The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
A Novel Approach for Allocation of Optimal Capacitor and Distributed Generati...paperpublications3
This document presents two algorithms for optimally allocating capacitors and distributed generation on radial distribution systems. The algorithms predict reactive power and real power requirements that can be supplied by capacitor banks and distributed generation units. This arrangement reduces transmission losses and improves voltage stability. The algorithms were implemented on the IEEE 69-node and 52-node test systems. Load flow analysis was performed using a forward/backward sweep method to calculate node voltages, branch currents, and power losses. The results show reductions in losses and improvements to voltage profiles with the addition of capacitors and distributed generation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow method for AC distribu...IJECEIAES
This paper addresses the convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow (PF) method in alternating current radial distribution networks. The PF formulation is made via upper-triangular matrices, which enables finding a general iterative PF formula that does not require admittance matrix calculations. The convergence analysis of this iterative formula is carried out by applying the Banach fixed-point theorem (BFPT), which allows demonstrating that under an adequate voltage profile the triangular-based PF always converges. Numerical validations are made, on the well-known 33 and 69 distribution networks test systems. Gauss-seidel, newton-raphson, and backward/forward PF methods are considered for the sake of comparison. All the simulations are carried out in MATLAB software.
The document discusses load flow studies in power systems. Load flow analysis is important for planning future expansion and determining optimal operation of existing power systems. It provides key information like voltage magnitude and phase angle at each bus and real and reactive power flows. Bus classification depends on which quantities are specified - P,Q buses specify real and reactive power, P,V buses specify real power and voltage magnitude, and the slack bus specifies voltage magnitude and phase angle. Nodal admittance matrix formulation and numerical load flow examples are also presented.
Deep segmentation of the liver and the hepatic tumors from abdomen tomography...IJECEIAES
A pipelined framework is proposed for accurate, automated, simultaneous segmentation of the liver as well as the hepatic tumors from computed tomography (CT) images. The introduced framework composed of three pipelined levels. First, two different transfers deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) are applied to get high-level compact features of CT images. Second, a pixel-wise classifier is used to obtain two outputclassified maps for each CNN model. Finally, a fusion neural network (FNN) is used to integrate the two maps. Experimentations performed on the MICCAI’2017 database of the liver tumor segmentation (LITS) challenge, result in a dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 93.5% for the segmentation of the liver and of 74.40% for the segmentation of the lesion, using a 5-fold cross-validation scheme. Comparative results with the state-of-the-art techniques on the same data show the competing performance of the proposed framework for simultaneous liver and tumor segmentation.
Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithmIJECEIAES
The problem of parametric estimation in photovoltaic (PV) modules considering man- ufacturer information is addressed in this research from the perspective of combinatorial optimization. With the data sheet provided by the PV manufacturer, a non-linear non-convex optimization problem is formulated that contains information regarding maximum power, open-circuit, and short-circuit points. To estimate the three parameters of the PV model (i.e., the ideality diode factor (a) and the parallel and series resistances (R p and R )), the crow search algorithm (CSA) is employed, which is a metaheuristic optimization technique inspired by the behavior of the crows searching food deposits. The CSA allows the exploration and exploitation of the solution space through a simple evolution rule derived from the classical PSO method. Numerical simulations reveal the effectiveness and robustness of the CSA to estimate these parameters with objective function values lower than 1 10 s 28 and processing times less than 2 s. All the numerical simulations were developed in MATLAB 2020a and compared with the sine-cosine and vortex search algorithms recently reported in the literature.
This document proposes a methodology for developing neural network (NN) based composite load models for power system stability analysis. A two-step procedure is used: 1) A simulation test bed is set up using detailed load models to generate training data. 2) The test bed data is used to develop and train a recurrent NN model to map load power from voltage and frequency. The NN model is then retrained using measured data. A case study applying the method to a power inverter controlling an induction motor load shows the NN model can accurately estimate active and reactive load power.
A Novel Approach for Allocation of Optimal Capacitor and Distributed Generati...paperpublications3
This document presents two algorithms for optimally allocating capacitors and distributed generation on radial distribution systems. The algorithms predict reactive power and real power requirements that can be supplied by capacitor banks and distributed generation units. This arrangement reduces transmission losses and improves voltage stability. The algorithms were implemented on the IEEE 69-node and 52-node test systems. Load flow analysis was performed using a forward/backward sweep method to calculate node voltages, branch currents, and power losses. The results show reductions in losses and improvements to voltage profiles with the addition of capacitors and distributed generation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow method for AC distribu...IJECEIAES
This paper addresses the convergence analysis of the triangular-based power flow (PF) method in alternating current radial distribution networks. The PF formulation is made via upper-triangular matrices, which enables finding a general iterative PF formula that does not require admittance matrix calculations. The convergence analysis of this iterative formula is carried out by applying the Banach fixed-point theorem (BFPT), which allows demonstrating that under an adequate voltage profile the triangular-based PF always converges. Numerical validations are made, on the well-known 33 and 69 distribution networks test systems. Gauss-seidel, newton-raphson, and backward/forward PF methods are considered for the sake of comparison. All the simulations are carried out in MATLAB software.
The document discusses load flow studies in power systems. Load flow analysis is important for planning future expansion and determining optimal operation of existing power systems. It provides key information like voltage magnitude and phase angle at each bus and real and reactive power flows. Bus classification depends on which quantities are specified - P,Q buses specify real and reactive power, P,V buses specify real power and voltage magnitude, and the slack bus specifies voltage magnitude and phase angle. Nodal admittance matrix formulation and numerical load flow examples are also presented.
Deep segmentation of the liver and the hepatic tumors from abdomen tomography...IJECEIAES
A pipelined framework is proposed for accurate, automated, simultaneous segmentation of the liver as well as the hepatic tumors from computed tomography (CT) images. The introduced framework composed of three pipelined levels. First, two different transfers deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) are applied to get high-level compact features of CT images. Second, a pixel-wise classifier is used to obtain two outputclassified maps for each CNN model. Finally, a fusion neural network (FNN) is used to integrate the two maps. Experimentations performed on the MICCAI’2017 database of the liver tumor segmentation (LITS) challenge, result in a dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 93.5% for the segmentation of the liver and of 74.40% for the segmentation of the lesion, using a 5-fold cross-validation scheme. Comparative results with the state-of-the-art techniques on the same data show the competing performance of the proposed framework for simultaneous liver and tumor segmentation.
Parametric estimation in photovoltaic modules using the crow search algorithmIJECEIAES
The problem of parametric estimation in photovoltaic (PV) modules considering man- ufacturer information is addressed in this research from the perspective of combinatorial optimization. With the data sheet provided by the PV manufacturer, a non-linear non-convex optimization problem is formulated that contains information regarding maximum power, open-circuit, and short-circuit points. To estimate the three parameters of the PV model (i.e., the ideality diode factor (a) and the parallel and series resistances (R p and R )), the crow search algorithm (CSA) is employed, which is a metaheuristic optimization technique inspired by the behavior of the crows searching food deposits. The CSA allows the exploration and exploitation of the solution space through a simple evolution rule derived from the classical PSO method. Numerical simulations reveal the effectiveness and robustness of the CSA to estimate these parameters with objective function values lower than 1 10 s 28 and processing times less than 2 s. All the numerical simulations were developed in MATLAB 2020a and compared with the sine-cosine and vortex search algorithms recently reported in the literature.
This document proposes a methodology for developing neural network (NN) based composite load models for power system stability analysis. A two-step procedure is used: 1) A simulation test bed is set up using detailed load models to generate training data. 2) The test bed data is used to develop and train a recurrent NN model to map load power from voltage and frequency. The NN model is then retrained using measured data. A case study applying the method to a power inverter controlling an induction motor load shows the NN model can accurately estimate active and reactive load power.
