The document discusses the concepts of health, illness, and healthcare. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. Illness is defined as a diminished state of functioning. Healthcare is described as more than just medical care, involving public services to promote, maintain, monitor, and restore health. The document then outlines the three levels of healthcare - primary, secondary, and tertiary - provided at different facilities. It focuses on the principles and goals of primary healthcare as outlined at the Alma-Ata International Conference in 1977, which established primary healthcare as the path to achieving "Health for All by 2000" through making essential care universally accessible.
Primary health centers are the corner stone of rural health services .
It act as a referral unit for 6 sub centers and refer out cases to CHCs.
It covers a population of 30,000 in plain area and 20,000 in hilly and tribal area.
There are 4-6 beds for patients and some diagnostic facilities are also available.
Primary health centers are the corner stone of rural health services .
It act as a referral unit for 6 sub centers and refer out cases to CHCs.
It covers a population of 30,000 in plain area and 20,000 in hilly and tribal area.
There are 4-6 beds for patients and some diagnostic facilities are also available.
The orderly process defining national Health problems, identifying the unmeet needs, surveying the resources to meet them, and establishing the priority goals to accomplish the purpose of proposed Programme.
An acceptable health care delivery sys- tem should have two primary objectives: (1) it must enable all citizens to access health care services, and (2) the services must be cost-effective and meet certain established standards of quality.
The orderly process defining national Health problems, identifying the unmeet needs, surveying the resources to meet them, and establishing the priority goals to accomplish the purpose of proposed Programme.
An acceptable health care delivery sys- tem should have two primary objectives: (1) it must enable all citizens to access health care services, and (2) the services must be cost-effective and meet certain established standards of quality.
The New York Health Care Proxy Law allows you to appoint someone you trust ... care agent, you can make sure that health care providers follow your wishes.
Tetanus, also called lockjaw, is a serious infection caused by Clostridium tetani. This bacterium produces a toxin that affects the brain and nervous system, leading to stiffness in the muscles. If Clostridium tetani spores are deposited in a wound, the neurotoxin interferes with nerves that control muscle movement
Occupational health is defined as the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations. It is the branch of healthcare which deals with all aspects of health and safety at the workplace. It lays strong emphasis on the prevention of hazards at a primary level.
Criteria For Healthful Housing. Provides adequately for cooking, eating, washing, and excretory functions; Is designed, constructed, maintained and used in a manner such as to prevent the spread of communicable diseases; Provides for protection from hazards of exposure to noise and pollution.
Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful to humans. It is important because it is needed for life to exist. Many uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. Virtually all of these human uses require fresh.
Noise pollution, also known as environmental noise or sound pollution, is the propagation of noise with ranging impacts on the activity of human or animal life, most of them harmful to a degree. The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines, transport, and propagation systems.
Yoga' is a Sanskrit term meaning 'to join, unite or yoke together', and the essential purpose of yoga is to bring together body, mind and spirit into a harmonious whole.
The central methods of yoga are physical postures or 'asanas' and movement, breathing techniques or 'pranayama' and meditation.
Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration and even death if untreated. It is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae.
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. Symptoms can be mild to severe. The most common symptoms include: high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle and joint pain, headache, coughing, and feeling tired.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. HEALTH
Health is…..
• a state of complete Physical, Mental and Social
well being and not merely an absence of
disease or infirmity….
• which allows a person to live a socio-
economically productive life.
Illness is…..
a state in which a person’s physical,
emotional, intellectual, social or spiritual
functioning is diminished or impaired.
3. Health care is...
• More than just Medical care
• multitude of services
• Public right & Govt responsibility
• Made available to individuals or communities
by the agents of health services or professional
• purpose
Promoting
Maintaining
Monitoring and
Restoring health
4. Levels Of Health Care
Primary Health care
Provided at the ground level
Secondary health care
Provided at PHC, CHC, DH
etc.
Tertiary health care
Provided at hospitals
Tertiary health
care
5. PRIMARY HELATH CARE
• The 1st level of contact between the Individual
and the Health system.
• Closest to the people.
• Essential Health Care is provided.
• Provided by the Primary Health Centres.
• Majority of minor health ailments can be
satisfactory handled.
6. SECONDARY HELATH CARE
• For more complex health problems
• Includes curative services
• 1st Level Referral Services
• Provided by District level Hospitals, CHCs
TERTIARY HELATH CARE
• Super specialist cares
• By Specialist/Regional/Central level institutes
• Provides Trainings also.
7. Alma-Ata international conference
In 1977, World Health Assembly launch a movement
called “Health for all by 2000”
Fundamental principle of this concept was
an equal health status for all the people in all countries
equitable distribution of health resources
marked as the major social goal for every country.
the best way to achieve HFA is by providing primary
health care……
especially to underserved rural and urban poor
8. Primary Health Care
• A new approach to healthcare came into
existence in 1978 after Alma-Ata conference
• 1st proposed by the Bhore Committee in 1946.
Alma-Ata conference defined Primary Health
Care as-
• ---An essential health care made universally
accessible to individual and acceptable to
them, through their full participation and at a
cost the community and country can afford.
9. Bhore Committee concept
Bhore committee defined Comprehensive Health Care having
following criteria—
• Provide adequate Preventive, Promotive and Curative
health services
• As close to beneficiaries as possible
• Widest co-operation between the People, Service and the
Profession
• Available to All – irrespective to their ability to pay
• Look after the vulnerable and weaker sections of the
community
• Create and maintain a healthy environment.
10. Primary health care
Primary Health Care as defined by the WHO in 1978 is…
Essential health care
• based on
o practical,
o scientifically sound, and
o socially acceptable method and technology.
• made universally accessible to the community through
their full participation
• at a cost that community and country can afford to
maintain every stage of their development in the spirit
of self determination.
