This document discusses disorders of the thyroid gland including both benign and malignant conditions. Benign disorders include Hashimoto's thyroiditis (an autoimmune inflammation), hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), and Graves' disease (autoimmune hyperthyroidism). Malignant disorders covered are papillary carcinoma (most common type), follicular carcinoma, Hurthle cell tumor, medullary carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, and lymphoma of the thyroid. Each condition is described in 1-2 sentences regarding etiology, symptoms, diagnosis or histological features.

1. Disorders of the Thyroid gland
J.Rohini

2. Benign
 Hashimoto thyroiditis
 Hypothyroidism
 Graves’ disease
Malignant
Papillary carcinoma
Follicular carcinoma
Hurthle cell tumor
Medullary Thyroid
Carcinoma
Anaplastic Carcinoma
Lymphoma of thyroid

3. Hashimoto thyroiditis
Autoantibodies(TPO and Tg antibodies)
Thyroid inflamation with destruction of thyroid
tissue and fibrosis
Raised TSH level
Multiple micronodules or large nodule
Responds to exogenous thyroid

4. Hypothyroidism-Etiology
Iodine deficiency(most common)
Hashimoto disease
Total or subtotal thyroidectomy
Radiation exposure
Symptoms
Fatigue
Intolerance to cold
Hoarseness
Poor memory
Weight gain
Constipation
Hearing loss
Signs
Dry and coarse skin
Puffy face
Loss of hair
Bradycardia

5. Graves’ disease
Autoimmune disorder
Abs
directed against TSH receptor with
intrinsic activity.
Responsible for 60-80% of
Thyrotoxicosis
More common in women
Dia:TSH suppressed, T4 raised

6. Papillary carcinoma
Most common
Develops from thyroid follicle cells
Unencapsulated but often have a pseudocapsule
Histology - psammoma bodies
 - nuclei are oval or elongated, pale
staining with ground glass appearance-
Orphan Annie cells

7. Follicular carcinoma
Solid invasive tumors, usually solitary
and encapsulated
Develops from thyroid follicular cells
It presents as solitary thyroid nodule
Dia :FNAC-evidence of vascular and
capsular invasion

8. Hurthle cell carcinoma
Syn :oncocytic carcinoma
Oncocytes are large cells which are rich
in mitochondria and stain pink
More aggressive than follicular
carcinoma
Dia :FNAC shows hurthle cells

9. Anaplastic carcinoma
Extremely aggressive and exceptionally
virulent
Composed wholly or in part of
undifferentiated cells
Tumor is typically hard, poorly
circumscribed

10. Medullary carcinoma
Tumour arising from the calcitonin-
secreting C-cells of the thyroid gland
Associated with MEN IIa MEN IIb
Metastases usually contain calcitonin
and stain for amyloid

11. Lymphoma
A rare type of thyroid cancer
Develops in the setting of pre-existing
lymphocytic thyroiditis
Tumors are firm, fleshy, and usually pale