The document lists various diseases including typhoid, rabies, tuberculosis, cholera, jaundice, chickenpox, diarrhea, goiter, cancer, and polio. It then provides more detailed descriptions of typhoid fever, rabies, tuberculosis, cholera, jaundice, chickenpox, diarrhea, goiter, and cancer explaining their causes, symptoms, transmission, treatments, and global impacts.
Humans have always been infected with many deadly diseases. Many of which are curable and some are non-curable. Although there has been much advancement in the medical-science, some diseases have no cure and can only be prevented. Researchers are experimenting new ways to treat or prevent these diseases. Here we have shortlisted some deadly disease that has haunted humankind.
This document discusses communicable diseases. It begins by defining communicable diseases and how they differ from non-communicable diseases in being transmissible between individuals. It then covers topics like the global burden of communicable diseases, their causes and modes of transmission, categories like endemic/epidemic, and strategies for prevention and control. Specific communicable diseases discussed include influenza, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and diarrheal diseases.
Prevention Of Communicable Diseases.....Soumar Dutta
The document discusses the prevention of communicable diseases. It defines communicable diseases and describes the epidemiological triad. It explains the different modes of disease transmission, including direct transmission through contact, droplets, soil, inoculation or transplacentally, as well as indirect transmission through vehicles, vectors, airborne routes, fomites or unclean hands. It lists common communicable diseases in India and describes strategies doctors can employ to control diseases like early diagnosis, treatment, notification, isolation, quarantine, interrupting transmission, immunization and improving living conditions.
Non-Typhoidal Salmonellosis is caused by the bacteria Salmonella, which is found worldwide in animals and can be transmitted to humans through contaminated food or direct contact with infected animals. The document discusses the history, epidemiology, transmission, symptoms and treatment of Salmonella infection in humans. Key points are that infants and children are most vulnerable, symptoms range from mild gastroenteritis to severe enteric fever, and prevention focuses on proper food handling and handwashing after contact with animals.
Waterborne diseases are caused by microorganisms, toxins, and contaminants spread through contaminated water. They cause illnesses such as cholera, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal problems. Developing countries often lack proper water treatment, especially in rural areas, increasing risk of outbreak. The document then discusses four specific waterborne diseases - diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, and amoebiasis - outlining their causes, symptoms, and treatments.
This document discusses various diseases caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi. It provides details on the causative agents, target organs, modes of transmission, symptoms, and prevention for diseases like typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, malaria, amoebiasis, ascariasis, elephantiasis, and ringworm. It emphasizes the importance of personal and public hygiene for prevention of diseases through measures like proper disposal of waste, use of clean water and food, cleaning of water sources, and mosquito control.
Humans have always been infected with many deadly diseases. Many of which are curable and some are non-curable. Although there has been much advancement in the medical-science, some diseases have no cure and can only be prevented. Researchers are experimenting new ways to treat or prevent these diseases. Here we have shortlisted some deadly disease that has haunted humankind.
This document discusses communicable diseases. It begins by defining communicable diseases and how they differ from non-communicable diseases in being transmissible between individuals. It then covers topics like the global burden of communicable diseases, their causes and modes of transmission, categories like endemic/epidemic, and strategies for prevention and control. Specific communicable diseases discussed include influenza, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and diarrheal diseases.
Prevention Of Communicable Diseases.....Soumar Dutta
The document discusses the prevention of communicable diseases. It defines communicable diseases and describes the epidemiological triad. It explains the different modes of disease transmission, including direct transmission through contact, droplets, soil, inoculation or transplacentally, as well as indirect transmission through vehicles, vectors, airborne routes, fomites or unclean hands. It lists common communicable diseases in India and describes strategies doctors can employ to control diseases like early diagnosis, treatment, notification, isolation, quarantine, interrupting transmission, immunization and improving living conditions.
Non-Typhoidal Salmonellosis is caused by the bacteria Salmonella, which is found worldwide in animals and can be transmitted to humans through contaminated food or direct contact with infected animals. The document discusses the history, epidemiology, transmission, symptoms and treatment of Salmonella infection in humans. Key points are that infants and children are most vulnerable, symptoms range from mild gastroenteritis to severe enteric fever, and prevention focuses on proper food handling and handwashing after contact with animals.
Waterborne diseases are caused by microorganisms, toxins, and contaminants spread through contaminated water. They cause illnesses such as cholera, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal problems. Developing countries often lack proper water treatment, especially in rural areas, increasing risk of outbreak. The document then discusses four specific waterborne diseases - diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, and amoebiasis - outlining their causes, symptoms, and treatments.
This document discusses various diseases caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi. It provides details on the causative agents, target organs, modes of transmission, symptoms, and prevention for diseases like typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, malaria, amoebiasis, ascariasis, elephantiasis, and ringworm. It emphasizes the importance of personal and public hygiene for prevention of diseases through measures like proper disposal of waste, use of clean water and food, cleaning of water sources, and mosquito control.
