The document provides information about common infectious diseases in Malaysia, including definitions, terminology, and details on specific diseases. It discusses AIDS/HIV, hepatitis (types A-E), and dengue. For AIDS/HIV, it describes transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. For hepatitis, it explains the different types and how they are transmitted. Dengue is described as a mosquito-borne viral disease causing fever and in severe cases, hemorrhagic fever.

1. CHAPTER 3
COMMON
INFECTIOUS DISEASE

2. TOPIC OUTCOME
At the end of the lesson, students should be able
to :
• Define infectious diseases
• Describe chain of infection
• Identify the common infectious disease that occur in
Malaysia
• Describe the causes, sign and symptoms, disease
development, diagnosis, treatment and the prevention
of each common infectious diseases

6. 3.1 DEFINITION of
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Disorders that are caused by pathogenic
microorganism such as bacteria, viruses,
parasites or fungi and the disease can spread,
directly or indirectly, from one person to another
(WHO,2015)
Zoonotic disease are infectious diseases of
animals that can cause disease when transmitted
to human

7. TERMINOLOGIES
• Epidemic : large scale, temporary
increase in the occurrence of a
disease in community of region.
• Eg : smallpox killed ½ Aztec
population,
• Pandemic : occurrence of disease
widespread over a geographical area
• Eg : outbreak influenza 1919 and
HIV/AIDS.
Variola Virus
Influenza Virus

9. • Endemic : epidemic become endemic when disease
constantly present within given location.
• Eg : malaria in tropical region.
• Vaccine : preparation of killed or weakened m/o,
inactivated toxins or components of m/o that
administered to stimulate an immune response.

11. • Pathogen: is a virus, bacterium, or parasite that
causes the disease in human
• Vector: an organism, usually an insect, that carries a
disease-producing material from one host to another,
either within or on the surface of its body
• Reservoir: a place where potential pathogenic
microorganism can survive and may be transferred
onto patients

12. 3.2

13. 3.3.1 AIDS
The Red ribbon is a symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive
people and those living with AIDS.

14. YEAR HIV INFECTION AIDS CASES AIDS DEATH
MALE FEMALE TOTAL MALE FEMALE TOTAL MALE FEMALE TOTAL
1986 3 0 3 1 0 1 1 0 1
1987 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
1988 7 2 9 2 0 2 2 0 2
1995 4037 161 4198 218 15 233 150 15 165
1996 4406 191 4597 327 20 347 259 12 271
2004 5731 696 6427 1002 146 1148 951 114 1065
2005 5383 737 6120 1044 177 1221 882 102 984
2006 4955 875 5830 1620 222 1842 896 80 976
JUNE 07 2011 384 2395 525 91 616 374 57 431
NUMBER OF HIV INFECTIONS, AIDS CASES, AND AIDS DEATHS BY GENDER
PER YEAR REPORTED IN MALAYSIA, Malaysian Aids Council

15. WHAT IS AIDS ?
• AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
• Collection of symptoms and infections
• Caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency
Virus) [ HIV-1]
• Damage the immune systems
• Destroys CD4+
T cells – subset of T cells.
• Diagnosis for AIDS ( < 200 CD4+
T cells per microliter of blood)
normal = 1000microliter
• Lost cellular immunity

16. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

17. • Early Stage of HIV: Within 2-4 weeks after HIV
infection, many, but not all, people experience flu-
like symptoms, often described as the “worst flu
ever.”
• This is called “acute retroviral syndrome” (ARS) or
“primary HIV infection,” and it’s the body’s natural
response to the HIV infection.
• .

18. • The Clinical Latency Stage: “Latency” means a
period where a virus is living or developing in a
person without producing symptoms.
• During the clinical latency stage, people who are
infected with HIV experience no HIV-related
symptoms, or only mild ones.
• This stage is sometimes called “asymptomatic HIV
infection” or “chronic HIV infection.”

19. • Progression to AIDS: Symptoms
• If you have HIV and you are not taking HIV
medication (antiretroviral therapy), eventually the
HIV virus will weaken your body’s immune system.
• The onset of symptoms signals the transition from
the clinical latency stage to AIDS (Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome).

20. During this late stage of HIV infection, people infected
with HIV may have the following symptoms:
•Rapid weight loss
•Recurring fever or profuse night sweats
•Extreme and unexplained tiredness
•Prolonged swelling of the lymph glands in the armpits, groin, or
neck
•Diarrhea that lasts for more than a week
•Sores of the mouth, anus, or genitals
•Pneumonia
•Red, brown, pink, or purplish blotches on or under the skin or
inside the mouth, nose, or eyelids
•Memory loss, depression, and other neurologic disorders.

21. • Late stage of infections – increase individual
susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors.
 eg : Kaposi’s sarcoma, cervical cancer, candidiasis,
lymphomas

23. HOW IS HIV/AIDS TRANSMITTED
THROUGH DIRECT CONTACT
WITH BODILY FLUIDS
SEXUAL
INTERCOURSE
DIRECT CONTACT WITH
INFECTED BLOOD
FROM MOTHER TO
UNBORN CHILDS
Semen, blood, vaginal
fluid, pre-ejaculate,
breast milk.