Distribution network reconfiguration for loss reduction and voltageGaddafi Sani
This document presents a technique for distribution network reconfiguration to reduce power losses and improve voltage profiles using Bacterial Particle Swarm Optimization (B-PSO). The technique was tested on three IEEE standard test networks - a 16-bus system, 33-bus system, and 69-bus system. For each test system, the proposed technique optimized the open/closed status of sectionalizing and tie switches to minimize losses and voltage deviations while maintaining radial network topology. Results showed reductions in power losses of 12-56% and improvements in voltage profiles for all three test systems. Future work could incorporate distributed generation to support overloaded feeders from load transfers during reconfiguration.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) in...IAES-IJPEDS
A well-prepared abstract enables the reader to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether to read the document in its entirety. The Abstract should be informative and completely self-explanatory, provide a clear statement of the problem, the proposed approach or solution, and point out major findings and conclusions. The Abstract should be 100 to 200 words in length. The abstract should be written in the past tense. Standard nomenclature should be used and abbreviations should be avoided. No literature should be cited. The keyword list provides the opportunity to add keywords, used by the indexing and abstracting services, in addition to those already present in the title. Judicious use of keywords may increase the ease with which interested parties can locate our article.
Active Distribution Grid Power Flow Analysis using Asymmetrical Hybrid Techni...IJECEIAES
A conventional distribution power flow analysis has to be improved regards the changes in distribution network. One of the changes is a grid operation because a new grid concept, e.g. micro-grid and aggregation, is aimed to be operated based on area itself. Consequently, each area can be actively operated in either grid connected mode or islanding mode. Hence, this paper proposes an asymmetrical power flow analysis using hybrid technique to support this flexible mode change. The hybrid technique offers an opportunity to analyze power flow in a decoupling way. This means that the power flow analysis can be performed separately in each grid area. Regards the distributed generation, this paper also introduces a model based on inverter-based operation, i.e. grid forming, grid supporting and grid parallel. The proposed asymmetrical hybrid load flow method is examined in three case studies, i.e. a verification study with the DIgSILENT PowerFactory, a demonstration of decoupling analysis approach and a performance study with the Newton-Raphson method.
This document summarizes a study that models and implements a closed loop PI controller for a 3 phase to 3 phase power conversion using a matrix converter. The key points are:
1) A mathematical model of the 3 phase matrix converter circuit is developed in MATLAB/Simulink to achieve less computational time and evaluate the performance of the PI controller.
2) The PI controller is used to achieve real-time control of the 3 phase to 3 phase matrix converter.
3) Duty cycles of the bidirectional switches in the matrix converter are calculated using a modified Venturini algorithm to achieve maximum voltage transfer ratios.
This document describes a study of load frequency control (LFC) for a three area power system with time delays using PI and fuzzy logic controllers. The system consists of two areas connected by HVDC transmission links and one area connected to the other by an AC tie line. Models are presented for the generating units, interconnected system, and tie line power flow. The goal is to minimize transient frequency deviations and steady state errors in each area caused by load changes using the different controllers while accounting for time delays in the system.
The effect of load modelling on phase balancing in distribution networks usin...IJECEIAES
Due to the unequal loads in phases and different customer consumption, the distribution network is unbalanced. Unbalancing in the distribution network, in addition to increasing power losses, causes unbalancing in voltages and increases operating costs. To reduce this unbalancing, various methods and algorithms have been presented. In most studies and even practical projects due to lack of information about the network loads, load models such as constant power model, constant current or constant impedance are used to model the loads. Due to the changing and nonlinear behaviours of today's loads, these models cannot show results in accordance with reality. This paper while introducing an optimal phase-balancing method, discusses the effect of load modelling on phase balancing studies. In this process the re-phasing method for balancing the network and the harmony search algorithm for optimizing the phase displacement process have been used. The simulation was carried out on an unbalanced distribution network of 25 buses. The results show well the effect of this comprehensive modelling on phase balancing studies. It also shows that in the re-phasing method for balancing the network and in the absence of a real load model, the use of which model offers the closest answer to optimal solutions.
Artificial Intelligence Technique based Reactive Power Planning Incorporating...IDES Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using artificial intelligence techniques and FACTS controllers for reactive power planning in real-time power transmission systems. The paper formulates the reactive power planning problem and incorporates flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices like static VAR compensators (SVC), thyristor controlled series capacitors (TCSC), and unified power flow controllers (UPFC). Evolutionary algorithms like evolutionary programming (EP) and differential evolution (DE) are applied to find the optimal locations and settings of the FACTS controllers to minimize losses and costs. Simulation results on IEEE 30-bus and 72-bus Indian test systems show that UPFC performs best in reducing losses compared to SVC and TCSC.
A Novel Distribution System Power Flow Algorithm using Forward Backward Matri...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Power quality improvement of grid interconnected distribution system using fs...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a fuzzy step size least mean square (LMS) algorithm for grid connected renewable energy source. The main objective is to mitigate the harmonics and the neutral current compensation. The conventional controllers may fail due to the rapid change in the dynamics of the highly non-linear system. The fuzzy step size least mean square (FSS-LMS) algorithm in handling theuncertainties and learning from the processes is proved to be advantageous while the inverter operating at fluctuatingoperating conditions. The inverter is controlled tocompensate the harmonics and current imbalance of a three phase four wire non-linear load with generatedrenewable power injection in to the grid.The grid will always supply/absorb a balanced set offundamental currents at unity power factor even in the presence of three phase four wire non-linear unbalance load at point of common coupling(PCC).The proposed system is developed and simulated inMATLAB/SimPowerSystem environment under differentoperating conditions.
This document presents the dynamic modeling of a zeta converter using state-space averaging technique. It describes developing state-space models for the two switching states of the converter and averaging them to obtain an overall state-space model. The converter is modeled with equivalent series resistances on the capacitors and inductors. Full-state feedback control is then implemented on the converter model to regulate the output voltage. Simulation results are presented to verify the accuracy of the modeling and performance under input/load disturbances.
Power quality improvement of grid interconnected distribution system using fs...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document proposes a universal algorithm for stage switching in hypercube interconnection networks used in multi-core systems. It analyzes a 4-stage 16x16 hypercube network and derives a switching algorithm where the selection bit sequence changes at each stage in a predefined manner. This algorithm is then generalized for an n-stage hypercube network to establish relationships between the selection bit patterns at different stages. The proposed universal algorithm could be used for linear switching in hypercube networks of any size to efficiently design higher order interconnection blocks for multi-core systems.
High Performance of Matrix Converter Fed Induction Motor for IPF Compensation...IOSR Journals
This document discusses a new direct space vector modulation (DSVM) method to improve the input power factor of a matrix converter fed induction motor drive system. The new DSVM method allows control of the displacement angle between the input voltage and current of the matrix converter to maximize the input power factor. Two input power factor compensation algorithms using the new DSVM method are proposed. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed compensation algorithms in improving the input power factor under different load conditions. The document also provides background on the structure and operation of matrix converters, induction motors, and the issues caused by input filters in matrix converter systems that the new DSVM method aims to address.
IJMTST 2016 | ISSN: 2455-3778 Traffic and Power reduction Routing Algorithm f...IJMTST Journal
With the progress of VLSI technology, the number of cores on a chip keeps increasing, Now a days we are
increasing the processing level of the chip, NOC is a best method to interconnect the core with each other core
on the chip, it reducing the overall chip power and Traffic level by sharing the work load with other cores on
the chip. And Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling (DVFS) is the technique for monitoring the
Frequency/Voltage level of each core of the chip and providing sufficient power to the cores, ATPT is a Table
that having (low and high) Frequency level table of the Each core. ATPT has very high prediction accuracy
system. Depends upon the data speed of the core the voltage/frequency will be given by DVFS. If the core is
in ideal state for a while, that core is moved to low power mode. So the power of the each core will be reduced.