This document provides an overview of health and diseases. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Ancient beliefs held that health was influenced by four bodily fluids or "humors", but this was later disproven. Modern conceptions recognize the influence of genetics, lifestyle, infections and other factors. Diseases can be congenital or acquired, infectious or non-infectious. The immune system protects against disease through innate and acquired immunity. Vaccines help prevent infectious diseases by stimulating immune memory. Allergies represent inappropriate immune responses.
The document summarizes several communicable and non-communicable diseases. For communicable diseases, it discusses HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, influenza, malaria, tuberculosis, polio, H1N1 flu, hantavirus, measles, and rabies. It notes the most successful HIV/AIDS programs have made antiretroviral drugs available. For non-communicable diseases, it discusses cancer, diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's, heart disease, fibromyalgia, neoplasms, migraines, and epilepsy. It provides brief descriptions of symptoms and transmission for many of the diseases.
This document provides an introduction to a course on communicable and non-communicable diseases. The course aims to provide students with knowledge, skills, and attitudes to identify, prevent, and control various diseases. The course objectives are to describe key concepts of communicable diseases, signs and symptoms of communicable and non-communicable diseases, legislation related to diseases, neglected tropical diseases in Zambia, and factors influencing disease transmission and prevention. The course content will cover terminology, communicable disease agents and factors, and introduce communicable diseases.
The document discusses diseases, their causes and types. It defines disease as an abnormal condition that impairs the body's normal functioning and can cause discomfort, dysfunction, distress and death. It categorizes diseases as communicable/contagious which can pass from person to person, and non-communicable which result from genetics or lifestyle. It also discusses the chain of infection and lists common communicable diseases like cold, influenza, pneumonia, chickenpox and measles.
The document provides information about common infectious diseases in Malaysia, including definitions, terminology, and details on specific diseases. It discusses AIDS/HIV, hepatitis (types A-E), and dengue. For AIDS/HIV, it describes transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. For hepatitis, it explains the different types and how they are transmitted. Dengue is described as a mosquito-borne viral disease causing fever and in severe cases, hemorrhagic fever.
The document defines communicable diseases as those spread between people through various modes of transmission like direct contact, vectors, contaminated food/water, or airborne means. It provides examples of common communicable diseases like chickenpox, diphtheria, filariasis, AIDS, polio, malaria, measles, tuberculosis, tetanus, rabies, and sexually transmitted diseases. For each disease, it discusses symptoms, causes, modes of transmission, and methods of prevention through vaccination, drug treatment, or hygienic measures. The overall document aims to educate about major communicable diseases, how they spread, and ways to prevent infection.
The document provides information about various communicable diseases including Malaria, AIDS, Typhoid, Elephantiasis, Tuberculosis, and Cholera. For each disease, it discusses the causes, symptoms, and methods of prevention. Malaria is spread by mosquitoes and causes shaking chills, fever, and anemia. AIDS is caused by the HIV virus and left untreated can lead to death. Typhoid is caused by Salmonella bacteria and can cause fever, abdominal pain, and rash. Elephantiasis is caused by filarial worms spread through mosquitoes and causes thickened skin. Tuberculosis is a widespread problem that causes cough, weight loss, and fatigue. Cholera, caused
This document provides information about communicable and non-communicable diseases. It discusses how communicable diseases spread from person to person through air, physical contact, contaminated food or water. It lists some common communicable diseases like influenza, pneumonia, hepatitis, AIDS. It also discusses ways to prevent the spread of communicable diseases through proper hand washing, cooking food thoroughly, and receiving vaccinations. The document then discusses non-communicable diseases like heart disease, cancer, diabetes and asthma. It notes that non-communicable diseases are lifestyle-related and not contagious.
Contagious diseases are transmitted through physical contact, secretions, or airborne means from an infected person. Common signs of infectious disease include fever, diarrhea, fatigue, muscle aches, and coughing. Contagious diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, which are transmitted in various ways such as animal bites, contaminated food or water, or mosquito bites. It is advised to seek medical help for animal bites, breathing issues, prolonged cough or fever, rashes, swelling, or vision problems.
This document discusses various diseases including infectious diseases, water-borne diseases, and cancer. It begins with an introduction to diseases and defines different types. It then focuses on infectious diseases, describing causes such as bacteria and viruses. Common infectious diseases and their transmission are listed. Water-borne diseases and their causes from contaminated water are also reviewed. Finally, cancer is discussed, including causes from genetic mutations and carcinogens. Preventative measures are suggested for infectious diseases, water-borne diseases, and reducing cancer risk.
Human Health and Disease discusses the concepts of health, disease, and factors that influence both. Key points include:
- Health is defined as complete physical, mental, and social well-being, which requires a balanced diet, exercise, shelter, sleep, and hygiene.
- Disease is a disorder of the body or mind that departs from good health, and can be caused by single or multiple factors. Diseases are diagnosed based on their symptoms.
- Diseases are categorized as physical, infectious, acute, or chronic based on their causes and characteristics. Infectious diseases spread pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites between hosts.
