DISPOSAL OF WASTES
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This document discusses various aspects of solid waste disposal, including: 1. It defines solid wastes and explains why proper disposal is important for public health and the environment. 2. It outlines different sources of solid waste and methods for collection and storage, such as dust bins and public bins. 3. It describes several methods for solid waste disposal, including dumping, controlled tipping, incineration, composting, manure pits, and burial. Each method has advantages and disadvantages for different situations.
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2) Common methods for solid waste disposal include sanitary landfill, composting, and incineration, while wastewater is typically disposed of through sewerage systems using water carriage.
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This document discusses post-harvest management and value addition of onions. It covers onion production worldwide and in India. It then discusses characteristics, nutritional value, pre-harvest and harvesting practices. It provides details on curing, grading, storage, packaging and value-added products like dehydration, pickles and onion salt. It highlights the importance of proper post-harvest handling and storage to reduce losses and maximize shelf life. Mechanical dewatering prior to drying is presented as an energy and cost efficient method of drying onions.
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Compost is decayed organic matter that provides nutrients to plants. It is produced through decomposition by microorganisms in a warm, moist, aerobic environment. The document describes different methods for selecting a compost production site and collecting raw materials, and outlines four common methods for compost production: heap, cage, pit, and barrel. The benefits of using compost include increased yields, improved soil fertility, and providing nutrients in a readily available form.
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This document provides an overview of composting organic matter. It discusses that composting is the natural process of decay that happens on forest floors and lawns. Controlled composting speeds up this process through proper pile management. Successful composting caters to the needs of microorganisms by providing them with large surface areas, air, food, and water. The carbon to nitrogen ratio of materials added is important to support microbial growth. With the right conditions, compost piles can heat up and kill pathogens. Compost is a valuable soil amendment and can be used in gardens once fully decomposed.
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The document discusses different types and methods of composting. It describes compost as organic matter that is decomposed through composting and is rich in nutrients. There are two main types of composting - aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic composting uses air and generates high temperatures, breaking down organic waste quickly without smells. Various composting methods are described, including the pit, heap and NADEP methods which involve layering organic materials in pits or piles and turning the materials to aid decomposition. Microorganisms and their roles in the composting process are also outlined.
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The document discusses composting of organic waste. It notes that about 70% of municipal waste is organic and can be composted. Composting is the natural process of aerobic decomposition of organic materials by microorganisms to produce a stable humus-like material called compost. Maintaining proper environmental conditions such as moisture levels, carbon to nitrogen ratios, oxygen levels and temperatures is important for effective composting. Compost has various uses as a soil amendment to improve soil quality and support plant growth.
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Environmental Hygiene:
Unit II: Environmental Factors Contributing to Health
a)Water: Sources and characteristics of safe and wholesome water, Uses of water, Rain water harvesting, Water pollution, Water borne diseases & Water purification-small and large scale
b)Air: Composition of air, Airborne diseases, Air pollution and its effect on health & Control of air pollution and use of safety measures.
c)Waste: Refuse, garbage, excreta and sewage, Health hazards, Waste management: collection, transportation and disposal.
d)Housing: Location, Type , Characteristics of good housing, Basic amenities, Town planning
e)Ventilation: Types and standards of ventilation
f)Lighting: Requirements of good lighting, Natural and artificial lighting & Use of solar energy
g)Noise: Sources of noise, Community noise levels, Effects of noise pollution & Noise Control measures
h)Arthropods: Mosquitoes, housefly, sand fly, human louse, rat fleas, rodents, ticks etc. and Control measures
a)Water:
Water is a essential basic need of human and all living things
Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.
The water is very important for life, because it is vital.
The animals or humans drink water because the body needs 75% water
Pure water has no colour, no taste and doesn’t smell of anything and absence of micro organism
Sources:
Rain water
Surface water
Ground water:
Rain water: Natural source & pure
Surface water:
Lakes
Ponds
Streams
Rivers
Storage reservoir
Characteristics of safe and wholesome water: Safe and wholesome water is defined as that which is
free from pathogenic agents
free from harmful chemical substances
pleasant to taste, colorless and odorless
usable for domestic purposes
Uses of water:
Household or domestic(drinking, preparing food, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, brushing your teeth, watering the yard and garden)
Agricultural (farming gardening fisheries)
Industrial (manufacturing)
Recreational (swimming, water shows, boating)
Environmental activities (park, street cleaning)
Fire extinction (control & stoppage of fire disaster)
Hydro power generation (production of electricity)
Rain water harvesting:
Rainwater harvesting is the simple process or technology used to conserve rainwater by collecting, storing, conveying and purifying of rainwater that runs off from rooftops, parks, roads, open grounds, etc. for later use.
Components: Rainwater harvesting systems consists of the following components:
Catchment (Collection): Used to collect and store
Conveyance system (transport): It is used to transport the harvested water from the catchment to the recharge zone.
Flush: It is used to flush out the first spell of rain.
Filter: Used for filtering the collected rainwater and removing pollutants.
Tanks and the recharge structures: Used to store the filtered water which is ready to use.
