optimization method, Genetic algorithm.
Power system operation considering detailed modelling of the natural gas supp...IJECEIAES
The energy transition from fossil-fuel generators to renewable energies represents a paramount challenge. This is mainly due to the uncertainty and unpredictability associated with renewable resources. A greater flexibility is requested for power system operation to fulfill demand requirements considering security and economic restrictions. In particular, the use of gas-fired generators has increased to enhance system flexibility in response to the integration of renewable energy sources. This paper provides a comprehensive formulation for modeling a natural gas supply network to provide gas for thermal generators, considering the use of wind power sources for the operation of the electrical system over a 24-hour period. The results indicate the requirements of gas with different wind power level of integration. The model is evaluated on a network of 20 NG nodes and on a 24-bus IEEE RTS system with various operative settings during a 24-hour period.
Various demand side management techniques and its role in smart grid–the stat...IJECEIAES
The current lifestyle of humanity relies heavily on energy consumption, thusrendering it an inevitable need. An ever-increasing demand for energy hasresulted from the increasing population. Most of this demand is met by thetraditional sources that continuously deplete and raise significantenvironmental issues. The existing power structure of developing nations isaging, unstable, and unfeasible, further prolonging the problem. The existingelectricity grid is unstable, vulnerable to blackouts and disruption, has hightransmission losses, low quality of power, insufficient electricity supply, anddiscourages distributed energy sources from being incorporated. Mitigatingthese problems requires a complete redesign of the system of powerdistribution. The modernization of the electric grid, i.e., the smart grid, is anemerging combination of different technologies designed to bring about theelectrical power grid that is changing dramatically. Demand sidemanagement (DSM) allow customers to be more involved in contributors tothe power systems to achieve system goals by scheduling their shiftableload. Effective DSM systems require the participation of customers in thesystem that can be done in a fair system. This paper focuses primarily ontechniques of DSM and demand responses (DR), including schedulingapproaches and strategies for optimal savings.
Distributed Generation Sources are becoming an inseparable part of modern electrical grids. Finding the control strategies which can help them to be as much as possibly beneficial for the grid has been a big concern among the researchers. In this work, a PQ controller for connecting A DC source simulates the effect of a Distributed Generation to the grid based on the decoupling of Active and Reactive powers has been proposed. The Simulation results which have been in the MATLAB/Simulink environment show the effectiveness of this control technique for injecting the defined value of active and reactive power to the grid.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Level Wi...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly
connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic
converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for
achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters
when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter
is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating
active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be
utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from
RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance,
load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished
either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the
combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire
linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling
appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation
studies and validated through digital signal processor-based
laboratory experimental results.
Index Terms—Active power filter
Power Quality Improvement of Grid Interconnection of renewable Energy Based D...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a grid interfacing inverter which compensates power quality problems and also interface Renewable Energy Sources with the help of electric grid. Renewable Energy Sources are being increasingly connected in distribution system utilizing power electronic converters. Grid interfacing inverter can be used: 1) To improve the transfer of active power harvested from RES; 2) To meet load reactive power demand support ; 3) To reduce current harmonics by incorporating the current harmonic compensator at point of common coupling(PCC) ; 4) current unbalance and neutral current compensation in case of 3-phase 4-wire system. The fuzzy logic can be used in many applications especially, when the process/models are complex to analyse by using classical methods. Mainly fuzzy logic controller is used to control DC capacitor voltage. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK to verify the performance of the controller. The output shows the controller has fast dynamic response high accuracy of tracking DC voltage reference and robust to load parameters variations.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
A Novel Technique for Enhancing Active and Reactive Power Quality for Renewab...IJMER
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and results.
Power-Quality Improvement Features In Grid Interconnection of Wind Energy Sou...AM Publications
The increased power demand, the depletion of the fossil fuel resources and the growth of the environmental pollution has led
the world to think seriously of other alternative sources of energy. So renewable energy resources (RES) are being connected to the
distribution systems, mostly done by using power electronic converters. A new control strategy for achieving maximum advantage from
these grid-interfacing inverters which are when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems is given in this paper. With the inverter
control, the inverter can be used as a multi-function device, which includes the function of: 1) power converter to inject power generated
from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and
load neutral current. These functions of the inverter can be done either individually or simultaneously. The proposed inverter with the
control when connected, helps the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appear as balanced
linear load to the grid. With MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies, the proposed control technique is demonstrated and evaluated here.