This document discusses communicable diseases, including their causes, symptoms, modes of transmission, treatment and prevention. It defines a communicable disease as an illness caused by pathogens that can be directly or indirectly spread between people. Common symptoms include appetite loss, diarrhea, coughs, fever, exhaustion and muscle pain or swelling. Pink eye is highlighted as a common communicable disease that is usually caused by bacteria or viruses impacting the eye, and can be prevented by avoiding touching the infected eye and regularly washing hands.
This document discusses communicable diseases, which are diseases that can be spread from one person to another. It provides examples of common communicable diseases like the flu, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, measles, hepatitis, and polio. For each disease, it discusses how the disease is transmitted or spread from person to person, typical symptoms, those most at risk, methods of prevention, and other key details. Overall, the document aims to educate about common communicable diseases, how they are contracted and spread between individuals, and important prevention strategies.
Infectious diseases are caused by microbes that can be transmitted between individuals through various means. The document outlines the major types of infectious agents - viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa - and examples of diseases they cause. Common modes of disease transmission include direct or indirect contact between infected and uninfected individuals, contact with contaminated objects or environments, and transmission via vectors like mosquitoes. The stages of an infectious disease are also described, from initial exposure and incubation, through the prodromal, acute, recovery, and convalescence periods, ultimately conferring potential immunity.
A communicable disease is an infectious disease that is transmitted from one person or animal to another directly or indirectly. Communicable diseases can be transmitted through various modes such as direct contact, droplet infection, contaminated vehicles like food or water, vectors like mosquitoes, and from mother to fetus. Common examples of communicable diseases include respiratory infections like tuberculosis, measles, and influenza; gastrointestinal infections spread through fecal-oral transmission like cholera and typhoid; and vector-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and arthropods.
Human health and disease can be affected by many factors. Physical health involves avoiding disease while maintaining overall well-being through good hygiene, diet, exercise and sleep. Disease is any disorder that negatively impacts health and can be caused by infectious pathogens, genetic predispositions or environmental factors. Examples of major diseases discussed include influenza, malaria, cholera, measles, salmonella, gonorrhea, syphilis, tetanus, Alzheimer's, schizophrenia and muscular dystrophy.
Shigella bacteria cause the infectious disease shigellosis or bacillary dysentery. It is estimated to cause around 90 million cases annually, resulting in over 100,000 deaths mostly in children in developing countries. The bacteria are highly contagious and can be transmitted through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever. Treatment involves rehydration and antibiotics to reduce duration of symptoms.
This document provides an overview of health and diseases. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Ancient beliefs held that health was influenced by four bodily fluids or "humors", but this was later disproven. Modern conceptions recognize the influence of genetics, lifestyle, infections and other factors. Diseases can be congenital or acquired, infectious or non-infectious. The immune system protects against disease through innate and acquired immunity. Vaccines help prevent infectious diseases by stimulating immune memory. Allergies represent inappropriate immune responses.
The document summarizes several communicable and non-communicable diseases. For communicable diseases, it discusses HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, influenza, malaria, tuberculosis, polio, H1N1 flu, hantavirus, measles, and rabies. It notes the most successful HIV/AIDS programs have made antiretroviral drugs available. For non-communicable diseases, it discusses cancer, diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's, heart disease, fibromyalgia, neoplasms, migraines, and epilepsy. It provides brief descriptions of symptoms and transmission for many of the diseases.
This document provides an introduction to a course on communicable and non-communicable diseases. The course aims to provide students with knowledge, skills, and attitudes to identify, prevent, and control various diseases. The course objectives are to describe key concepts of communicable diseases, signs and symptoms of communicable and non-communicable diseases, legislation related to diseases, neglected tropical diseases in Zambia, and factors influencing disease transmission and prevention. The course content will cover terminology, communicable disease agents and factors, and introduce communicable diseases.
The document discusses diseases, their causes and types. It defines disease as an abnormal condition that impairs the body's normal functioning and can cause discomfort, dysfunction, distress and death. It categorizes diseases as communicable/contagious which can pass from person to person, and non-communicable which result from genetics or lifestyle. It also discusses the chain of infection and lists common communicable diseases like cold, influenza, pneumonia, chickenpox and measles.
The document provides information about common infectious diseases in Malaysia, including definitions, terminology, and details on specific diseases. It discusses AIDS/HIV, hepatitis (types A-E), and dengue. For AIDS/HIV, it describes transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. For hepatitis, it explains the different types and how they are transmitted. Dengue is described as a mosquito-borne viral disease causing fever and in severe cases, hemorrhagic fever.
The document defines communicable diseases as those spread between people through various modes of transmission like direct contact, vectors, contaminated food/water, or airborne means. It provides examples of common communicable diseases like chickenpox, diphtheria, filariasis, AIDS, polio, malaria, measles, tuberculosis, tetanus, rabies, and sexually transmitted diseases. For each disease, it discusses symptoms, causes, modes of transmission, and methods of prevention through vaccination, drug treatment, or hygienic measures. The overall document aims to educate about major communicable diseases, how they spread, and ways to prevent infection.