The strategy is based on an autonomous distributed control
scheme in which the DC bus voltage level is used as an indicator of the power balance in the
microgrid. The autonomous control strategy does not rely on communication links or a
central controller, resulting in reduced costs and enhanced reliability. As part of the control
strategy, an adaptive droop control technique is proposed for PV sources in order to
maximize the utilization of power available from these sources while ensuring acceptable
levels of system voltage regulation
The strategy is based on an autonomous distributed control
scheme in which the DC bus voltage level is used as an indicator of the power balance in the
microgrid. The autonomous control strategy does not rely on communication links or a
central controller, resulting in reduced costs and enhanced reliability. As part of the control
strategy, an adaptive droop control technique is proposed for PV sources in order to
maximize the utilization of power available from these sources while ensuring acceptable
levels of system voltage regulation
Fuzzy Logic Controller for Static Synchronous Series Compensator with Line Po...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the problem of controlling and modulating power flow in a transmission line using a Synchronous Static Series Compensator (SSSC). The studies, which include detailed PWM techniques controlled for SSSC, are conducted and the control circuits are presented. In this study, a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is used to investigate the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive powers as well as damping power system oscillations in transient mode. The SSSC equipped with a source of energy in the DC link can supply or absorb the reactive and active power to or from the line. Simulations have been done in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Simulation results obtained for selected bus-2 in two machine power system shows the efficacy of this compensator as one of the FACTS devices member in controlling power flows, achieving the desired value for active and reactive powers, and damping oscillations appropriately.
Power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security are the important objectives that motivated researchers to use custom power devices/FACTS devices in power systems. The existing power quality problems such as power losses, voltage instability, voltage profile problem, load ability issues, energy losses, reliability problems etc. are caused due to continuous load growth and outage of components. The significant qualities of custom power devices /FACTS devices such as power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security have motivated researchers in this area and to implement these devices in power system. The optimal placement and sizing of these devices are determined based on economical viability, required quality, reliability and availability. In published literatures, different algorithms are implemented for optimal placement of these devices based on different conditions. In this paper, the published literatures on this field are comprehensively reviewed and elaborate comparison of various algorithms is compared. The inference of this extensive comparative analysis is presented. In this research, Meta heuristic methods and sensitive index methods are used for determining the optimal location and sizing of custom power devices/FACTS devices. The combination of these two methods are also implemented and presented.
1) The document presents FPGA-based implementations of sensorless AC drive controllers for embedded electrical systems. It discusses using a rotating high frequency signal injection method for low speeds and standstill, and an Extended Kalman Filter method for medium and high speeds.
2) It implemented the high frequency injection method using an FPGA on a 40 kVA BSSG drive, and implemented the Extended Kalman Filter method using an FPGA on a Standard Synchronous Actuator drive.
3) The document discusses resolvers used for rotor position detection, and the advantages of sensorless control systems for applications like automotive in terms of size, reliability, and cost reductions compared to sensor-based systems. It also covers issues like signal
Mechanical behavior and statistical study of aluminum wires belonging to low ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document discusses applying duality theory to solve multi-objective linear programming problems. Three methods are analyzed: weighted sum, e-constraint, and a merged weighted sum/e-constraint approach. The weighted sum approach combines objectives into a single function. The e-constraint approach makes all but one objective new constraints. The merged approach minimizes deviations from goals set for each objective. The methods are demonstrated using data on a bank's investment goals of maximizing profit while minimizing risk and capital requirements. Results show the merged approach best handles the multi-objective problem.
Distribution network reconfiguration for loss reduction and voltageGaddafi Sani
This document presents a technique for distribution network reconfiguration to reduce power losses and improve voltage profiles using Bacterial Particle Swarm Optimization (B-PSO). The technique was tested on three IEEE standard test networks - a 16-bus system, 33-bus system, and 69-bus system. For each test system, the proposed technique optimized the open/closed status of sectionalizing and tie switches to minimize losses and voltage deviations while maintaining radial network topology. Results showed reductions in power losses of 12-56% and improvements in voltage profiles for all three test systems. Future work could incorporate distributed generation to support overloaded feeders from load transfers during reconfiguration.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) in...IAES-IJPEDS
A well-prepared abstract enables the reader to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether to read the document in its entirety. The Abstract should be informative and completely self-explanatory, provide a clear statement of the problem, the proposed approach or solution, and point out major findings and conclusions. The Abstract should be 100 to 200 words in length. The abstract should be written in the past tense. Standard nomenclature should be used and abbreviations should be avoided. No literature should be cited. The keyword list provides the opportunity to add keywords, used by the indexing and abstracting services, in addition to those already present in the title. Judicious use of keywords may increase the ease with which interested parties can locate our article.
Active Distribution Grid Power Flow Analysis using Asymmetrical Hybrid Techni...IJECEIAES
A conventional distribution power flow analysis has to be improved regards the changes in distribution network. One of the changes is a grid operation because a new grid concept, e.g. micro-grid and aggregation, is aimed to be operated based on area itself. Consequently, each area can be actively operated in either grid connected mode or islanding mode. Hence, this paper proposes an asymmetrical power flow analysis using hybrid technique to support this flexible mode change. The hybrid technique offers an opportunity to analyze power flow in a decoupling way. This means that the power flow analysis can be performed separately in each grid area. Regards the distributed generation, this paper also introduces a model based on inverter-based operation, i.e. grid forming, grid supporting and grid parallel. The proposed asymmetrical hybrid load flow method is examined in three case studies, i.e. a verification study with the DIgSILENT PowerFactory, a demonstration of decoupling analysis approach and a performance study with the Newton-Raphson method.
This document summarizes a study that models and implements a closed loop PI controller for a 3 phase to 3 phase power conversion using a matrix converter. The key points are:
1) A mathematical model of the 3 phase matrix converter circuit is developed in MATLAB/Simulink to achieve less computational time and evaluate the performance of the PI controller.
2) The PI controller is used to achieve real-time control of the 3 phase to 3 phase matrix converter.
3) Duty cycles of the bidirectional switches in the matrix converter are calculated using a modified Venturini algorithm to achieve maximum voltage transfer ratios.
This document describes a study of load frequency control (LFC) for a three area power system with time delays using PI and fuzzy logic controllers. The system consists of two areas connected by HVDC transmission links and one area connected to the other by an AC tie line. Models are presented for the generating units, interconnected system, and tie line power flow. The goal is to minimize transient frequency deviations and steady state errors in each area caused by load changes using the different controllers while accounting for time delays in the system.
The effect of load modelling on phase balancing in distribution networks usin...IJECEIAES
Due to the unequal loads in phases and different customer consumption, the distribution network is unbalanced. Unbalancing in the distribution network, in addition to increasing power losses, causes unbalancing in voltages and increases operating costs. To reduce this unbalancing, various methods and algorithms have been presented. In most studies and even practical projects due to lack of information about the network loads, load models such as constant power model, constant current or constant impedance are used to model the loads. Due to the changing and nonlinear behaviours of today's loads, these models cannot show results in accordance with reality. This paper while introducing an optimal phase-balancing method, discusses the effect of load modelling on phase balancing studies. In this process the re-phasing method for balancing the network and the harmony search algorithm for optimizing the phase displacement process have been used. The simulation was carried out on an unbalanced distribution network of 25 buses. The results show well the effect of this comprehensive modelling on phase balancing studies. It also shows that in the re-phasing method for balancing the network and in the absence of a real load model, the use of which model offers the closest answer to optimal solutions.