24. PREVENTION/ TREATMENT
• Avoiding risk sexual relationship
• Receive blood from only uninfected persons
• Avoid sharing personal equipment and syringes.
• The aim of antiretroviral treatment is to keep the
amount of HIV in the body at a low level.
• This stops any weakening of the immune system and
allows it to recover from any damage that HIV might
have caused already.
• The drugs are often referred to as: antiretrovirals, ARVs,
anti-HIV or anti-AIDS drugs.

25. HEPATITIS

26. HEPAR ( LIVER )

27. HEPATITIS
• Hepar – liver.
• titis – inflammation.
• Hepatitis occurs due to any agent that caused
inflammation of liver.
• Eg : hepatitis virus, medication or drug, toxic agent.
• Viral hepatitis and non-viral hepatitis.
• Acute or chronic.

29. HEPATITIS A
• Fecal oral route.
• Transmitted from contaminated food or water supply,
person to person contact, raw shellfish.
• Considered an acute infection and does not have chronic
stages.
• Asymptomatic.
• Treatment : advised to rest, stay dehydrated, avoid
alcohol.
• Prevention : practiced good and hygienic sanitation.
• vaccination is available.

30. HEPATITIS B
• Most serious form of hepatitis.
• Passed through blood and bodily fluids.
• Sexual contact, blood transfusions, mother to child
(breast feeding), open sores, tattoos or piercing.
• Acute and chronic stages.

31. • Chronic stage can progress to liver cirrhosis, liver cancer
and liver failure.
• Treatment : antiviral (interferon), high protein/high
carbohydrate diet (repair damaged cells)
• Prevention : vaccination.
• In Malaysia – child born at home and before 1989, are advised to
get hepB vaccination.

32. HEPATITIS C
• Most cases are chronic stages (70%) and can lead to
cirrhosis and liver cancer.
• Transmitted through bodily fluid and transplacental
crossing.
• Frequently asymptomatic (10 – 20years).
• Currently no vaccine available for hepC.
• Medication – antiviral.

33. HEPATITIS D
• Only can occur in person infected with hepB (coinfection)
• Can cause both acute and chronic disease.
• Can lead to liver failure and cirrhosis.
• Combination hepD with hepB has the highest mortality
rate.
• It is imperative for those already infected with hepatitis B
to practice preventive measures to ensure they do not
contract hepatitis D.

34. HEPATITIS E
• Hepatitis E resembles hepA.
• Waterborne disease.
• Ingestion of contaminate water or food.
• Person to person infection is uncommon.
• Common in developing countries especially with hot
climate.

35. SUMMARY OF VIRAL HEPATITIS

36. NONVIRAL HEPATITIS
• ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS :
• Ethanol in alcoholic beverages.
• Most common precursor of cirrhosis in Western countries
(US).
• Common in patients with long term alcohol consumption.
• hepC + alcoholic hepatitis accelerate the development of
chronic cirrhosis.

37. • TOXIC/DRUG INDUCED HEPATITIS :
• Cause by inhalation or digestion of toxin substances or usage of
large number of drugs. (cause adverse liver reaction)
• Amatoxin : from mushroom (Amanita sp.)
• White phosporus : industrial toxin
• Paracetamol : if taken overdose

38. • ISCHEMIC HEPATITIS:
• Cause by decrease circulation to liver cells (usually due to
decrease blood pressure = shock liver).
• AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS :
• Conditions where the liver is attacked by the body’s immune
system.
• GRANULOMATOUS HEPATITIS :
• Condition which abnormal collections of white blood cells collect
in the liver.

39. • NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS :
• Resembles alcoholic hepatitis but occur in non alcoholic person
• Related with obesity (fatty liver)
• HEREDITARY :
• Certain hereditary disorders
• Eg: Wilson’s disease – acute damage to liver.

41. GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF
HEPATITIS
• Fatigue
• Fever
• Loss of appetite – nausea
• Abdominal pain
• Dark coloured urine
• Clay coloured bowel
• Joint / muscle pain
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)

42. RISK GROUP
• Healthcare worker
• Drug users
• Multiple sex partner
• Those have contracted STD
• Those lining with person has a form of chronic hepatitis

43. HOW TO REDUCED
CONTRACTING OF HEPATITIS
• Practice good hygiene and sanitation
• Get vaccinated
• Avoid potentially contaminated food and water.
• Practice safe sex
• Avoid share personal product
• Piercing and tattooing with sterile equipment
• Cover open wounds

44. • Limit the amount of alcohol consumption
• Be aware of the lethal contents of all chemical
• Face the spray away from the body
• Dietary changes
• If pregnant, discuss hepatitis testing with your
doctor.