The document provides information about various communicable diseases including Malaria, AIDS, Typhoid, Elephantiasis, Tuberculosis, and Cholera. For each disease, it discusses the causes, symptoms, and methods of prevention. Malaria is spread by mosquitoes and causes shaking chills, fever, and anemia. AIDS is caused by the HIV virus and left untreated can lead to death. Typhoid is caused by Salmonella bacteria and can cause fever, abdominal pain, and rash. Elephantiasis is caused by filarial worms spread through mosquitoes and causes thickened skin. Tuberculosis is a widespread problem that causes cough, weight loss, and fatigue. Cholera, caused
This document provides information about communicable and non-communicable diseases. It discusses how communicable diseases spread from person to person through air, physical contact, contaminated food or water. It lists some common communicable diseases like influenza, pneumonia, hepatitis, AIDS. It also discusses ways to prevent the spread of communicable diseases through proper hand washing, cooking food thoroughly, and receiving vaccinations. The document then discusses non-communicable diseases like heart disease, cancer, diabetes and asthma. It notes that non-communicable diseases are lifestyle-related and not contagious.
Contagious diseases are transmitted through physical contact, secretions, or airborne means from an infected person. Common signs of infectious disease include fever, diarrhea, fatigue, muscle aches, and coughing. Contagious diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, which are transmitted in various ways such as animal bites, contaminated food or water, or mosquito bites. It is advised to seek medical help for animal bites, breathing issues, prolonged cough or fever, rashes, swelling, or vision problems.
This document discusses various diseases including infectious diseases, water-borne diseases, and cancer. It begins with an introduction to diseases and defines different types. It then focuses on infectious diseases, describing causes such as bacteria and viruses. Common infectious diseases and their transmission are listed. Water-borne diseases and their causes from contaminated water are also reviewed. Finally, cancer is discussed, including causes from genetic mutations and carcinogens. Preventative measures are suggested for infectious diseases, water-borne diseases, and reducing cancer risk.
Human Health and Disease discusses the concepts of health, disease, and factors that influence both. Key points include:
- Health is defined as complete physical, mental, and social well-being, which requires a balanced diet, exercise, shelter, sleep, and hygiene.
- Disease is a disorder of the body or mind that departs from good health, and can be caused by single or multiple factors. Diseases are diagnosed based on their symptoms.
- Diseases are categorized as physical, infectious, acute, or chronic based on their causes and characteristics. Infectious diseases spread pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites between hosts.
This document discusses communicable diseases, including their causes, symptoms, modes of transmission, treatment and prevention. It defines a communicable disease as an illness caused by pathogens that can be directly or indirectly spread between people. Common symptoms include appetite loss, diarrhea, coughs, fever, exhaustion and muscle pain or swelling. Pink eye is highlighted as a common communicable disease that is usually caused by bacteria or viruses impacting the eye, and can be prevented by avoiding touching the infected eye and regularly washing hands.
This document discusses communicable diseases, which are diseases that can be spread from one person to another. It provides examples of common communicable diseases like the flu, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, measles, hepatitis, and polio. For each disease, it discusses how the disease is transmitted or spread from person to person, typical symptoms, those most at risk, methods of prevention, and other key details. Overall, the document aims to educate about common communicable diseases, how they are contracted and spread between individuals, and important prevention strategies.
Infectious diseases are caused by microbes that can be transmitted between individuals through various means. The document outlines the major types of infectious agents - viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa - and examples of diseases they cause. Common modes of disease transmission include direct or indirect contact between infected and uninfected individuals, contact with contaminated objects or environments, and transmission via vectors like mosquitoes. The stages of an infectious disease are also described, from initial exposure and incubation, through the prodromal, acute, recovery, and convalescence periods, ultimately conferring potential immunity.
A communicable disease is an infectious disease that is transmitted from one person or animal to another directly or indirectly. Communicable diseases can be transmitted through various modes such as direct contact, droplet infection, contaminated vehicles like food or water, vectors like mosquitoes, and from mother to fetus. Common examples of communicable diseases include respiratory infections like tuberculosis, measles, and influenza; gastrointestinal infections spread through fecal-oral transmission like cholera and typhoid; and vector-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and arthropods.
Human health and disease can be affected by many factors. Physical health involves avoiding disease while maintaining overall well-being through good hygiene, diet, exercise and sleep. Disease is any disorder that negatively impacts health and can be caused by infectious pathogens, genetic predispositions or environmental factors. Examples of major diseases discussed include influenza, malaria, cholera, measles, salmonella, gonorrhea, syphilis, tetanus, Alzheimer's, schizophrenia and muscular dystrophy.
Shigella bacteria cause the infectious disease shigellosis or bacillary dysentery. It is estimated to cause around 90 million cases annually, resulting in over 100,000 deaths mostly in children in developing countries. The bacteria are highly contagious and can be transmitted through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever. Treatment involves rehydration and antibiotics to reduce duration of symptoms.
Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi that causes symptoms ranging from mild to severe, including a sustained high fever, weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches and rash. It spreads through contaminated food or water and is most common in areas with poor sanitation. Diagnosis involves culturing the bacteria from blood, stool or bone marrow. Prevention focuses on sanitation, hygiene and vaccination.