Artificial Intelligence Technique based Reactive Power Planning Incorporating...IDES Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using artificial intelligence techniques and FACTS controllers for reactive power planning in real-time power transmission systems. The paper formulates the reactive power planning problem and incorporates flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices like static VAR compensators (SVC), thyristor controlled series capacitors (TCSC), and unified power flow controllers (UPFC). Evolutionary algorithms like evolutionary programming (EP) and differential evolution (DE) are applied to find the optimal locations and settings of the FACTS controllers to minimize losses and costs. Simulation results on IEEE 30-bus and 72-bus Indian test systems show that UPFC performs best in reducing losses compared to SVC and TCSC.
A Novel Distribution System Power Flow Algorithm using Forward Backward Matri...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Power quality improvement of grid interconnected distribution system using fs...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a fuzzy step size least mean square (LMS) algorithm for grid connected renewable energy source. The main objective is to mitigate the harmonics and the neutral current compensation. The conventional controllers may fail due to the rapid change in the dynamics of the highly non-linear system. The fuzzy step size least mean square (FSS-LMS) algorithm in handling theuncertainties and learning from the processes is proved to be advantageous while the inverter operating at fluctuatingoperating conditions. The inverter is controlled tocompensate the harmonics and current imbalance of a three phase four wire non-linear load with generatedrenewable power injection in to the grid.The grid will always supply/absorb a balanced set offundamental currents at unity power factor even in the presence of three phase four wire non-linear unbalance load at point of common coupling(PCC).The proposed system is developed and simulated inMATLAB/SimPowerSystem environment under differentoperating conditions.
This document presents the dynamic modeling of a zeta converter using state-space averaging technique. It describes developing state-space models for the two switching states of the converter and averaging them to obtain an overall state-space model. The converter is modeled with equivalent series resistances on the capacitors and inductors. Full-state feedback control is then implemented on the converter model to regulate the output voltage. Simulation results are presented to verify the accuracy of the modeling and performance under input/load disturbances.
Power quality improvement of grid interconnected distribution system using fs...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document proposes a universal algorithm for stage switching in hypercube interconnection networks used in multi-core systems. It analyzes a 4-stage 16x16 hypercube network and derives a switching algorithm where the selection bit sequence changes at each stage in a predefined manner. This algorithm is then generalized for an n-stage hypercube network to establish relationships between the selection bit patterns at different stages. The proposed universal algorithm could be used for linear switching in hypercube networks of any size to efficiently design higher order interconnection blocks for multi-core systems.
High Performance of Matrix Converter Fed Induction Motor for IPF Compensation...IOSR Journals
This document discusses a new direct space vector modulation (DSVM) method to improve the input power factor of a matrix converter fed induction motor drive system. The new DSVM method allows control of the displacement angle between the input voltage and current of the matrix converter to maximize the input power factor. Two input power factor compensation algorithms using the new DSVM method are proposed. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed compensation algorithms in improving the input power factor under different load conditions. The document also provides background on the structure and operation of matrix converters, induction motors, and the issues caused by input filters in matrix converter systems that the new DSVM method aims to address.
IJMTST 2016 | ISSN: 2455-3778 Traffic and Power reduction Routing Algorithm f...IJMTST Journal
With the progress of VLSI technology, the number of cores on a chip keeps increasing, Now a days we are
increasing the processing level of the chip, NOC is a best method to interconnect the core with each other core
on the chip, it reducing the overall chip power and Traffic level by sharing the work load with other cores on
the chip. And Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling (DVFS) is the technique for monitoring the
Frequency/Voltage level of each core of the chip and providing sufficient power to the cores, ATPT is a Table
that having (low and high) Frequency level table of the Each core. ATPT has very high prediction accuracy
system. Depends upon the data speed of the core the voltage/frequency will be given by DVFS. If the core is
in ideal state for a while, that core is moved to low power mode. So the power of the each core will be reduced.
The strategy is based on an autonomous distributed control
scheme in which the DC bus voltage level is used as an indicator of the power balance in the
microgrid. The autonomous control strategy does not rely on communication links or a
central controller, resulting in reduced costs and enhanced reliability. As part of the control
strategy, an adaptive droop control technique is proposed for PV sources in order to
maximize the utilization of power available from these sources while ensuring acceptable
levels of system voltage regulation
The strategy is based on an autonomous distributed control
scheme in which the DC bus voltage level is used as an indicator of the power balance in the
microgrid. The autonomous control strategy does not rely on communication links or a
central controller, resulting in reduced costs and enhanced reliability. As part of the control
strategy, an adaptive droop control technique is proposed for PV sources in order to
maximize the utilization of power available from these sources while ensuring acceptable
levels of system voltage regulation
Fuzzy Logic Controller for Static Synchronous Series Compensator with Line Po...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the problem of controlling and modulating power flow in a transmission line using a Synchronous Static Series Compensator (SSSC). The studies, which include detailed PWM techniques controlled for SSSC, are conducted and the control circuits are presented. In this study, a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is used to investigate the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive powers as well as damping power system oscillations in transient mode. The SSSC equipped with a source of energy in the DC link can supply or absorb the reactive and active power to or from the line. Simulations have been done in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Simulation results obtained for selected bus-2 in two machine power system shows the efficacy of this compensator as one of the FACTS devices member in controlling power flows, achieving the desired value for active and reactive powers, and damping oscillations appropriately.
Power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security are the important objectives that motivated researchers to use custom power devices/FACTS devices in power systems. The existing power quality problems such as power losses, voltage instability, voltage profile problem, load ability issues, energy losses, reliability problems etc. are caused due to continuous load growth and outage of components. The significant qualities of custom power devices /FACTS devices such as power loss reduction, improvement of voltage profile, system reliability and system security have motivated researchers in this area and to implement these devices in power system. The optimal placement and sizing of these devices are determined based on economical viability, required quality, reliability and availability. In published literatures, different algorithms are implemented for optimal placement of these devices based on different conditions. In this paper, the published literatures on this field are comprehensively reviewed and elaborate comparison of various algorithms is compared. The inference of this extensive comparative analysis is presented. In this research, Meta heuristic methods and sensitive index methods are used for determining the optimal location and sizing of custom power devices/FACTS devices. The combination of these two methods are also implemented and presented.
1) The document presents FPGA-based implementations of sensorless AC drive controllers for embedded electrical systems. It discusses using a rotating high frequency signal injection method for low speeds and standstill, and an Extended Kalman Filter method for medium and high speeds.
2) It implemented the high frequency injection method using an FPGA on a 40 kVA BSSG drive, and implemented the Extended Kalman Filter method using an FPGA on a Standard Synchronous Actuator drive.
3) The document discusses resolvers used for rotor position detection, and the advantages of sensorless control systems for applications like automotive in terms of size, reliability, and cost reductions compared to sensor-based systems. It also covers issues like signal
Mechanical behavior and statistical study of aluminum wires belonging to low ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document discusses applying duality theory to solve multi-objective linear programming problems. Three methods are analyzed: weighted sum, e-constraint, and a merged weighted sum/e-constraint approach. The weighted sum approach combines objectives into a single function. The e-constraint approach makes all but one objective new constraints. The merged approach minimizes deviations from goals set for each objective. The methods are demonstrated using data on a bank's investment goals of maximizing profit while minimizing risk and capital requirements. Results show the merged approach best handles the multi-objective problem.
