Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful to humans. It is important because it is needed for life to exist. Many uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. Virtually all of these human uses require fresh.

1. WATER RESOURCES
Vd Rakesh Shukla
Lecturer
Dept of swasthavritta
GAAC, Ahmedabad
VdRakeshShukla,GAAC,Ahmedabad

2. GLOBAL OVERVIEW
 While 67% of Earth’s surface is covered by water,
only less than 2.7% of global water is freshwater.
 Most of the freshwater (2.05%) are locked in ice
caps and glaciers.
 Only less than 0.7% is available for human use.
 Water resources are sources of water that are
useful or potentially useful
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

3. Volume of water stored in the water cycle's
reservoirs
Reservoir Volume of water
(106 km³)
Percent
of total
Ocean 1370 97.25
Ice caps & glaciers 29 2.05
Groundwater 9.5 0.68
Lakes 0.125 0.01
Soil Moisture 0.065 0.005
Atmosphere 0.013 0.001
Streams & rivers 0.0017 0.0001
Biosphere 0.0006 0.00004Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

4. 70%
8%
22%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Agriculture Domestic Industry
%oftotalwaterused
Water uses
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

5. SOURCE OF WATER
Water source must conform to two criteria.
a) The quantity must be sufficient to meet present and
future requirement.
b) The quality of water must be acceptable.
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

6. SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY
1. Rain
2. Surface water
a) Impounding reservoirs
b) Rivers and streams
c) Tanks ,Ponds and Lakes
3. Ground water
a. Shallow wells
b. Deep wells
c. springs
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

7. RAIN WATER
 Prime source of water.
Characteristics :-
 Purest water in nature.
 Physically – clear, bright ,sparkling.
 Chemically - very soft water. Containing only
traces of dissolved solids.
 Being soft - corrosive action on lead pipes
 Bacteriologically – free from pathogenic agents.
IMPURITIES : -
It picks up suspended impurities from atmosphere
such as dust soot and microorganisms and gases
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

8. SURFACE WATER
 Originator from rain water.
 Main source of water supply
 As such it is never safe for human consumption unless
subjected to sanitary protection and purification before
use .
 Which are
a. impounding reservoirs
b. Rivers and steams
c. Tanks , ponds and lakes
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

9. RIVERS
Characteristics:-
 Turbid during rainy season
 Contains dissolved and suspended impurities of all kind.
IMPURITIES : -
 Surface washing
 Sewage
 Sullage water
 Industrial & trade waste
 Drainage from agricultural areas.
 The customs- bathing, animal washing, disposal of dead
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

10. SELF PURIFICATION OF RIVER WATER
 Certain amount of self purification by natural forces such
as –
Dilution
Sedimentation
Aeration
Oxidation
Sunlight
But these are not sufficient, river water needs extensive
purification before it can be used for drinking purpose.
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

11. IMPOUNDING RESERVOIRS
 Characteristics
 Furnish a fairly good quality of water.
 It is clear ,palatable and ranks next to rain water.
 It is soft and considered to be free of pathogenic organisms
Impurities
 Water derives its impurities from the catchment area.
 One disadvantage of storing water for long periods in
reservoirs is the growth of algae and other microscopic
organisms, which impact bad tastes and odor to water
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

12. TANKS
 Tanks are subjected to unlimited possibilities of
contamination and highly dangerous as a source of
drinking water even at the best of times
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

13. GROUND WATER
 Cheapest and most practical means of providing water
to small communities.
 It is superior to surface water because the ground itself
provides and effective filtering medium.
 Advantage:
 Free from pathogenic agents.
 It usually requires no treatment.
 Supply of water is likely even during dry season.
 Less subject to contamination than surface water.
Disadvantage: high in mineral content.
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

14. WELLS
 Technically wells are of 2 kind
1. Shallow well
2. Deep well
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

15. DIFF BETWEEN SHALLOW WELL & DEEP WELL
Shallow Well Deep well
Definition Taps the water from above
the first impervious layer
Taps the water from below
the first impervious layer
Chemical
quantity
Moderately hard Much hard
Bacteriologic
al
Often grossly
contaminated
Taps purer water
Yield Dry in summer Provides a source of
constant supply
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

16.  Wells may also be classified, according to the method of
construction-
1. DUG WELL
a. Unlined kucha well
b. Pucka well
2. STEP WELL
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

17. SANITARY WELL
 A sanitary well is one that is properly located, well
constructed, and well protected from possible
locations of contamination so as to ensure supply
of safe water.
The criteria for a sanitary well are as follow-
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

18. Location
 A sanitary well should be located atleast 15m away
from possible sources of contamination
 It should be located a higher level than nearby sources
of contamination
 It should not be located too far away from the people’s
houses – it is suggested that no user should have to
carry water for more than 100m
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

19. LINING
 The inside of the well should be lined with bricks upto a
depth of atleast 6m
 This is to ensure that the water enters the well from the
bottom, not from the sides
 Also the lining should be continued till about 60-90cm
above the ground level
PARAPPET WALL
 A sanitary well should have a parappet wall upto a height
of atleast 70-75cm
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

20.  PLATFORM
 A cement concrete platform should be constructed around the
well with a radius of atleast 1m in all directions
 The margin of the platform should have a drain for collecting
the spilled water
 DRAIN
 The spilled water should be channeled away from the well
using a proper drain system
 It should be connected to the public drain system or to a
drainage pit located outside the cone of filtration of the well
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

21. COVER
 A proper cement concrete cover is essential for maintaining
the quality of the water of the well
 It increases the bacterial quality of the well water considerably
HAND PUMP
 A hand pump should be installed to draw water from the well
 It should be of good quality so as to endure the rough handling
by the people
 It should be regularly serviced and there should be provision
to repair it quickly if any fault were to arise
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

22. CONSUMER RESPONSIBILITY
 The people who use the well should observe certain
precautions to ensure the quality of the water
 They should dump waste materials around the well
 Washing of clothes and animals in the surrounding of
the well should be prohibited
QUALITY
 The physical chemical and biological parameters of
the well water should conform to acceptable standards
Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

23. Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad

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Vd Rakesh Shukla, GAAC, Ahmedabad