Food Borne Diseases are also called foodborne illness. any illness brought on by eating or drinking things that have been contaminated with certain infectious or noninfectious substances. Agents like bacteria, viruses, or parasites are to blame for the majority of cases of foodborne disease. Other harmful substances include mycotoxins (fungal toxins), marine biotoxins, and the toxins found in poisonous mushrooms. They also include metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium that can contaminate food through soil, water, or air pollution, organic pollutants like dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are byproducts of some industrial processes, and prions (abnormal protein forms). Foodborne illness agents can result in a wide range of ailments, including gastroenteritis, reproductive or developmental problems, and neurological illnesses like bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease). Since many cases of foodborne illness go unreported, it is challenging to determine how common they are, but the burden of illness is believed to be significant. For instance, tens of millions of individuals get diarrheal disorders each year, a frequent indicator of a foodborne illness. Outbreaks of foodborne infections frequently happen, and they have the potential to harm a lot of people. For instance, a hepatitis A epidemic in 1988 in China that was brought on by eating infected clams impacted more than 300,000 people, while a salmonellosis outbreak in 1994 in the United States that was brought on by eating contaminated ice cream affected 224,000 individuals. Food-borne infections are often fatal. Consuming tainted foods or drinks results in foodborne disease. Foods can be contaminated by a wide range of pathogens or disease-causing bacteria, leading to a wide range of foodborne diseases. Eating food tainted with germs, viruses, parasites, or chemicals like heavy metals can result in over 200 ailments. Through pressure on healthcare systems, lost productivity, and detrimental effects on trade and tourism, this growing public health issue has a significant socioeconomic impact. The worldwide burden of disease and mortality is considerably increased by these illnesses.
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Epidemic Diseases
Of the many diseases spread by insects, none are actually caused by the insects themselves but by other organisms passed on when they feed or bite. Insects are capable of spreading diseases caused by many different types of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, protozoan and others. Mosquitoes have earned the title of the most deadly creature on earth. This is due to the fact that they spread serious epidemic diseases such as Malaria, Yellow Fever, African Sleeping Sickness, and West Nile Virus. Malaria is one of the ten most common, yet deadly diseases in the world. It is a parasitic disease spread by the bite of Anopheles mosquito, which is active between dusk and dawn. Malaria occurs in over 100 countries and territories....show more content...This type of mosquito that usually carries the yellow fever is called Aedes aegypti. Among the two kinds, urban yellow fever is the cause of most yellow fever outbreaks. The symptoms of yellow fever are varied. The virus has an incubation period of three to six days. The first symptoms will be fever, muscle pain, backache, headache, shivers, and loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. Frequently a slow pulse accompanies the fever. Most people improve after three to four days, however in 15% of the cases; patients go into a toxic phase within 24 hours. Fever reappears, and they exhibit jaundice and abdominal pain with vomiting. Bleeding occurs from the mouth, eyes, nose and stomach. The kidneys fail to produce urine, and blood appears in the vomit and feces. Half of the patients who experience this toxic phase die in ten to fourteen days. Due to the fact that many of these symptoms are identical to malaria and other
This document discusses Salmonella and Shigella, which are foodborne pathogens that can cause diseases like typhoid fever and dysentery in humans. It provides details on their transmission, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, treatment, and methods for isolation and enumeration from samples. Salmonella is usually transmitted through contaminated foods of animal origin and can cause diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to typhoid fever. Shigella transmission occurs through the fecal-oral route and mainly affects children, causing shigellosis. Diagnosis involves culturing samples in selective media. Treatment requires antibiotics while prevention relies on sanitation and hygiene practices.
Typhoid fever is a life-threatening illness caused by the Salmonella Typhi bacterium. It affects approximately 12.5 million people worldwide each year. The disease is contracted through ingestion of contaminated food or water. Symptoms include sustained high fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation. While antibiotics have reduced the fatality rate to 1-2%, drug-resistant strains are an increasing problem. Vaccines can help prevent infection for those traveling to areas where the disease is common.
This document discusses infectious diseases, their causes, symptoms, prevention and control. It describes several bacterial diseases like cholera, typhoid and rabies caused by Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi and rabies virus respectively. Malaria is discussed as a protozoan disease spread by the Anopheles mosquito. Symptoms, prevention through vaccination and sanitation, and treatment options are provided for each disease. The document also differentiates between cure and remission of diseases as well as ways of preventing diseases through public health measures, nutrition and vaccinations.
Human health relies on factors like diet, exercise, hygiene and sleep. Disease is any disorder that departs from good health, and can be acute or chronic. Diseases are diagnosed based on their symptoms. There are physical, infectious, and non-infectious diseases. Infectious diseases spread through pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Examples provided include influenza, measles, chickenpox, salmonella, cholera, typhoid and gonorrhea. Non-infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens and include mental illnesses and genetic disorders like Alzheimer's and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi. They can spread directly from person to person or indirectly through contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. Common signs of infection include fever, fatigue, diarrhea, muscle aches and coughing. Infections are treated using medications like antibiotics, antivirals and antifungals. Preventing the spread of infectious diseases involves practices like hand washing, vaccinations, safely preparing food and practicing safe sex.
