2. Definitions
A disinfectant or germicide is a
• substance which destroys harmful microbes
• (not usually spores)
• for Preventing transmission of disease.
• suitable only for in-animate objects.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
3. Definitions…
Antiseptic is a substance which
• destroys or inhibits the growth of micro
organisms.
• suitable for application to living tissues.
• disinfectant in low concentrations can act as an
antiseptic.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
4. Deodorant is a substance which
• suppresses or neutralizes bad odours,
• e.g., lime and bleaching powder.
Detergent is a surface cleaning agent
• which acts by lowering surface tension,
• e.g., soap removes bacteria along with dirt.
Sterilization is the
• process of destroying all life including spores.
• widely used in medical practice.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
5. Disinfectants
Their uses ranges from
• control of communicable diseases
• sterilization of instruments,
• treatment of infections of skin and mucous
membrane.
• the killing of infectious agents outside the
body
• by direct exposure to chemical or physical
agents.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
7. Concurrent disinfection :
• Continuous disinfection
• agent is destroyed as soon as it is released from
the body and further spread is stopped.
• disinfection throughout the course of an illness.
• of urine, faeces, vomit, linen, clothes, hands,
(dressings, aprons, gloves, etc)
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
8. Pre-current disinfection :
• Prophylactic disinfection
• Any infective organism is destroyed before the
item is used
• disinfection of water by chlorine,
pasteurization of milk and hand washing etc.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
9. Terminal disinfection:
• application measures in the last,
when patient is removed
• By recovery
• by death
• or to a hospital
• or has ceased to be a source of infection
• carried out along with airing and sunning of
rooms, furniture and bedding.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
10. NATURAL AGENTS
Sun Light: Direct and continuous exposure is
destructive to many disease producing
organisms.
• The ultraviolet rays are lethal to bacteria and
some viruses.
• linen, bedding, and furniture may be
disinfected by direct sunlight for several hours.
Air: Exposure to open air acts by drying or
evaporation of moisture which is lethal to
most bacteria.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
11. PHYSICAL AGENTS
Burning or Incineration:
• excellent method.
• For Inexpensive articles
(contaminated dressings,
rags and swabs can be
disposed off by burning).
• Faeces can be disposed off
by burning.
• not to be done in open air;
• best done in an incinerator.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
12. Hot air :
useful for sterilizing many articles
• (glassware, syringes, swabs, dressings, and
sharp instruments. )
• no penetrating power,
• not suitable for bulky articles such as
mattresses.
• Usually done in a hot air oven.
• temp should be maintained at 160-1800 C for
at least one hour to kill spores.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
13. Boiling : effective method
• provides an atmosphere of boiling and steam.
• suitable for small instruments, tools, linen and
rubber goods such as gloves.
• Boiling for about 30 min is adequate for linen,
utensils and bedpans.
• kill bacteria, but not spores or viruses.
• slow process,
• unsuitable for thick beddings and woollen
materials as they shrink.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
14. Physical agents...
Autoclaving :
• generate steam under pressure
(saturated steam)
• which is the most effective
sterilizing agent.
• Works as the pressure cooker.
• widely used in hospital and
laboratory practice.
• Steam attains a higher temp, and
greater powers of penetration
under pressure.Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
15. • It destroys all forms of life, including spores.
• most effective for linen, dressings, gloves,
syringes, certain instruments and culture
media.
• not suitable for sterilization of plastics and
sharp instruments.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
16. Physical agents...
Radiation : Ionizing radiation
• one of the most viable, safe and economic
methods
• great penetrating powers.
• most effective, but costly.
• Commercially done by gamma radiation.
• used for sterilization of bandages, dressings,
catgut and surgical instruments.
• It requires special packing and equipment.
objects are placed in plastic bags for radiation.
they remain sterile until opened.Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
17. CHEMICAL AGENTS
• Articles which cannot be sterilized by boiling
or autoclaving
• may be immersed in chemical disinfectants.
• also used for the disinfection of faeces, urine
and other contaminated material.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
18. 1.Phenol and related compounds
Phenol : Pure phenol is used as a standard.
Crude phenol : mixture of phenol and cresol.
effective against
• gram +ve and -ve bacteria; certain viruses.
• slow against spores and acid-fast bacteria.
• used for mopping floors and cleaning drains.
• effect is weakened by dilution.
• Aqueous solutions of 0.2 to 1 % are bacterio-
static. Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
20. Cresol :
• coal-tar disinfectant.
• 3 to 10 times powerful than phenol,
• yet no more toxic.
• used in 5 to 10 % strength for disinfection of
faeces and urine.
• all-purpose general disinfectant.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
21. Cresol emulsions :
• Cresol emulsified with soap
• known as "saponified cresol".
• very powerful disinfectants.
• Lysol, Izal and Cyllin are cresol emulsions.
• 2 % solution of Lysol may be used for
disinfection of faeces.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
22. Chlorhexidine
(hibitane) :
• most useful skin antiseptics.
• active against vegetative gram +ve organisms
• inactivated by soaps and detergents.
• alcoholic or aqueous solutions used as effective
hand lotions.
• 1 % chlorhexidine Creams and lotions are
recommended for burns and hand disinfection.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
23. Hexachlorphane :
• highly active against gram-positive organisms,
• less active against gram-negative.
• slow in action,
• cumulative effect on the skin
• compatible with soaps
• included in soap preparation without loss of
activity.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
24. Dettol (chloro-xylenol):
• relatively non-toxic antiseptic.
• used safely in high concentrations.
• easily inactivated by organic matter.