Study on Processing and Mechanical Properties of nano SiCp reinforced AA7075theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
The document describes coordinate transformation between the local Birnin Kebbi datum and the global WGS84 datum. Six control points with coordinates in both datums were collected using static GPS observations. An affine transformation with five parameters (two translations, two rotations, and a scale) was used to relate the coordinate systems. The transformation parameters were estimated using the control point coordinates. The local coordinates were transformed to the WGS84 system using the parameter equations. Residuals between the observed and transformed coordinates were small, validating the transformation model.
A Brief Survey on Robust Video Watermarking Techniquestheijes
This document provides a survey of robust video watermarking techniques. It begins with an abstract discussing digital watermarking and its role in copyright protection as the growth of multimedia on the internet has led to more copyright issues. The document then reviews various video watermarking methods and factors like robustness, security, and perceptual fidelity. It discusses approaches like spatial domain and transform domain watermarking techniques that use discrete cosine transform, fast Fourier transform, and discrete wavelet transform. The document also provides a table comparing different video watermarking methods from past literature and concludes that watermarking combined with other cryptographic techniques can provide effective copyright protection for video.
Thermo luminescence Dating of Quartz Sediments Extracted from the Terraces of...theijes
The document summarizes a study that used thermoluminescence dating to determine the age of quartz sediments extracted from river terraces of the Thoubal River in Manipur, India. Samples were collected at a depth of 6 feet from the uppermost layer. Quartz was extracted from the samples and subjected to dose-response experiments to construct growth curves. By extrapolating the curves, an equivalent dose of 92.27 ± 2.10 Gy was obtained. Using the established dose rate of the region of 2.47 Gy/ka, the age of the sample was calculated to be 37,350 ± 850 years. This provides information about landscape evolution and environmental changes in the region over time.
Impact of Ethoxysulfuron on Lemna gibba L. and Recovery from Damage after Pro...theijes
1) Ethoxysulfuron caused 100% inhibition of growth of Lemna gibba (duckweed) from day 0 to day 30 when residue levels were between 1820-10 μg/L in rice field water. Growth inhibition continued until day 50 when residues fell below detection levels.
2) Pigment content analysis showed a significant decrease in chlorophyll a, b, carotene, carotenoid and xanthophyll between day 0-50, indicating damage to photosynthesis.
3) From day 70-180, L. gibba showed gradual recovery of growth and complete recovery by day 180 as residues degraded, demonstrating reversible effects of prolonged exposure to ethoxysulfuron and its metabolites retaining the
Single Machine Power Network Load Frequency Control Using T-S Fuzzy Based Rob...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Study of Damage to ABS Specimens Submitted To Uniaxial Loadingtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Tensile test of a strand with 2 broken wires artificially damaged and life pr...theijes
This study analyzed the tensile behavior of a steel wire rope strand with 2 artificially broken wires. A tensile test was conducted on the damaged strand, showing reductions in tensile strength with each additional wire break. Based on the test results, the static damage and reliability of the strand were calculated as functions of life fraction. A critical life fraction of 71% was identified, indicating the point where damage accelerates and predictive maintenance is needed to prevent failure. The analysis method provides a low-cost way to predict wire rope lifespan based on strand testing.
Highway Surface Drainage System & Problems of Water Logging In Road Sectiontheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Microbiological Quality of Malaysian Heritage Food ('Satar') Sold In Marang a...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Forecasting Wheat Price Using Backpropagation And NARX Neural Networktheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Modelling Of Underground Cables for High Voltage Transmissiontheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Studies on Material and Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Com...theijes
The document summarizes research on the material and mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. Tests were conducted on composites made of coir, hay, jute fibers mixed with epoxy resin. Flexural, hardness, water absorption, and wear tests were performed to determine material properties. The flexural test showed modulus of elasticity ranged from 879 to 2043 MPa depending on the fiber composition. Hardness values on the Rockwell scale ranged from 32 to 94. Water absorption was lowest in jute composite at 0.07% and highest in hay composite at 0.12%. Wear resistance was highest in coir+jute composite. Results indicate natural fiber composites have potential for use in autom
Model-Driven Context-Aware Approach to Software Configuration Management: A F...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Metsulfuron Methyl - Effect On Soil Microfloratheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Design and Implementation of monitoring LAN user wirelessly by Android mobile...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Nowadays, the electricity demand is increasing daily and hence it is important not only to extract electrical energy from all possible new power resources but also to reduce power losses to an acceptable minimum level in the existing distribution networks where a huge amount of power dissipation occurred. A lot of power is remarkably dissipated in Yangon distribution system. Network reconfiguration method is employed for loss reduction and exhaustive search technique is also applied to achieve the minimal loss switching scheme. Network reconfiguration is performed by opening sectionalizing switches and closing tie switches of the network for loss reduction. The distribution network for existing and reconfiguration conditions are modelled and simulated by Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) 7.5 version software. The proposed method is tested on 83-Bus and 74-Bus radial distribution system in Yangon city since it is long-length, overloaded lines and high level of power dissipation is occurred in this system. According to simulation results of load flow analysis, voltage profile enhancement, power loss reduction and cost saving for proposed system are revealed in this paper.
Keywords — exhaustive search technique, loss reduction, load flow analysis, cost saving
.
Transient Stability Assessment and Enhancement in Power SystemIJMER
This document discusses transient stability assessment and enhancement in power systems. It first introduces transient stability and its importance. It then describes using PSAT software to analyze the IEEE 39-bus test system and calculate critical clearing times (CCTs) for different faults to assess stability. An artificial neural network is trained to predict CCTs at different operating points. Finally, particle swarm optimization is used to find the optimal placement of a thyristor controlled series capacitor to enhance stability by minimizing real power losses, increasing several CCTs above 0.1 seconds.
This document discusses the parameters and efficiency calculation of a 750kV transmission line that is 500km long and handling 2000MW of capacitive load, using MATLAB programming. It provides the line parameters such as resistance, inductance, capacitance and efficiency both with and without shunt compensation. The results show that the power transfer capability and voltage profile are improved with a shunt compensating device. Key parameters like sending end voltage and current, receiving end current, line losses, and efficiency are calculated both with and without compensation.
This document discusses the parameters and efficiency calculation of a 750kV transmission line that is 500km long and handling 2000MW of capacitive load, using MATLAB programming. It provides the line parameters such as resistance, inductance, capacitance and efficiency both with and without shunt compensation. The results show that power transfer capability and voltage profile are improved with a compensating device. Key line parameters like sending end voltage, current, power and losses are calculated both with and without shunt compensation.
Distribution network reconfiguration for loss reduction using PSO method IJECEIAES
In recent years, the reconfiguration of the distribution network has been proclaimed as a method for realizing power savings, with virtually zero cost. The current trend is to design distribution networks with a mesh network structure, but to operate them radially. This is achieved by the establishment of an appropriate number of switchable branches which allow the realization of a radial configuration capable of supplying all of the normal defects in the box of permanent defect. The purpose of this article is to find an optimal reconfiguration using a Meta heuristic method, namely the particle swarm optimization method (PSO), to reduce active losses and voltage deviations by taking into account certain technical constraints. The validity of this method is tested on a 33-IEEE test network and the results obtained are compared with the results of basic load flow.
Performance Improvement of the Radial Distribution System by using Switched C...idescitation
Distribution system is the major link which provides supply to the consumers
from the high voltage transmission system. The load on the distribution system is not
constant and it changes with respect to time throughout the working period. The voltage
drop and power losses occur in the distribution system mainly depends on the nature of the
load which is applied on the system. The voltage drop and power losses frequently occurs
mainly on those systems which are supplying load to the industrial areas, this is mainly
because of the existence of more reactive power. To overcome these problems shunt
compensation is employed to reduce or suppress those effects to an extent. The main aim of
this paper is to determine the specific value of the shunt capacitance required to achieve the
permissible voltage tolerance limits and maximum percentage of power loss reduction in a
sample two feeder radial distribution system.