Design & Simulation of Energy Storage Unified Power Quality Conditioner (EUPQ...IJERA Editor
Rapid consumption of energy from conventional sources can be limited by connecting more no. of distributed generation systems with the support of smart grid technology. But the impact of variation in DG power out putted may lead to power quality problems in the distributed system in which it is connected. In addition to this power system faults, non- linear loads and non-linear characteristics of converter circuits used in DG s further deteriorate quality of the power. Implementation of UPQC in the network itself solves the problems addressed but crowding of more no of DG in the network will suppress the effect of UPQC. However energy storage system integration can suppress the large power fluctuations outputted by DGs. In this paper energy storage based unified power quality conditioner (EUPQC) has been implemented using fuggy logic controller. For energy storage ultra (Super) capacitor has been used for fast rate of charging and discharging. The performance of the implemented UPQC with fuggy logic controller is compared with PI controller with the MATLAB simulation.
This paper deals with controlling a grid-connected dual-active bridge multilevel inverter for renewable energy integration. The concept of direct power control is integrated with model predictive control algorithm, which is termed as predictive direct power control, to control the real and reactive power injected into the power grid. The proposed multilevel inverter allows more options of feasible voltage vectors for switching vector selections in order to generate multilevel outputs, and thereby obtaining high power quality in the power grid. By using the predictive direct power control, simulation results show that the proposed multilevel inverter produces lower power ripple and manage to achieve currents with low total harmonic distortion which are well within the IEEE standard. The modeling and simulation of the system are implemented and validated by MATLAB Simulink software.
Improvement of Power Quality using Fuzzy Logic Controller in Grid Connected P...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, the design of combined operation of UPQC and PV-ARRAY is designed. The proposed system is composed of series and shunt inverters connected back to back by a dc-link to which pv-array is connected. This system is able to compensate voltage and current related problems both in inter-connected mode and islanding mode by injecting active power to grid. The fundamental aspect is that the power electronic devices (PE) and sensitive equipments (SE) are normally designed to work in non-polluted power system, so they would suffer from malfunctions when supply voltage is not pure sinusoidal. Thus this proposed operating strategy with flexible operation mode improves the power quality of the grid system combining photovoltaic array with a control of unified power quality conditioner. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is used in both three phase four leg inverters. A Proportional Integral (PI) and Fuzzy Logic Controllers are used for power quality improvement by reducing the distortions in the output power. The simulated results were compared among the two controller’s strategies With pi controller and fuzzy logic controller
Grid Connected PV System with Power Quality Improvement Using Intelligent Con...IJMTST Journal
The depletion of the fossil fuel resources and the global warming effects has led the world to think
seriously of other alternative sources of energy. So renewable energy resources (RES) are being connected to
the distribution systems, mostly done by using power electronic converters. But use of power electronic
converters and non-linear loads like at distribution level injects harmonics, which intern cause power quality
problems. Distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) is very popular in compensating power problems for
nonlinear and unbalanced loads. Any change in the load affects the DC-link voltage (DCLV) directly.
Conventionally, a PI controller is used to maintain the DCLV to the reference value, but its transient response
is poor. So, fuzzy logic controller is proposed which shows better dynamic response. To trigger inverter HCC
is used. The proposed inverter with the control when connected to wind energy, helps the 3-phase 4-wire
linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appear as balanced linear load to the grid.
With MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies, the proposed control technique is demonstrated and evaluated
here.
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
A Technique for Shunt Active Filter meld micro grid SystemIJERA Editor
The proposed system presents a control technique for a micro grid connected hybrid generation system ith case study interfaced with a three phase shunt active filter to suppress the current harmonics and reactive power present in the load using PQ Theory with ANN controller. This Hybrid Micro Grid is developed using freely renewable energy resources like Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) and Wind Energy (WE). To extract the maximum available power from PV panels and wind turbines, Maximum power point Tracker (MPPT) has been included. This MPPT uses the “Standard Perturbs and Observe” technique. By using PQ Theory with ANN Controller, the Reference currents are generated which are to be injected by Shunt active power filter (SAPF)to compensate the current harmonics in the non linear load. Simulation studies shows that the proposed control technique performs non-linear load current harmonic compensation maintaining the load current in phase with the source voltage.