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting, which can lead to rapid dehydration. Transmission is primarily through consuming contaminated drinking water or food infected with the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Treatment involves oral rehydration solutions and antibiotics for severe cases.
The document discusses several poultry diseases including parasitic, bacterial, and viral diseases. It provides details on the causes, signs, treatments, and preventions for diseases like coccidiosis, aspergillosis, fowl cholera, fowl pox, tuberculosis, and more. For each disease, it outlines the infectious agent, how birds become infected, common signs and symptoms, potential post-mortem lesions, diagnosis methods, and prevention strategies. The overall document serves as an informative guide covering many important health considerations for poultry.
Management of opportunistic infections (o is)anasabkry
This document provides information on the management of opportunistic infections (OIs) in people living with HIV/AIDS. It defines OIs as infections caused by organisms that do not typically cause disease in healthy individuals but can affect those with compromised immune systems. The document outlines key factors that make PLWHA susceptible to OIs like immune suppression. It discusses prevention and management of common OIs like Pneumocystis pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, herpes, cryptococcal meningitis, oral thrush, and tuberculosis. The relationship between tuberculosis and HIV is also explained, as well as the TB/HIV situation in Nigeria.
Acute infectious diarrheal diseases are common in children worldwide and are caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi. There are three main types of diarrhea based on duration: acute (less than 14 days), persistent (14-30 days) and chronic (more than 30 days). Acute diarrhea can cause dehydration and malnutrition in children. Shigellosis is a bacterial infection caused by Shigella species that causes bloody diarrhea and is characterized by invasion and damage of the intestinal mucosa, especially in the distal colon. It is commonly transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
Typhoid fever is the bacterial disease caused by the ingestion of food or water
contaminated with bacterium, Salmonella typhi. The typhoid fever is also called
typhoid. Typhoid fever is diagnosed by detection of Salmonella typhi in the stool
sample. Typhoid responds to anti-biotic treatment. Approximately (3-5) % of the
people becomes carrier after acute illness. Typhoid fever is gastric fever,
abdominal typhus, infantile remittent fever, slow fever, nervous fever and
pathogenic fever.
Staphylococcus food poisoning is caused by a heat-stable toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. It is often traced to food handlers with infections or healthy carriers. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea within 2-6 hours. Recovery is usually within 24-48 hours.
Salmonella food poisoning is caused by Salmonella bacteria adhering to the intestines and reproducing, causing inflammation. It is often from undercooked poultry, eggs, fish or peanut butter. Symptoms include abdominal pain, fever and diarrhea within 8-24 hours, usually lasting 3-5 days.
E. coli O157 food poisoning can be deadly, often from undercooked ground beef,
Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines that causes diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal cramps. It is usually caused by viruses like rotavirus or bacteria like Campylobacter. Common symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, fever and dehydration. Treatment focuses on rehydration through oral rehydration therapy. Antiemetics may help reduce vomiting, and antibiotics are sometimes used for bacterial causes. Prevention involves handwashing, sanitation and food safety.
The document discusses gastrointestinal diseases like diarrhea and cholera. It provides objectives of understanding the burden of diarrheal diseases and discussing WHO prevention strategies. It defines different types of diarrhea and classifications of infectious diarrhea. It discusses epidemiology of viral and bacterial diarrhea. It summarizes WHO recommendations for short and long-term control measures including oral rehydration and immunization. It also discusses cholera causes, transmission, and prevention guidelines.
Cholera is a bacterial disease caused by Vibrio cholerae that causes severe watery diarrhea and dehydration. It occurs in outbreaks related to contaminated water supplies in areas with poor sanitation. Clinical presentation includes sudden onset of painless, copious watery diarrhea and vomiting leading to severe dehydration and death if untreated. Diagnosis is confirmed by identifying the bacteria in a stool sample. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and intravenous fluids to replace fluid and electrolyte losses. Antibiotics are given to shorten the duration of illness and reduce spread.
The document discusses common communicable diseases including acute respiratory infections, diarrhea diseases, tuberculosis, measles, malaria, dengue fever, and worm infestations. It describes the causative agents, transmission mechanisms, symptoms, and global impact of each disease. Communicable diseases remain a major public health challenge, with poverty, lack of sanitation, and unawareness contributing to millions of deaths worldwide each year, especially in highly populated and developing regions. Continued surveillance, treatment, prevention, and efforts by governments and organizations like the WHO are needed to eventually eradicate these diseases.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
3. Typhoid fever — also known simply as typhoid— is a common
worldwide bacterial disease transmitted by the ingestion of food
or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person, which
contain the bacterium Salmonella enterica enterica, serovar
Typhi.