• active against streptococci,
• worthless against some gram-negative
bacteria.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
25. • suitable for disinfection of
instruments and plastic
equipment;
• a contact of at least 15 min.
required for disinfection.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
26. Savlon :
• combination of Cetrimide
and hibitane.
• Plastic appliances may be
disinfected by keeping them
in savlon for 20 mins.
• Clinical thermometers may be
best disinfected in savlon in
spirit solution in under 3 mins.
2. Quaternary ammonia compounds
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
27. Cetrimide :
• actively bactericidal against vegetative gram +ve
organisms,
• much less against gram -ve.
• soluble in water.
• it has a soapy feel.
• used in 1-2 % strength.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
28. 3.Halogens and their compounds
• halogens are actively bactericidal agents
• only useful antiseptics with a sporocidal
action.
• rapidly inactivated by organic matter.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
29. Bleaching powder :
• chlorinated lime powder
with a smell of chlorine.
• contains about 33 % of
"available chlorine".
• unstable compound
• loses its chlorine content
on storage
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
30. • kills most of the organisms when used in the
strength of 1 to 3 %.
• widely used in public health practice for
disinfection of water, faeces and urine;
• as a deodorant.
• A 5 % solution is suitable for disinfection of
faeces and urine allowing a
period of one hour for
disinfection.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
31. Sodium hypochlorite :
• acts in the same way as bleaching powder,
• but is stronger.
• It corrodes metals.
• A freshly prepared hypo solution
recommended for sterilizing infant's feeding
bottles.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
32. Halazone tablets :
• These are chlorine tablets.
• 1 tab of halazone containing 4
mg of halazone
• sufficient to disinfect about 1
litre of water in about 1/2 to 1
hour.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
33. Iodine :
• alcoholic solution is tincture Iodine.
• most effective skin antiseptics.
• Plastic appliances may be sterilized
by keeping in aqueous solution of
iodine.
• cheap, readily available and quick in
action.
• for disinfection of drinking water in
an emergency. A drop of tincture
iodine may be added to a litre.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
34. Iodophors :
• complex of iodine and
"solubilizers"
• Povidone iodine-
Betadine
• same activity as iodine,
but non-irritant
• do not stain the skin
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
35. Alcohols
• Ethyl and isopropyl alcohols
• commonly used as antiseptics and
disinfectants.
• expense and flammable
• limited to small article disinfection.
most effective skin antiseptics are
• alcoholic solutions of chlorhexidine and iodine.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
36. Ethyl alcohol (methylated spirit)
• most commonly used for skin disinfection and
hand washing.
• Pure alcohol has no powers of disinfection
when diluted to 70 % strength,
• it is a good antiseptic.
• lethal to non-sporing bacteria.
• Lacks activity against bacterial spores
• But inactivate viruses.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
37. Formaldehyde (formalin)
• effective against
vegetative bacteria,
fungi and many viruses
• slowly effective against
bacterial spores (e.g.
tetanus spores) and
acid-fast bacteria.
• It does not injure fabrics
and metals.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
38. • highly toxic and irritant gas.
• commonly used for disinfection of rooms. (for
spraying rooms, walls and furniture.)
• gas may be used for disinfection of blankets,
beds, books and other valuable articles which
cannot be boiled.
• Laboratories
• To ripe fruits
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
39. Miscellaneous
Lime :
• cheapest disinfectant.
• used in the form of fresh quick lime
• aqueous suspension as "milk of lime".
• Faeces and urine can be disinfected by mixing
aqueous suspension of lime
• used for treating walls.
• As a deodorant, sprinkled in cattle sheds and in
public places where urinal and latrines are
located.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
40. Soap:
• good cleansing agent for hands
and the body.
• washes off dust and bacteria by
its detergent action.
• Hot water enhance the action
of soap.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
41. Potassium permanganate:
• weak disinfectant.
• used to wash vegetables,
fruits, and utensils.
(1:1000 solution )
• Sometimes it is used to
disinfect drinking water.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
43. 1. Faeces and urine
disinfected by
• adding an equal volume of one of the
disinfectants. allow to stand for 1-2 hours.
• equal amount of quick-lime or freshly prepared
milk of lime may be added, mixed and left for 2
hours.
• a bucket of boiling water may be added to the
faeces which is then covered and allowed to
stand until cool.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
44. After disinfection,
• excretal matter may be emptied into water
closet or buried in ground.
Bedpans and urinals
• ideally be steam disinfected.
• Alternatively, may be disinfected with 2.5%
cresol for an hour after cleaning.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
45. 2. Sputum
• best destroyed by burning.
• If the amount is considerable (as in TB
hospitals), it may be disinfected by boiling or
autoclaving for 20 mins at 20 lbs pressure.
• the patient may be asked to spit in a sputum
cup half filled with 5 % cresol.
• cup is allowed to stand for an hour and the
contents may be emptied and disposed off.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
46. 3. Room
cleaning, airing and exposure to direct sunlight,
for several hours will be sufficient.
For chemical disinfection,
• floors and hard surfaces to be sprayed or
mopped with one of the disinfectants.
(chlorinated lime; formaldehyde solution;
phenolic disinfectants such as cresol).
• The solution should remain in contact with the
surface for at least 4 hours before final washing.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC
47. when Fumigation is required,
• the gas mostly used is formaldehyde.
• The room is kept closed for 6-12 hours to
allow disinfection.
• Formaldehyde is most effective at a high temp
and a relative humidity of 80-90 %.
Dr. J M Viramgami, HOD Swasthavritta,
GAAC