Grid reactive voltage regulation and cost optimization for electric vehicle p...nooriasukmaningtyas
Expecting large electric vehicle (EV) usage in the future due to environmental issues, state subsidies, and incentives, the impact of EV charging on the power grid is required to be closely analyzed and studied for power quality, stability, and planning of infrastructure. When a large number of energy storage batteries are connected to the grid as a capacitive load the power factor of the power grid is inevitably reduced, causing power losses and voltage instability. In this work large-scale 18K EV charging model is implemented on IEEE 33 network. Optimization methods are described to search for the location of nodes that are affected most due to EV charging in terms of power losses and voltage instability of the network. Followed by optimized reactive power injection magnitude and time duration of reactive power at the identified nodes. It is shown that power losses are reduced and voltage stability is improved in the grid, which also complements the reduction in EV charging cost. The result will be useful for EV charging stations infrastructure planning, grid stabilization, and reducing EV charging costs.
This paper presents the control for Shunt Active Power (SAPF) filter in photovoltaic (PV) systems connected to the grid. The proposed configuration of the system consists of a photovoltaic array that connected to the grid through the three-phase inverter topology that also serves as an active filter. Photovoltaic is coupled in parallel with the direct curret (DC) side of the active filter. With this configuration, can be obtained three advantages, namely the elimination of harmonic currents caused by nonlinear load, reactive power injection, and injection of active power generated photovoltaic. The p-q Theory is used to calculate the harmonic reference current to be used to control the active filter coupled fotovoltaic in generating anti-harmonic currents. The results show that system can reduce harmonic distortion from THD 27.22% to be THD 1.05%, whereas when the active power from photovoltaic injected, the THD become 2.01%. Power sharing can also be seen from this study.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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A Novel control of a Grid-Interfacing Inverter to Improve the Quality of Power at PCC for a 3-Phase 4-wire DG System
1. V. Vijaya Lakshmi.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 5, ( Part -4) May 2017, pp.49-59
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0705044959 49 | P a g e
A Novel control of a Grid-Interfacing Inverter to Improve the
Quality of Power at PCC for a 3-Phase 4-wire DG System
V. Vijaya Lakshmi 1
, N.V. Vinay Kumar 2
, G.N.S. Vaibhav 3
.
1.
PG Scholar [EPS], Dept. of EEE, PVKKIT, A.P, India. (Email: vijaya.lucky1@gmail.com)
2.
Guide, Assistant professor, Dept. of EEE, PVKKIT, A.P, India. (Email: vinny255nanda@gmail.com)
3
. HOD, Dept. of EEE, PVKKIT, A.P, India. (Email: vaibhavnaidu.naidh@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT:
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increas- ingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power
electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these
grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to
perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be
utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate
current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these
functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of
grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling
appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive
MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory
experimental results.
Index Terms: Active power filter (APF), distributed generation (DG), distribution system, grid interconnection,
power quality (PQ), renewable energy.
I. INTRODUCTION
ELECTRIC utilities and end users of
electric power are becoming increasingly concerned
about meeting the growing energy demand. Seventy
five percent of total global energy demand is
supplied by the burning of fossil fuels. But
increasing air pollution, global warming concerns,
diminishing fossil fuels and their increasing cost
have made it necessary to look towards renewable
sources as a future energy solution. Since the past
decade, there has been an enormous interest in many
countries on renewable energy for power generation.
The market liberalization and government’s
incentives have further accelerated the renewable
energy sector growth. Renewable energy source
(RES) integrated at distribution level is termed as
distributed generation (DG). The utility is concerned
due to the high penetration level of intermittent RES
in distribution systems as it may pose a threat to
network in terms of stability, voltage regulation and
power-quality (PQ) issues. Therefore, the DG
systems are required to comply with strict technical
and regulatory frameworks to ensure safe, reliable
and efficient operation of overall network.
With the advancement in power electronics
and digital control technology, the DG systems can
now be actively controlled to enhance the system
operation with improved PQ at PCC. However, the
extensive use of power electronics based equipment
and non-linear loads at PCC generate harmonic
currents, which may deteriorate the quality of power
[1], [2].
Generally, current controlled voltage source
inverters are used to interface the intermittent RES
in distributed system. Recently, a few control
strategies for grid connected inverters incorporating
PQ solution have been proposed. In [3] an inverter
operates as active inductor at a certain frequency to
absorb the harmonic current. But the exact
calculation of network inductance in real-time is
difficult and may deteriorate the control
performance. A similar approach in which a shunt
active filter acts as active conductance to damp out
the harmonics in distribution network is proposed
in [4]. In [5], a control strategy for renewable
interfacing inverter based on p-q theory is proposed.