The disease has received various names, such as gastric
fever, abdominal typhus, infantile remittant fever, slow
fever, nervous fever and pythogenic fever. The name typhoid
means "resembling typhus" and comes from the neuropsychiatric
symptoms common to typhoid and typhus.Despite this similarity
of their names, typhoid fever and typhus are distinct diseases and
are caused by different species of bacteria.
The impact of this disease fell sharply in the developed world
with the application of 20th-century sanitation techniques.
4.
5. Rabies (/ˈ
reɪbiˈz; from Latin: rabies, "madness") is a viral disease that causes acute encephalitis
/
in warm-blooded animals. The disease is zoonotic, meaning it can be transmitted to humans from
another species (such as dogs), commonly by a bite from an infected animal. For a human, rabies is
almost invariably fatal if postexposure prophylaxis is not administered prior to the onset of severe
symptoms. The rabies virus infects the central nervous system, ultimately causing disease in the
brain and death.
The rabies virus travels to the brain by following the peripheral nerves. The incubation period of
the disease is usually a few months in humans, depending on the distance the virus must travel to
reach the central nervous system. Once the rabies virus reaches the central nervous system and
symptoms begin to show, the infection is virtually untreatable and usually fatal within days.
Early-stage symptoms of rabies are malaise, headache and fever, progressing to acute pain, violent
movements, uncontrolled excitement, depression, and hydrophobia. Finally, the patient may
experience periods of mania and lethargy, eventually leading to coma. The primary cause of death
is usually respiratory insufficiency.
Rabies causes about 55,000 human deaths annually worldwide. 95% of human deaths due to rabies
occur in Asia and Africa. Roughly 97% of human rabies cases result from dog bites.] In the United
States, animal control and vaccination programs have effectively eliminated domestic dogs as
reservoirs of rabies. In several countries, including Australia, Japan, and Singapore, rabies carried
by terrestrial animals has been eliminated entirely. While classical rabies has been eradicated in
the United Kingdom, bats infected with a related virus have been found in the country on rare
6.
7. Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB (short for tubercle bacillus) is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious
disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis typically
attacks the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air when people who have
an active TB infection cough, sneeze, or otherwise transmit respiratory fluids through the air.Most infections
are asymptomatic and latent, but about one in ten latent infections eventually progresses to active disease
which, if left untreated, kills more than 50% of those so infected.
Cholera
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are
watery diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission occurs primarily by drinking water or eating food that has been
contaminated by the feces (waste product) of an infected person, including one with no apparent symptoms.
Severe cholera, requiring hospitalization, results from the accumulation of about a million bacterial cells
within the body.These cells can be picked up from unsafe drinking water or from eating oysters that have
ingested cholera-carrying zooplankton.The severity of the diarrhea and vomiting can lead to rapid dehydration
and electrolyte imbalance, and death in some cases. The primary treatment is oral rehydration
therapy, typically with oral rehydration solution, to replace water and electrolytes. If this is not tolerated or
does not provide improvement fast enough, intravenous fluids can also be used. Antibacterial drugs are
beneficial in those with severe disease to shorten its duration and severity. Worldwide, it affects 3–5 million
people and causes 100,000–130,000 deaths a year as of 2010[update]. Cholera was one of the earliest infections to
be studied by epidemiological methods.
8.
9. Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio
cholerae. The main symptoms are watery diarrhea and vomiting. Transmission
occurs primarily by drinking water or eating food that has been contaminated
by the feces (waste product) of an infected person, including one with no
apparent symptoms. Severe cholera, requiring hospitalization, results from the
accumulation of about a million bacterial cells within the body.These cells can
be picked up from unsafe drinking water or from eating oysters that have
ingested cholera-carrying zooplankton. The severity of the diarrhea and
vomiting can lead to rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, and death in
some cases. The primary treatment is oral rehydration therapy, typically with
oral rehydration solution, to replace water and electrolytes. If this is not
tolerated or does not provide improvement fast enough, intravenous fluids can
also be used. Antibacterial drugs are beneficial in those with severe disease to
shorten its duration and severity. Worldwide, it affects 3–5 million people and
causes 100,000–130,000 deaths a year as of 2010. Cholera was one of the earliest
infections to be studied by epidemiological methods.
10.
11. Jaundice (also known as icterus, from the Greek word ίκτερος;
adjectival form, icteric) is a yellowish pigmentation of the
skin, the conjunctival membranes over the sclerae (whites of the
eyes), and other mucous membranes caused by
hyperbilirubinemia (increased levels of bilirubin in the blood).
This hyperbilirubinemia subsequently causes increased levels of
bilirubin in the extracellular fluid. A concentration higher than
2.5 mg/dL (>50µmol/L) leads to jaundice.The term jaundice
comes from the French word jaune, meaning yellow.
Jaundice is often seen in liver disease such as hepatitis or liver
cancer. It may also indicate leptospirosis or obstruction of the
biliary tract, for example by gallstones or pancreatic cancer, or
less commonly be congenital in origin .
12.
13. Chickenpox (or chicken pox) is a highly contagious disease caused by
primary infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV). It usually starts with
vesicular skin rash mainly on the body and head rather than at the periphery
and becomes itchy, raw pockmarks, which mostly heal without scarring. On
examination, the observer typically finds skin lesions at various stages of
healing and also ulcers in the oral cavity and tonsil areas.