This document proposes an artificial neural network and fuzzy logic controller tool for online voltage stability monitoring and estimating reactive power (VAR) support needs in deregulated power systems. The tool uses bus voltage angles and reactive power loads as inputs to the ANN, which then outputs the voltage stability margin and voltage stability factor of the most vulnerable bus. The ANN is trained offline using patterns from continuation power flow simulations. The tool can estimate stability margins and determine minimum VAR support for different system conditions and contingencies in deregulated markets. It has been tested on IEEE 14 bus and 30 bus systems.
The high penetration of power electronic based distributed energy resources (DERs) has increased the importance and attention given to voltage security of distribution systems. Voltage control in the electrical power system is critical for a proper operating condition. Therefore, distribution systems must have the ability to maintain a secure voltage profile. Using inverters for Volt/VAR control (VVC) can provide a faster response for voltage regulation than traditional voltage regulation devices, such as transformer load tap changers and voltage regulators. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate how smart inverters can be used to eliminate the voltage deviation by solving a mixed-integer quadratic program to determine the amount of reactive power that should be injected or absorbed at the appropriate nodes. The proposed method incorporates capacitor banks connected to the network and determines whether to turn on or off the capacitor bank for voltage regulation. These processes will be demonstrated in several cases that are focused on mitigating voltage-dips and swells.
The high penetration of power electronic based distributed energy resources (DERs) has increased the importance and attention given to voltage security of distribution systems. Voltage control in the electrical power system is critical for a proper operating condition. Therefore, distribution systems must have the ability to maintain a secure voltage profile. Using inverters for Volt/VAR control (VVC) can provide a faster response for voltage regulation than traditional voltage regulation devices, such as transformer load tap changers and voltage regulators. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate how smart inverters can be used to eliminate the voltage deviation by solving a mixed-integer quadratic program to determine the amount of reactive power that should be injected or absorbed at the appropriate nodes. The proposed method incorporates capacitor banks connected to the network and determines whether to turn on or off the capacitor bank for voltage regulation. These processes will be demonstrated in several cases that are focused on mitigating voltage-dips and swells.
Static VAR Compensators (SVCs) is a Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) device that can control the power flow in transmission lines by injecting capacitive or inductive current components at the midpoint of interconnection line or in load areas. This device is capable of minimizing the overall system losses and concurrently improves the voltage stability. A line index, namely SVSI becomes indicator for the placement of SVC and the parameters of SVCs are tuned by using the multi-objective evolutionary programming technique, effectively able to control the power. The algorithm was tested on IEEE-30 Bus Reliability Test System (RTS). Comparative studies were conducted based on the performance of SVC in terms of their location and sizing for installations in power system.
Soft Computing Technique Based Enhancement of Transmission System Lodability ...IJERA Editor
Due to the growth of electricity demands and transactions in power markets, existing power networks need to be enhanced in order to increase their loadability. The problem of determining the best locations for network reinforcement can be formulated as a mixed discrete-continuous nonlinear optimization problem (MDCP). The complexity of the problem makes extensive simulations necessary and the computational requirement is high. This paper compares the effectiveness of Evolutionary Programming (EP) and an ordinal optimization (OO) technique is proposed in this paper to solve the MDCP involving two types of flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS) devices, namely static var compensator (SVC) and thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), for system loadability enhancement. In this approach, crude models are proposed to cope with the complexity of the problem and speed up the simulations with high alignment confidence. The test and Validation of the proposed algorithm are conducted on IEEE 14–bus system and 22-bus Indian system.Simulation results shows that the proposed models permit the use of OO-based approach for finding good enough solutions with less computational efforts.
This document discusses using Static Var Compensation (SVC) devices to reduce unbalancing and energy losses in distribution networks. It proposes using intelligent optimization algorithms like Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA), and Firefly Algorithm (FA) to determine the optimal sitting and sizing of SVC devices. The objective function considers losses, neutral line current, and SVC installation costs. Simulations on the IEEE 123 node test system show the proposed method significantly improves the performance of unbalanced distribution networks.
IRJET- Load Balancing using Fact DevicesIRJET Journal
This document discusses load balancing in distribution systems using FACTS devices. It begins with an introduction to load balancing challenges in distribution systems due to varying and uneven loads over time and location. FACTS devices like D-STATCOM can be used to balance loads by injecting compensating currents. The document then presents the control circuit used for D-STATCOM, which generates reference currents based on instantaneous real and reactive power calculations. A simulation model is shown demonstrating how D-STATCOM can balance an unbalanced and non-linear load, reducing total harmonic distortion. In conclusion, D-STATCOM is an effective FACTS device for distribution system load balancing and power quality improvement.
This document presents a novel power flow algorithm for solving load flow in balanced radial distribution systems using a forward-backward matrix method. The algorithm utilizes the topological characteristics of radial distribution networks to directly calculate power flow solutions using a simple matrix multiplication. The bus injection to branch current (BIBC) matrix relates bus current injections to branch currents and is used in the forward-backward sweep method instead of traditional techniques. The method was tested on IEEE 7 bus, 12 bus, and 24 bus test systems and achieved converged solutions in fewer iterations and less time compared to other methods.
IRJET- Power Quality Improvement by DSTATCOM Control by Artificial Neural Net...IRJET Journal
This document presents a method for using an artificial neural network to control a DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) to improve power quality in a distribution system. A DSTATCOM is connected to the distribution system and used to compensate for power quality issues like voltage variations caused by nonlinear loads. An instantaneous symmetrical component theory is used to generate reference supply currents. Terminal voltages are compared to a reference to produce an error signal that is fed into an artificial neural network. The neural network output controls the DSTATCOM to inject compensating currents and regulate the voltage at the point of common coupling, improving power quality. Simulation results demonstrate the DSTATCOM is able to maintain sinusoidal voltages during load changes that previously caused undervoltage issues
ASSESSMENT OF VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION AND REACTIVE POWER CONTROL WITH SVC USING PSOKashif Mehmood
Smart grid novel growth in the arena of power, this is a new scheme and apparatus for producing and distributing
electricity. Smart grids are very important part of the electrical circuit. Distribution Management System (DMS) used by the utilities for the
state Estimation (SE). Basic application distribution control system, evaluation (SE) and the control reactive power). There SE principally
used to monitor and to control the entire distributed network. In the distribution network has a problem voltage profile. It is controlled by
distributed generators (DG), which are located in diverse positions in the system to maintain the voltage within certain limits. Validation
through the implementation on the IEEE 14-bus radial transmission system indicated that PSO is reasonable to achieve the
task. MATLAB software is used for results simulation
IRJET - Optimizing a High Lateral Misalignment Tolerance of the Short-Ra...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes different capacitive compensation topologies for optimizing lateral misalignment tolerance in inductive wireless power transfer systems. It compares the series-series, parallel-series, series-parallel, and parallel-parallel topologies through analytical and experimental methods. The results show that the series-series topology provides the best optimization as it has independence of resonance frequency from misalignment, high voltage and current gains, and zero phase shift at any misalignment, leading to lower switching losses.
This document summarizes various regulator collections that can be used to control a parallel active power filter. It discusses fuzzy logic, PWM, space vector PWM (SVPWM), new space vector PWM (NSVPWM), and hysteresis regulators. It provides block diagrams and equations to describe how each regulator works. The document also proposes a new method of using NSVPWM with hysteresis control to regulate harmonic currents injected by the active filter while maintaining a fixed switching frequency.