In this strategy both load and inverter current
sensing is required to compensate the load current
harmonics.
The non-linear load current harmonics may
result in voltage harmonics and can create a serious
PQ problem in the power system network. Active
power filters (APF) are extensively used to
compensate the load current harmonics and load
unbalance at distribution level. This results in an
additional hardware cost. However, in this paper
authors have incorporated the features of APF in the,
conventional inverter interfacing renewable with the
grid, without any additional hardware cost. Here, the
main idea is the maximum utilization of inverter
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. V. Vijaya Lakshmi.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 5, ( Part -4) May 2017, pp.49-59
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0705044959 50 | P a g e
rating which is most of the time underutilized due to
intermittent nature of RES. It is shown in this paper
that the grid-interfacing inverter can effectively be
utilized to perform following important functions: 1)
transfer of active power harvested from the
renewable resources (wind, solar, etc.); 2) load
reactive power demand support; 3) current
harmonics compensation at PCC; and 4) current
unbalance and neutral current compensation in case
of 3-phase 4-wire system. Moreover, with adequate
control of grid-interfacing inverter, all the four
objectives can be accomplished either individually
or simultaneously. The PQ constraints at the PCC
can therefore be strictly maintained within the utility
standards without additional hardware cost.
Fig. 1. Schematic of proposed renewable based distributed generation system.
The paper is arranged as follows: Section II
describes the system under consideration and the
controller for grid-in-terfacing inverter. A digital
simulation study is presented in Section III.
Extensive experimental results are discussed in
Section IV and, finally, Section V concludes the
paper.
II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The proposed system consists of RES
connected to the dc-link of a grid-interfacing
inverter as shown in Fig. 1. The voltage source
inverter is a key element of a DG system as it
interfaces the renewable energy source to the grid
and delivers the generated power. The RES may be a
DC source or an AC source with rectifier coupled to
dc-link. Usually, the fuel cell and photovoltaic
energy sources generate power at variable low dc
voltage, while the variable speed wind turbines
generate power at variable ac voltage. Thus, the
power generated from these renewable sources needs
power conditioning (i.e., dc/dc or ac/dc) before
connecting on dc-link [6]–[8]. The dc-capacitor
decouples the RES from grid and also allows
independent control of converters on either side of
dc-link.
A. DC-Link Voltage and Power Control Operation
Due to the intermittent nature of RES, the
generated power is of variable nature. The dc-link
plays an important role in trans-ferring this variable
power from renewable energy source to the grid.
RES are represented as current sources connected to
the dc-link of a grid-interfacing inverter. Fig. 2
shows the systematic representation of power
transfer from the renewable energy resources to the
grid via the dc-link. The current injected by re-
newable into dc-link at voltage level can be
given as
(1)
where is the power generated from RES.
3. V. Vijaya Lakshmi.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 5, ( Part -4) May 2017, pp.49-59
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0705044959 51 | P a g e
Fig. 2. DC-Link equivalent diagram.
The current flow on the other side of dc-link can be
repre-sented as,
(2)
where and are total power available at
grid-in-terfacing inverter side, active power supplied
to the grid and inverter losses, respectively. If
inverter losses are negligible then .
B. Control of Grid Interfacing Inverter
The control diagram of grid- interfacing inverter for
a 3-phase 4-wire system is shown in Fig. 3. The
fourth leg of inverter is used to compensate the
neutral current of load. The main aim of proposed
approach is to regulate the power at PCC during: 1)
; 2) ; and 3)
. While performing the power management
operation, the inverter is actively controlled in such
a way that it always draws/ supplies fundamental
active power from/ to the grid. If the load connected
to the PCC is non-linear or unbalanced or the
combination of both, the given control approach also
compensates the harmonics, unbalance, and neutral
current.
The duty ratio of inverter switches are varied in a
power cycle such that the combination of load and
inverter injected power
Fig. 3. Block diagram representation of grid-interfacing inverter control.
4. V. Vijaya Lakshmi.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 5, ( Part -4) May 2017, pp.49-59
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appears as balanced resistive load to the grid. The
regulation of dc-link voltage carries the information
regarding the exchange of active power in between
renewable source and grid. Thus the output of dc-link
voltage regulator results in an active current . The
multiplication of active current component with
unity grid voltage vector templates ( , and )
generates the reference grid currents ( , and ).