11. What is there in Primary Health Care?
Primary Health Care includes:
• Primary Care (physicians, midwives & nurses);
• Health promotion, illness prevention;
• Health maintenance & home support;
• Community rehabilitation;
• Pre-hospital emergency medical services and
• Coordination and referral to other areas of
health care.
12. first level of contact with the health system to
promote health, prevent illness, care for common
illnesses, and manage ongoing health problems.
involves concerted effort to provide minimum of
health services to rural population of developing
countries
primary health care approach starts with the
people themselves.
This has been described as Health by the people,
placing people's health in people's hands
13. Primary Health Care is different in each
community depending upon:
o Needs of the residents;
o Availability of health care providers;
o The communities geographic location; &
o Proximity to other health care services in the
area.
14. Elements of Primary Health Care
1. Education about prevailing health conditions and
methods to prevent and control them
2. Promotion of food supply and proper Nutrition
3. Adequate Safe water supply and basic sanitation
4. MCH care with FP
5. Immunization against major infectious diseases
6. Prevention and control of locally Endemic Diseases
7. Appropriate treatment of Common Diseases and
injuries
8. Provision of essential Drugs
15. Remember the Word = “ENDEMICS”
• E = Education
• N = Nutrition
• D = Drugs
• E = Endemic diseases
• M = MCH
• I = Immunisation
• C = Common diseases
• S = Safe water and Sanitation
16. Principles of
Primary Health Care
• Equitable Distribution
• Community Participation
• Inter-sectoral Co-ordination
• Appropriate Technology
17. Equitable distribution
• health services must be shared equally by all
people irrespective of their ability to pay
• all must have access to health services (rich or
poor, urban or rural).
• Remove the imbalance by shifting the health
care system from cities (where three-quarters of
the health budget is spent) to the rural areas
(where three-quarters of the people live), and
• bring these services as near people's homes as
possible.
18. Community participation
• involvement of individuals, families, and
communities in promotion of their own health and
welfare.
• Universal coverage by primary health care cannot
be achieved without the involvement of the local
community.
• primary health care must be built on the principle
of community participation (or involvement).
• Max reliance on local resources (manpower,
material, etc.)
19. Intersectoral Co-ordination
• the components of PHC cannot be provided by
the health sector alone.
• PHC = health sector + all related sectors and
aspects of national and community development
• planning with other sectors to avoid
unnecessary duplication of activities.
20. Appropriate technology
technology that is
• scientifically sound,
• adaptable to local needs,
• acceptable,
• that can be maintained by the people
themselves
• with the resources the community and
country can afford.
• Inappropriate technology to local needs should
be avoided.
22. Alma-ata International Conference
In 1977, World Health Assembly launch a movement
called “Health for all by 2000”
Fundamental principle of this concept was Equity - an
equal health status for all the people in all countries
equitable distribution of health resources
In 1978, “Health for all” was reaffirmed and marked as
the major social goal for every country.
It was stated in the declaration that the best way to
achieve HFA is by providing primary health care……
….especially to underserved rural and urban poor
23. Alma-Ata Declarations
A main social target of governments, international
organizations and the whole world community in the
coming decades should be the “attainment by all
peoples of the world by the year 2000 of a level of
health that will permit them to lead a socially and
economically productive life.”
“HEALTH FOR ALL BY 2000”
Primary health care is the key to attaining this target
as part of development in the spirit of social justice.
24. PHC as per Alma-Ata Declaration
integral part of the country's health system
first level of contact of individuals, the family and
community with the national health system.
All govt should formulate national policies,
strategies and plans of action to launch and sustain
primary health care as part of a comprehensive
national health system and in coordination with
other sectors.
25. • In 1981, a global strategy for HFA was evolved
by WHO.
• a global framework which apply to all Member
States
• to be adapted with national and regional
variations of conditions and requirements.
• This was followed by individual countries
developing their own strategies for achieving
HFA
26. WHO established 12 global indicators
• as the basic point of reference for assessing
the progress towards HFA
as for example,
• a minimum life expectancy of 60 years and
• maximum IMR of 50 per 1000 live births.
27. National Strategy for HFA
• The National Health Policy echoes the WHO
call for HFA and the Alma-Ata Declaration.
• specific goals in respect of the various health
indicators.
28. goals to be achieved by 2000 AD were
(1) Reduction of IMR from 125 (1978) to below 60.
(2) raise the expectation of life at birth from 52 years to
64.
(3) reduce the crude death rate from the level of 14 per
1000 population to 9 per 1000.
(4) reduce the crude birth rate from the level of 33 per
1000 population to 21.
(5) achieve a net reproduction rate of one.
(6) provide potable water to the entire rural population
29. so revision of the policy was necessary, and a
new National Health Policy-2002 was evolved.
To translate the objectives into reality, the
Health Policy has laid down specific goals to
be achieved by year 2005, 2007, 2010 and
2015.
30. Goals Achieve by
Eradicate Polio and Yaws 2005
Eliminate Leprosy 2005
Eliminate Kala-azar 2010
Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis 2015
Achieve zero level growth of HIV / AIDS 2007
Reduce mortality by 50% on account of TB, Malaria and other vector and water borne diseases 2010
Reduce prevalence of blindness to 0.5% 2010
Reduce IMR to 30/1000 And MMR to 100/Lakh 2010 2010
Increase utilization of public health facilities from current level of < 20% to > 75% 2010
Establish an integrated system of surveillance, National Health Accounts and Health Statistics. 2005
Increase health expenditure by Government as a % of GDP from the existing 0.9% to 2.0% 2010
Increase share of central grants to constitute at least 25% of total health spending 2010
Increase state sector health spending from 5.5% to 7% of the budget 2005
Further increase to 8% of the budget 2010