Performance assessment of an optimization strategy proposed for power systemsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In the present article, the selection process of the topology of an artificial neural network (ANN) as well as its configuration are exposed. The ANN was adapted to work with the Newton Raphson (NR) method for the calculation of power flow and voltage optimization in the PQ nodes of a 10-node power system represented by the IEEE 1250 standard system. The purpose is to assess and compare its results with the ones obtained by implementing ant colony and genetic algorithms in the optimization of the same system. As a result, it is stated that the voltages in all system nodes surpass 0,99 p.u., thus representing a 20% increase in the optimal scenario, where the algorithm took 30 seconds, of which 9 seconds were used in the training and validation processes of the ANN.
IRJET- Analysis of Open Loop Distribution Static Compensator for Improvin...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the analysis and simulation of an open loop distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) for improving power quality in a distribution system. Key points:
1. A D-STATCOM model is developed in MATLAB Simulink to compensate for reactive power demand from nonlinear and unbalanced loads, improve source power factor, and reduce total harmonic distortion in source currents.
2. Simulation results show that before compensation, source currents are unbalanced and distorted due to nonlinear loads. The D-STATCOM is able to maintain unity power factor at the source and mitigate harmonics after compensation.
3. Operating modes of the D-STATCOM include reactive power compensation to regulate voltage, and active power compensation
Similar to Particle Swarm Optimization based Network Reconfiguration in Distribution System with Distributed Generation and Capacitor Placement (20)
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
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Particle Swarm Optimization based Network Reconfiguration in Distribution System with Distributed Generation and Capacitor Placement
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 3 || Issue || 12 || December - 2014 || Pages || 55-60||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 55
Particle Swarm Optimization based Network Reconfiguration in
Distribution System with Distributed Generation and Capacitor Placement
1,
G. Balakrishna , 2,
Dr. Ch. Sai Babu
1,
Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engg., Intell Engineering Collge,
Anantapur(AP), INDIA
2,
Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engg., JNTU College of Engg., Kakinada(AP), INDIA
-----------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------
This paper proposes an algorithm based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for optimal network
reconfiguration of a distribution system in the presence of Distributed Generators (DGs) and Shunt Capacitor
Banks to balance the feeder loads and to eliminate overloading conditions. The system Load Balancing Index
(LBI) is used to represent the loading conditions and maximum system loading capacity. This index value
should be low in the optimal network reconfiguration for load balancing. A 69-node system with DG units and
Capacitor units are considered for verifying the effectiveness of PSO algorithm and results are presented. The
simulation results shows that by operating the on/off patterns of proper tie switches and normally closed
switches betters the load balancing in the system and also improves the voltage profile.
KEYWORDS: Capacitor Placement, Distribution systems, Distributed Generators, Load Balancing
Index(LBI), Network Reconfiguration
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 25 December 2014 Date of Accepted: 10 January 2015
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION:
The typical electrical power distribution system generally composed of group of interconnected radial
networks and have to function subjected to some constraints like radial configuration, all the loads served,
coordinated operation of protective devices, and voltage magnitude limits etc. Generally the distribution system
feeds mixture of different loads against different daily load patterns. There are different operational schemes in
the distribution systems; one of the most important of them is „network reconfiguration‟. Distribution systems
consist of two types of switches viz., normally closed sectionalizing switches and normally opened tie switches
[1], [2]. By the selection of operation of these switches the topological structure of the distribution system can
be modified accordingly we can modify the power flow and hence one can obtain better voltage profile as well
as good efficiency of the system. Therefore network reconfiguration is of very important operation of
distribution system and always aims the good voltage profile and minimization of losses. Generally distribution
network reconfiguration provides services to as many consumers as possible following fault coding and during
planned outage for maintenance purpose with loss minimization and load balancing of the network [3].
The problem of network reconfiguration is a complex non-linear combinatorial problem due to non-
differential status of switches and normally opened tie switches determined to meet the system requirements.
From optimization point of view the reconfiguration method have been used for loss reduction using different
techniques on the other hand from service restoration point of view, the reconfiguration allows to relocate loads
by using an appropriate sequence of switching operations with operating constraints taken into account [4]. By
moving the loads from heavily loaded feeders to the lightly loaded feeders, the network reconfiguration can
balance the feeder loads and avoids the overloading condition [5]. There are many existing algorithms to find
the optimal network reconfiguration. [6] uses the Artificial neural network approach based on the mapping
capability to determine network reconfiguration. An expert system using heuristic rules to decrease the search
space for reducing the computational time is presented in [7]. An algorithm called „distance measurement
technique‟ (DMT) that found a loop first and then a switching operation to improve the load balancing was
proposed in [8]. Aoki et al. formulated the load balancing and service restoration problem by taking capacity
and voltage constraints as a mixed integer non-linear optimization problem and converted into a set of quadratic
programming sub programs [9]. Baran formulated the problem of minimization of loss and load balancing as
integer programming problem [10]. H.D. Chiang et al. [11] proposed a constrained multi objective and non
differentiable optimization problem.
2. Particle Swarm Optimization Based Network Reconfiguration…
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G. Peponis et al. [12] proposes an improved switch exchange procedure for load balancing problem
using switch exchange operations. [13] proposed a new load balancing index and applied it to the network for
load balancing. In [14] a new load balancing and unbalanced algorithm in distribution system for loss reduction.
This paper emphasizes the importance of optimal network reconfiguration to the electric power distribution
system that is equipped with Distributed Generator units and shunt capacitor banks for load balancing and node
voltage improvement. The application of PSO is applied to obtain the optimal on/off status of the switches to
minimize the load balancing index subject to system constraints.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
The aim of this work is to minimize the Loading Balance Index (LBI) that represents the degree of non-
uniformity of loading among the feeders, mathematically LBI can be written as [12];
….(1)
Where
B is the list of branches that forms the loops
Lk is the length of the line branch ‘k’
Ik,t is the current though of branch ‘k’ for feeder reconfiguration pattern ‘t’
Ik
max
is the maximum current carrying capacity of branch ‘k’
The above objective function is subjected to following constraints:
Power flow equations : Power flow in electrical power distribution network can be described by a set of
recursive equations called distribution flow branch equations that uses the real and reactive power and voltage at
the sending end of a branch to express the same quantities at the receiving end of the branch [3]. A simple
radial distribution network is shown in fig. 1.
Fig.1: Sample Distribution system main feeder
The real and reactive power flow in the line between i+1 and nth buses are ;
….(2)
….(3)
The magnitude of the voltage at bus ‘i+1’ can be calculated as;
….(4)
The power loss of the line section connecting buses i and i+1 may be determined as;
….(5)
Where
Pi is the active power at bus ‘i’
Qi is the reactive power at bus ‘i’
Ri,i+1 is the resistance of line section between buses ‘i’ and i+1
Xi,i+1 is the reactance of line section between buses ‘i’ and i+1
Vi is the voltage at bus ‘i’
Bus voltage Constraint: The voltage magnitude constraint i.e the voltage at each and every bus should be
within the specified minimum and maximum limits mathematically
….(6)
Where Vmin and Vmax are the minimum and maximum allowable voltages.
3. Particle Swarm Optimization Based Network Reconfiguration…
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2.3. Feeder capability constraint:
The magnitude of the current through all the line sections should be within the tolerable limits of the respective
section i.e.
….(7)
Where
is maximum current capability of branch k
For each possible network reconfiguration condition and DG placement the voltages at all the nodes and
currents through all the line section are calculated by using forward/backward sweep load flow technique.