The reference grid neutral current is set to zero,
being the instantaneous sum of balanced grid currents.
The grid synchronizing angle obtained from phase
locked loop (PLL) is used to generate unity vector
template as [9]–[11]
(6)
The output of discrete-PI regulator at th sampling
instant is expressed as
(7)
where and are proportional
and integral gains of dc-voltage regulator. The
instantaneous values of reference three phase grid
currents are computed as
(8)
(9)
(10)
The neutral current, present if any, due to the loads
connected to the neutral conductor should be
compensated by forth leg of grid-interfacing inverter
and thus should not be drawn from the grid. In other
words, the reference current for the grid neutral
current is considered as zero and can be expressed
as
(11)
The reference grid currents ( and ) are
compared with actual grid currents ( and ) to
compute the cur-rent errors as
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
These current errors are given to hysteresis current
controller. The hysteresis controller then generates
the switching pulses ( to ) for the gate drives of
grid-interfacing inverter.
The average model of 4-leg inverter can be obtained
by the following state space equations
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
where , and are the three-phase
ac switching voltages generated on the output
terminal of inverter. These inverter output voltages
can be modeled in terms of instantaneous dc bus
voltage and switching pulses of the inverter as
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
Similarly the charging currents ,
and on dc bus due to the each leg of inverter
can be expressed as
(25)
5. V. Vijaya Lakshmi.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
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(26)
(27)
(28)
The switching pattern of each IGBT inside inverter
can be for-mulated on the basis of error between
actual and reference cur-
rent of inverter, which can be explained as:
If , then upper switch will be OFF
and lower switch will be ON in the
phase “a” leg of inverter.
If , then upper switch will be ON
and lower switch will be OFF in
the phase “a” leg of inverter.
where is the width of hysteresis band. On the same principle,
the switching pulses for the other remaining three
legs can be derived.
III. SIMULATION RESULTS
In order to verify the proposed control approach to
achieve multi-objectives for grid interfaced DG
systems connected to a 3-phase 4-wire network, an
extensive simulation study is carried out using
MATLAB/Simulink. A 4-leg current controlled
voltage source inverter is actively controlled to
achieve balanced sinusoidal grid currents at unity
power factor (UPF) despite of highly unbalanced
nonlinear load at PCC under varying renewable
generating conditions. A RES with variable output
power is connected on the dc-link of grid-interfacing
inverter. An unbalanced 3-phase 4-wire nonlinear
load, whose unbalance, harmonics, and reactive
power need to be compensated, is connected on
PCC. The waveforms of
Fig. 4. Simulation results: (a) Grid voltages, (b) Grid Currents (c) Unbalanced load currents, (d) Inverter
Currents.
6. V. Vijaya Lakshmi.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
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grid voltage , grid currents ( ), un-
balanced load current and inverter currents
are shown in Fig. 4. The corre-
spondingactive-reactive powers of grid , load
and inverter are shown in Fig. 5.
Positive values of grid active-reactive powers and
inverter active-reactive powers imply that these
powers flow from grid side towards PCC and from
inverter towards PCC, respectively. The active and
reactive powers absorbed by the load are denoted by
positive signs.
Initially, the grid-interfacing inverter is not
connected to the network (i.e., the load power
demand is totally supplied by the grid alone).
Therefore, before time s, the grid cur-rent
profile in Fig. 4(b) is identical to the load current
profile of Fig. 4(c). At s, the grid-interfacing
inverter is connected to the network. At this instant
the inverter starts injecting the current in such a way
that the profile of grid current starts changing from
unbalanced non linear to balanced sinusoidal current
as shown in Fig. 4(b). As the inverter also supplies
the
Fig. 5.Simulation results: (a) PQ-Grid, (b) PQ-Load, (c) PQ-Inverter,
(d) dc-link voltage.
load neutral current demand, the grid neutral current be-
comes zero after s.
At s, the inverter starts injecting active power gen-
erated from RES . Since the generated power is
more than the load power demand the additional
power is fed back to the grid. The negative sign of
, after time 0.72 s suggests that the grid is now
receiving power from RES. More-over, the grid-
interfacing inverter also supplies the load reactive
power demand locally. Thus, once the inverter is in
operation the grid only supplies/receives
fundamental active power.
At s, the active power from RES is
increased to evaluate the performance of system
under variable power gener-ation from RES. This
results in increased magnitude of inverter current.