The process of rainwater harvesting involves the collection and the
Ch21 a
Solid and hazardous wastes are generated from industrial and municipal sources. Common methods of disposing solid waste include open dumping and sanitary landfills. Sanitary landfills are regulated facilities that spread waste out daily, cover it with soil or plastic, and include liners and monitoring systems. However, they still produce greenhouse gases and liquid leaks. Reducing waste through reducing consumption, reuse, and recycling programs decreases environmental impacts. Recycling has benefits like lowering emissions and pollution but requires infrastructure.
Agricultural waste management
Agricultural waste refers to waste produced from agricultural operations including farms, poultry houses, and slaughterhouses. The major types of agricultural waste are animal waste, field waste, and agro-industrial waste. Proper agricultural waste management is important to maintain a healthy environment for farm animals and crops by reducing pollution and providing nutrients. Management processes include waste collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal. Agricultural waste can be recycled and used to produce biofertilizers, fuel, and other products. Overall, good waste management improves soil and water quality.
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DISPOSAL OF WASTES
- 1. DISPOSAL OF WASTES GUIDED BY: Dr. SUSHRIT
- 2. SOLID WASTES Presented by: Ramakrishna
- 3. OVERVIEW • What is solid waste? • Why it should be disposed? • Sources of refuse, storage, collection • Methods of disposal • Public education • Economics and finance • International cooperation
- 4. WHAT ARE SOLID WASTES? •GARBAGE •RUBBISH •DEMOLITION PRODUCTS •SEWAGE TREATMENT RESIDUE •DEAD ANIMALS, MANURE AND OTHER DISCARDED MATERIALS
- 5. WHY IT SHOULD BE DISPOSED? •To prevent health hazards •To maintain hygiene and cleanliness If allowed to accumulate: •Favours fly breeding •Attracts rodents and vermin •Vector for pathogen •Possibility of water and soil pollution •Bad odour
- 6. SOURCES OF REFUSE •Street refuse •Market refuse •Stable litter •Industrial refuse •Domestic refuse
- 7. STORAGE • Galvanized steel dust bin • Capacity; number of users & frequency of collection • Output per capita in india; 1/10 to 1/20 c.Ft • ‘‘Paper sack’’ • Public bins; large number; elevated platform; municipalities.
- 9. COLLECTION • House to house collection • Majority; other than house to house • Public bins • Army of sweepers; ultimate disposal • The environmental hygiene committee • “Dustless refuse collector”
- 11. METHODS OF DISPOSAL • DUMPING • CONTROLLED TIPPING • INCINERATION • COMPOSTING • MANURE PITS • BURIAL
- 12. DUMPING • Dumped in low lying areas • Decomposed and converted to humus; kolkata • Drawbacks: • Flies and rodents • Bad smell and unslighlty appearance • Dispersed by wind • Drainage; pollution of surface and ground water.
- 13. According to who: “Most insanitary method that creates Public health hazards and nuiscence And severe pollution of environment’’
- 14. CONTROLLED TIPPING • Most satisfactory method • Trench or prepared area; covered • With earth • “Modified sanitary landfill”; once or twice a week • 3 methods: • Trench method • Ramp method • Area method
- 15. TRENCH METHOD •LEVEL GROUND •2-3 m DEEP AND 4-12 m WIDE •1 ACRE OF LAND FOR 10,000 POPULATION
- 18. AREA METHOD • Depressed land; disused quarries • Clay pits • Refuse filled; 2-2.5 m • Mud covered at least 30 cm thick • Disadvantage: • Supplemental earth from outside • Sources
- 20. INCINERATION • Burning • Suitable land not available • Hospital waste; biohazard • Disadvantage: • Loss of manure • Limited application in india
- 21. COMPOSTING • Combined disposal; refuse, night soil • Bacterial action; humus like material • Compost; free of disease causing • Organisms • Soil builder; nutrients (nitrates and • Phosphates) • Methods: • Bangalore method (anaerobic) • Mechanical composting (aerobic)
- 22. BANGALORE METHOD • Also known as hot fermentation process • Satisfactory method; town waste & • Nightsoil • Measurements: • 90 cm deep, 1.5-2.5 m broad, 4.5-10 m long • Pits should be located ½ mile away from • City limits • 7 days; bacterial action; 60 degree C • Pathogenic organisms destroyed
- 25. MECHANICAL COMPOSTING • Large scale processing of raw materials • Steps: • Clearing of salvagable materials • Grinded; size less than 2 inches • Refuse mixed with sewage, sludge • 4-6 weeks
- 27. • Rural areas; effective and simple • Refuse thrown around the houses • Pollution of soil • Garbage, cattle dung, leaves • Covered with earth daily • 5-6 months; converted to manure MANURE PITS
- 29. BURIAL • Suitable for small camps • 1.5 m wide and 2 m deep • Refuse covered with 20-30 cm of earth • After 4-6 months; fields
- 30. PUBLIC EDUCATION • Cleanliness outside their homes • Municipalities; cheapest solution • By methods of health education • Pamphlets, newspapers, broadcasting • Films etc.
- 31. ECONOMICS AND FINANCE • Capital requirement; efficient disposal • Industrialised countries • 20% of budget
- 32. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION • ISWA-1970; to improve sanitation • WHO; evaluate waste disposal