45. DENGUE

46. DENGUE
• Usually found in tropical region (usually urban areas).
• Dengue fever is flu like viral disease cause by any of
dengue family viruses spread by bites of mosquitoes.
(acute febrile disease)
• Host : Aedes aegypti / Aedes albopictus. (female
mosquitoes)

47. • Aedes mosquitoes active during dawn and dusk.
• Breeding areas – stagnant water.
• Mosquitoes human mosquitoes human.↔ ↔ ↔
• Dengue fever last approximately for 7days.
• No treatment for dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic
fever.

48. DENGUE FEVER SYMPTOMS
- High fever (104 F, 40°C)
- Chills
- Headache
- Red eyes, pain in the eyes
- Enlarged lymph nodes
- Deep muscle and joint pains
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea and vomiting
- Low blood pressure and heart rate
- Extreme fatigue

49. WHAT IS DENGUE
HEMORRHAGIC FEVER
• Occurs when the dengue virus re-infects a person who
previously has dengue fever or severe stages progress
from dengue fever.
• Immune systems recognize the virus, resulting the
immune systems to over reacting.
• Also known as Dengue Shock Syndromes (DSS).

50. DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC
FEVER SYMPTOMS
- Abdominal pain
- Hemorrhage (severe bleeding)
- Circulatory collapse (shock)
- Nausea and vomiting
- Bleeding of the nose and gums
- Sore throat and cough
- Pneumonia
- Inflammation of the heart
- High fever (40 -41 C)

51. MEDICATION
• To alleviate the signs and symptoms.
• Aspirin – should not be given (cause severe bleeding).
• Use paracetamol to relieve muscle and joint aches, fever
and headaches.
• Sponged down with water to help lower down body
temperature.

52. • Bed rest for speedy recovery.
• Consume plenty of water.
• Keep away from mosquitoes to prevent the disease from
spread to other persons.
• Dengue hemorrhagic fever is treated by replacing lost
fluids.
• Some patients need transfusions to control bleeding.

53. PREVENTION / CONTROL OF
MOSQUITOES
• the only method of preventing and controlling dengue
fever is to eradicate the mosquito population.
• Improved water storage practices and implement proper
solid waste disposal.
• Avoid wearing dark and tight clothing.
• Breed small mosquito-eating fishes

54. • Apply mosquito repellants.
• Reduce outdoor activities during mosquitoes active time.
• Sleep under mosquito netting

55. RESURGENCE OF DENGUE
FEVER
• No effective mosquito control efforts
• Public health systems to detect and control epidemics are
deteriorating around the world
• Rapid growth of cities in tropical countries
• The increase in non-biodegradable plastic packaging and
discarded tires
• Increased jet air travel is helping people infected with the
dengue viruses more easily from city to city

56. TUBERCULOSIS
• TB is second only to HIV/AIDS as the greatest killer
worldwide due to a single infectious disease
• TB is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium
tuberculosis) that most often infected the lungs.
• TB is curable and preventable
• TB spread from person to person through the air:
People with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit → TB
germs in the air → inhale by other person → infected

57. SIGN & SYMPTOMS
• cough with sputum
and blood at times,
chest pains,
weakness, weight
loss, fever and night
sweats.

59. DIAGNOSIS
• Diagnose method called sputum smear microscopy
TB.
• Trained laboratory technicians look at sputum
samples under a microscope to see if TB bacteria are
present
• Diagnosing MDR-TB (see Multidrug-resistant TB
section below) and HIV-associated TB can be more
complex.
• Tuberculosis is particularly difficult to diagnose in
children.

60. TREATMENT & PREVENTION
• Active, drug-sensitive TB disease is treated with a
standard six-month course of four antimicrobial
drugs that are provided with information
• supervision and support to the patient by a health
worker or trained volunteer.
• Without such supervision and support, treatment
adherence can be difficult and the disease can spread.
• The vast majority of TB cases can be cured when
medicines are provided and taken properly.

61. OTHERS
• MAD COW DISEASE :
• Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
• Neurodegenerative disease (fatal).
• Spongy degeneration in brain and spinal cord.
• Agent – prions (cannot be destroyed or denatured by heat).
• Transmitted to human through ingestion.

63. • AVIAN INFLUENZA
• Avian Flu/Bird flu
• "Bird flu" is a phrase similar to "swine flu“,"dog flu“,"horse flu" or
"human flu"
• Highly specific
• It contains the glycoproteins haemagglutinin (HA) and
neuraminidase (NA)
• 2 types of infection : low pathogenic and high pathogenic.
• Cause viral pneumonia and multi organ failure.
• Prevention : good hygiene and proper cooking.
• Vaccination : exact vaccination not yet available (high rates of
mutation and adaptation).
• Treatment : drug (inhibitor drug)

65. 66

66. • EBOLA HEMMORHAGIC FEVER :
• In human and nonhuman primates.
• Cause by Ebola virus.
• No standard treatment and no vaccination
• Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three
weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular
pain and headaches.
• Then, vomiting, diarrhea and rash usually follow, along with
decreased function of the liver and kidneys.
• At this time some people begin to bleed both internally and
externally
Ebola virus

68. CONGRATULATION
END OF
CHAPTER 3