As the load power demand is considered as constant,
this additional power generated from RES flows
towards grid, which can be noticed from the
increased magnitude of grid cur-rent as indicated by
its profile. At s, the power available from
RES is reduced. The corresponding change in the
inverter and grid currents can be seen from Fig. 4.
The active and re-active power flows between the
inverter, load and grid during increase and decrease
of energy generation from RES can be noticed from
Fig. 5. The dc-link voltage across the grid- inter-
facing inverter (Fig. 5(d)) during different operating
condition is maintained at constant level in order to
facilitate the active and reactive power flow. Thus
from the simulation results, it is evident that the
grid-interfacing inverter can be effectively used to
compensate the load reactive power, current
unbalance and cur-rent harmonics in addition to
active power injection from RES. This enables the
grid to supply/ receive sinusoidal and balanced
power at UPF.
7. V. Vijaya Lakshmi.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 5, ( Part -4) May 2017, pp.49-59
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IV. EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION
The performance of the proposed control approach
is vali-dated with the help of a scaled laboratory
prototype that has system parameters as given in
Table I. The RES is emulated
Table I: System Parameter
using an auxiliary controlled converter, which
injects varying active power at the dc-link of an
insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based 4-leg
voltage source inverter connected to grid. A 3-phase
4-wire nonlinear load, composed of 3-phase non-
linear balanced load, 1-phase R-L load between
phase and neutral and 1-phase non-linear load
between phase and neutral, is con-nected to the
grid. The total harmonics distortions (THDs) of
phase and load currents are noticed as 14.21%,
22.93%, and 16.21%, respectively. The DS1104®
DSP of dSPACE is utilized to generate the reference
grid current signals in real-time. The difference of
reference and actual grid current signals is applied
to external hysteresis board to generate the gate
pulses for IGBT’s. The proposed control approach
requires a sampling time of 75 s to execute the
MATLAB/Simulink generated C-codes in real-time.
The experimental results are divided into
three different modes of operation in order to
highlight the validity of pro-posed controller. First
mode of operation considers a situation when there
is no power generation from RES. Under such
condition, the grid-interfacing inverter is utilized as
shunt APF to enhance the quality of power at PCC.
While in second mode of operation, the inverter
injects RES active power into grid and also
incorporates the active power filtering functionality.
In the third mode, the dynamic operation of
proposed controller is examined. The experimental
results are given in Figs. 6–10. All the voltage and
current waveforms are captured utilizing an
oscilloscope, whereas, the active and reactive
powers are captured in real-time using Control Desk
Developer environment.
A. Mode of Operation—PQ Enhancement
Fig. 6 shows the experimental results for active
power fil-tering mode of operation when there is no
power generation from RES. All the current
waveforms are shown with respective to grid side
phase voltage . Fig. 6(a) shows the profile of
the unbalance non-linear load currents. The grid
current pro-file, when grid-interfacing inverter
controlled as shunt APF, is shown in Fig. 6(b). It
can be noticed that the highly unbalanced load
currents, after compensation, appear as pure
sinusoidal balanced set of currents on grid side. The
grid current THD’s are reduced to 2.36%, 1.68%,
3.65% for and phases, respectively. In Fig. 6(c),
the compensating inverter currents are shown for
each phase along with dc-link voltage. For the
experimental study, the dc-link voltage is
maintained at 100 V. Fig. 6(d) shows the traces for
neutral current of grid, load and inverter. The load
neutral current due to single-phase loads is
effectively compensated by the 4th leg of inverter
such that the current in grid side neutral conductor is
reduced to zero.
8. V. Vijaya Lakshmi.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
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Fig. 6. Experimental results for the active power filtering mode : (a) unbalanced load currents, (b) grid
currents after compensation, (c) currents injected by grid-interfacing inverter, (d) load, grid and inverter neutral
currents.
Fig. 7. Experimental results for the active power filtering mode : active and reactive power flow in
real-tim
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Fig. 8. Experimental results for the active power filtering and renewable power injection mode ( P >P ): (a) phase a performance, (b)
phase performance,
(c) phase performance, (d) grid currents (e) load, grid and inverter neutral currents.
Fig. 7 shows the total active and reactive powers of
grid, load and inverter. In the APF mode of
operation, the inverter con-sumes a small amount of
active power to maintain the dc-link voltage and to
overcome the losses associated with inverter, while
most of the load reactive power need is supported by
in-verter effectively. Thus, this mode of operation
validates the concept of utilization of grid-
interfacing inverter as shunt APF when there is no
power generation from the RES. The experi-mental
results demonstrate the effective compensations of
load current unbalance, harmonics and reactive
power.