Radial configuration format: In a practical distribution network when we increase the number of switches
then the number of possible switching operations will be numerous. Consequently selecting the proper switches
for network reconfiguration will become a tedious decision making and time consuming procedure for system
engineers. Furthermore network reconfiguration problem will be more difficult task as the electrical distribution
systems are mostly configured in radial for proper relay coordination and protection.
III. PSO ALGORITHM:
The individual particle in this case is composed of set of tie switches that are to be opened in operating
the distribution system in radial configuration only. The size of the particle is equal to number of tie switches in
a system. Therefore individual i‟s position in 0th
iteration can be represented as a vector
Xi
0
=(TS1,TS2,TS3……TSn) where ‘n’ is the number of tie switches for a given radial distribution system. The
velocity of individual ‘i’ i.e., Vi
0
= (Vil, …, Vin) represents the switch number updating quantity covering all tie
lines and maneuver lines. The position and velocity of each element of a particle in this case is mere integer
number. Here it is very important to note that while creating the individual particles it is very much essential to
check for the radial nature of the network. To do this the below procedure is used to generate the particles at
random.
Step 1 : Set i=1
Step 2 : Set j=1
Step 3 : Select an element (i.e switch number) of an individual particle at random
Step 4 : Choose the value of an element from a list of tie switches and sectionalizing switches that
satisfies the radial nature of the network
Step 5 : go for the next element i.e., j=j+1.
Step 6 : Choose the next element from a list of all the tie switches and sectionalizing switches
excluding the elements (switch numbers) already chosen.
Step 7 : repeat step 4 to step 6 until j=N where N is the number of switches to be opened.
Step 8 : increment the particle number i.e., i=i+1
Step 9 : If all particles are generated stop the initialization process otherwise go to step 2.
The element of individual particles as created above is taken as the initial position of the elements. The
initial velocity of the elements for all particles is taken as zero.
PROPOSED PSO ALGORITHM:
Step1. Initialization-initialize all particles as per the above algorithm
Step2. Set iteration count=0
Step3. Evaluate the fitness function i.e. the Load Balancing Index for the each particle and fix the individual
LBI to Pbest and from LBI of all the particles find the minimum LBI the fix it as Gbest for this iteration
Step4. Evaluate the velocity of each population by using the equation
….(8)
Step5. Update the position of each population by using the equation
….(9)
Step6. Find the new values of fitness function (LBI) for all the population and replace it with Pbest if it less than
the former value and also fix the least value of Pbest among all the population to Gbest
Step7. Increase the iteration count by 1
4. Particle Swarm Optimization Based Network Reconfiguration…
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Step8. Check the stopping criterion, if not satisfied go to step3
Finally the optimum solution can be obtained through „Gbest‟
IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The effectiveness of the proposed PSO algorithm for network reconfiguration of a distribution system
with DG units and shunt capacitors is verified on IEEE-69 systems. The initial statuses of all the sectionalizing
switches are closed while all the tie-switches are open. The total loads for this test system are 3,801.89 kW and
2,694.10 kVAr. For this test system five cases are considered:
Case-1: Original configuration of the system without DG
Case-2: Optimal Configuration of the system without DG units and shunt capacitors
Case-3: Optimal configuration with DG units and without shunt capacitors
Case-4: Optimal configuration without DG units and with shunt capacitors
Case-5: Optimal configuration with DG units and shunt capacitors
In case-1 the original system has been considered without reconfiguration, without capacitors and
without DG units. For this case the simulation results are given in Table 1.
Table 1: Simulation results for base case
Aspect Case-1
Sectionalizing Switches to be open ---
Tie-Switches to be closed ---
Load Balancing Index(LBI) 2.949
Minimum Voltage (p.u.) 0.909
Total power loss (kW) 224.68
In case-2 the proposed algorithm is used to find the optimal network reconfiguration that gives us the
sectionalizing lines to be opened and tie-lines to be closed in the distribution system without using DG units and
shunt capacitor banks. Simulation results of PSO are compared with the existing method and are given in Table
2.
Table 2: Simulation Results of PSO and comparison with existing method for case-2
Aspect
By Tabu
Search
By proposed
PSO
Sectionalizing Switches to be open 13, 20, 58, 63 13, 20, 56, 26
Tie-Switches to be closed 70, 71, 72, 73 70, 71, 72, 73
Load Balancing Index(LBI) 2.197 2.147
Minimum Voltage (p.u.) 0.948 0.9512
Total power loss (kW) 105.65 104.84
In case-3 the PSO is used determine the optimal network reconfiguration of the system in the presence
of DG units without using shunt capacitors. In this case four DGs are assumed to be installed at bus numbers
14, 35, 46 and 53 with the capacities of 300, 200, 100 and 400 kW respectively. Table 3 gives the simulation
results of PSO and is compared with the existing method for this case.
Table 3: Simulation Results of PSO and comparison with existing method for case-3
Aspect
By Tabu
Search
By proposed
PSO
Sectionalizing Switches to be open 14, 20, 52, 61 13, 20, 58, 64
Tie-Switches to be closed 70, 71, 72, 73 70, 71, 72, 73
Load Balancing Index(LBI) 1.685 1.592
Minimum Voltage (p.u.) 0.955 0.9612
Total power loss (kW) 84.38 82.47
5. Particle Swarm Optimization Based Network Reconfiguration…
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In case-4 the PSO algorithm is used determine the optimal network reconfiguration of the system in the
presence of Shunt capacitor bank units without using DG units. In this case four capacitor banks are assumed to
be installed at bus numbers 24, 45, 49 and 61 of capacities of 100, 200, 300 and 400 kVar respectively. Table 4
gives the simulation results of PSO and is compared with the existing method for this case.
Table 4: Simulation Results of PSO and comparison with existing method for case-4
Aspect
By Tabu
Search
By proposed
PSO
Sectionalizing Switches to be open 14, 20, 52, 61 14, 19, 58, 63
Tie-Switches to be closed 70, 71, 72, 73 70, 71, 72, 73
Load Balancing Index(LBI) 1.796 1.728
Minimum Voltage (p.u.) 0.956 0.9641
Total power loss (kW) 108.94 102.47
In case-5 the PSO algorithm is used determine the optimal network reconfiguration of the system in the
presence of Shunt capacitor bank units with DG units. In this case four capacitor banks are assumed to be
installed at bus numbers 24, 45, 49 and 61 of capacities of 100, 200, 300 and 400 kVar respectively and four DG
units of sizes 300, 200, 100 and 400kW are already installed at bus numbers 14, 35, 46 and 53. Table 5 gives
the simulation results of PSO and is compared with the existing method for this case.
Table 5: Simulation Results of PSO and comparison with existing method for case-5
Aspect
By Tabu
Search
By proposed
PSO
Normal lines to be open 14, 20, 53, 62 14, 18, 55, 63
Tie-lines to be closed 70, 71, 72, 73 70, 71, 72, 73
Load Balancing Index(LBI) 1.442 1.441
Minimum Voltage (p.u.) 0.955 0.9668
Total power loss (kW) 77.604 74.324
From the above simulation results it is observed that from case-1 to case-5 the Load balancing index has
reduced and except for case -4, the minimum voltage has increased to from 0.909p.u. to 0.9668 p.u. and at the
same time the losses are also reduced from to 224.68 kW to 74.324 kW. All these results are better when
compared to existing Tabu Search method.
V. CONCLUSIONS:
In this paper, a Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm has been proposed to find the optimal network
reconfiguration of a distribution network in the presence of DG units and capacitor banks. The problem here is
formulated as a non-linear optimization problem with an objective function of minimizing the Load Balancing
Index (LBI) subject to a set of constraints. Test results has been presented, which shows that using PSO the
optimal network reconfiguration problem with DG units and shunt capacitor banks can be solved effectively
when compared to existing algorithm.
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