Chickenpox is an airborne disease which spreads easily through coughing or
sneezing of ill individuals or through direct contact with secretions from the
rash. A person with chickenpox is infectious one to two days before the rash
appears.They remain contagious until all lesions have crusted over (this takes
approximately six days).Immunocompromised patients are contagious during
the entire period as new lesions keep appearing. Crusted lesions are not
contagious.
Chickenpox has been observed in other primates, including chimpanzees and
gorillas.
14.
15. diarrhoea is the condition of having three or more loose or liquid
bowel movements per day. The most common cause is gastroenteritis.
Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) with modest amounts of salts and
zinc tablets are the treatment of choice and have been estimated to
have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years. In cases where ORS
is not available, homemade solutions are often used.
It is a common cause of death in developing countries and the second
most common cause of infant deaths worldwide. The loss of fluids
through diarrhea can cause dehydration and electrolyte disturbances
such as potassium deficiency or other salt imbalances. In 2009 diarrhea
was estimated to have caused 1.1 million deaths in people aged 5 and
over and 1.5 million deaths in children under the age of 5.
16.
17. A goitre or goiter (Latin gutteria, struma), is a swelling of the
neck or larynx resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland
(thyromegaly), associated with a thyroid gland that is functioning
properly or not.
Worldwide, over 90.54% cases of goitre are caused by iodine
deficiency. Goitre which is associated with hypothyroidism or
hyperthyroidism may be present with symptoms of the
underlying disorder. For hyperthyroidism, the most common
symptoms are weight loss despite increased appetite, and heat
intolerance. Hypothyroid individuals have weight gain despite
poor appetite, cold intolerance, constipation and lethargy.
However, these symptoms are often nonspecific and hard to
diagnose.
18.
19. Cancer known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a broad group of
diseases involving unregulated cell growth. In cancer, cells divide and grow
uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invading nearby parts of the
body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the body through
the lymphatic system or bloodstream. Not all tumors are cancerous; benign
tumors do not invade neighboring tissues and do not spread throughout the
body. There are over 200 different known cancers that affect humans.
The causes of cancer are diverse, complex, and only partially understood.
Many things are known to increase the risk of cancer, including tobacco
use, dietary factors, certain infections, exposure to radiation, lack of physical
activity, obesity, and environmental pollutants. These factors can directly
damage genes or combine with existing genetic faults within cells to cause
cancerous mutations. Approximately 5–10% of cancers can be traced directly
to inherited genetic defects. Many cancers could be prevented by not
smoking, eating more vegetables, fruits and whole grains, eating less meat
and refined carbohydrates, maintaining a healthy
weight, exercising, minimizing sunlight exposure, and being vaccinated
against some infectious diseases
20.
21. producing apnea Poliomyelitis /poʊlioʊmaɪəlaɪtɪs/, often called polio or
infantile paralysis, isinfectious disease spread from person to
person, primarily via the fecal-oral route. The term derives from the Ancient
Greek poliós (πολιός), meaning "grey", myelós (µυελός “marrow”), referring
to the grey matter of the spinal cord, and the suffix -itis, which denotes
inflammation., i.e., inflammation of the spinal cord’s grey matter, although a
severe infection can extend into the brainstem and even higher
structures, resulting in polioencephalitis, an acute, viral, that requires
mechanical assistance such as an iron lung.
Although approximately 90% of polio infections cause no symptoms at
all, affected individuals can exhibit a range of symptoms if the virus enters the
blood stream. In about 1% of cases, the virus enters the central nervous
system, preferentially infecting and destroying motor neurons, leading to
muscle weakness and acute flaccid paralysis. Different types of paralysis may
occur, depending on the nerves involved. Spinal polio is the most common
form, characterized by asymmetric paralysis that most often involves the legs.
Bulbar polio leads to weakness of muscles innervated by cranial nerves.
Bulbospinal polio is a combination of bulbar and spinal paralysis.
22.
23. Organic brain syndrome (OBS), also known as organic brain
disease (OBD) Organic mental disorders organic brain disorder, is
an older and nearly obsolete general term from psychiatry, referring to
many physical disorders that cause impaired mental function. It does
not include psychiatric disorders. Originally, the term was created to
distinguish physical (termed "organic") causes of mental impairment
from psychiatric (termed "functional") disorders.
Acute organic brain syndrome is (by definition) a recently appearing
state of mental impairment, as a result of intoxication, drug
overdose, infection, pain, and many other physical problems affecting
mental status. In medical contexts, "acute" means "of recent onset". As
is the case with most acute disease problems, acute organic brain
syndrome is often temporary–however this is not guaranteed (a recentonset problem may continue to be chronic or long term). A more
specific medical term for the acute subset of organic brain syndromes is
delirium.
24.
25. Something request to you:
please don't it outside food and eat
fresh food.
Take handkerchief keep on mouth in
railway station and public places
So I request this thing system you
follow
Keep safe, keep healthy