B. Mode of Operation—Simultaneous PQ
Enhancement and
RES Power Injection
The experimental results for simultaneous active
power fil-tering and RES power injection mode are
shown in Fig. 8. In this case study it is considered
that the generated power at grid-in-terfacing inverter
is more than the total load power demand.
Therefore, after meeting the load power demand, the
additional RES power flows towards grid. The
profiles of grid, load and inverter currents for
individual phases are shown in Figs. 8(a),
(b) & (c) for phase and , respectively. As noticed
from Fig. 8(a) to (c), the inverter currents consist of
two components: 1) steady-state load current
component and 2) grid active power injection
component. Thus the grid-interfacing inverter now
provides the entire load power demand (active,
reactive and harmonics) locally and feeds the
additional active power (sinusoidal and balanced) to
the grid. The exact out-of phase relationship
between phase— grid voltage and phase— grid
current suggests that this additional power is fed to
the grid at UPF. The three-phase grid currents (Fig.
8(d)) suggest that the injected active power from
RES to the grid is supplied as bal-anced active
power even the load on the system is unbalanced in
nature. During both mode of operation, as the load
on the system is considered constant, the load
neutral current profile and its compensation is
identical to the one already discussed in previous
subsection and can also be noticed from Figs. 6(d)
and 8(e).
The exchange of total active and reactive powers
between grid, load and inverter are shown in Fig. 9.
The negative sign of total grid side active power
demonstrates that the excess power generated by
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RES flows towards grid side. Thus, this case study
demonstrates that the grid-interfacing inverter can
simultane-ously be utilized to inject power
generated from RES to PCC and to improve the
quality of power (current unbalance compensa-tion,
current harmonics compensation, load reactive
power sup-port, neutral current compensation) at
PCC.
Fig. 9. Experimental results for the active power filtering and renewable power injection mode : active
and reactive power flow in real time.
Fig. 10. Experimental results: Dynamic performance of proposed approach.
C. Dynamic Performance of Proposed Control
Approach
Fig. 10 shows the experimental results to
validate the dynamic performance of proposed control
approach under different modes of operation. Initially,
it is considered that the system is working under
mode-A operating condition (i.e., non-linear load
current harmonics and reactive power compensation).
After few cycles, the power at dc-link is initially
increased and then decreased, which can be noticed
from the amplitude of injected inverter current profile.
The corresponding decrease (for increased power
level at dc-link) and increase (for decreased power
level at dc-link) in grid current magnitude can also be
noticed from Fig. 10, under constant load conditions.
Thus, the proposed controller precisely manages any
variation in real power at dc-link and effectively feeds
it to the main grid. A smooth changeover from mode-
A operating condition to the mode-B can be noticed
from Fig. 10.
11. V. Surekha. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
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V. CONCLUSION
This paper has presented a novel control
of an existing grid-interfacing inverter to improve
the quality of power at PCC for a 3-phase 4-wire
DG system. It has been shown that the grid-inter-
facing inverter can be effectively utilized for power
conditioning without affecting its normal operation
of real power transfer. The grid-interfacing inverter
with the proposed approach can be utilized to:
i) inject real power generated from RES to the grid,
and/or,
ii) operate as a shunt Active Power Filter (APF).
This approach thus eliminates the need for
additional power conditioning equipment to
improve the quality of power at PCC. Extensive
MATLAB/Simulink simulation as well as the DSP
based experimental results have validated the
proposed approach and have shown that the grid-
interfacing inverter can be utilized as a multi-
function device.
It is further demonstrated that the PQ
enhancement can be achieved under three different
scenarios: 1) , 2)
, and 3) . The current
unbalance, current harmonics and load reactive
power, due to unbalanced and non-linear load
connected to the PCC, are compensated effectively
such that the grid side currents are always maintained
as balanced and sinusoidal at unity power factor.
Moreover, the load neutral current is prevented from
flowing into the grid side by compensating it locally
from the fourth leg of inverter. When the power
generated from RES is more than the total load power
demand, the grid-interfacing inverter with the
proposed control approach not only fulfills the total
load active and reactive power demand (with
harmonic compensation) but also delivers the excess
generated sinusoidal active power to the grid at unity
power factor.
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