Disaster Managment

Disaster Management
• The United Nations defines a Disaster as a serious
disruption of the functioning of a community or a society.
• Disasters involve widespread human, material, economic
or environmental impacts, which exceed the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using its own
resources.

Disaster Management
• The Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies define disaster
management as the organisation and management of
resources and responsibilities for dealing with all
humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular
preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the
impact of disasters.

Types of Disasters
• There is no country that is immune from disaster, though vulnerability
to disaster varies. There are four main types of disaster.

Types of Disasters
• Natural Disasters: including floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and
volcano eruptions that have immediate impacts on human health
and secondary impacts causing further death and suffering from
(for example) floods, landslides, fires, tsunamis.
• Environmental Emergencies: including technological or industrial
accidents, usually involving the production, use or transportation
of hazardous material, and occur where these materials are produced,
used or transported, and forest fires caused by humans.

Types of Disasters
• Complex Emergencies: involving a break-down of
authority, looting and attacks on strategic installations,
including conflict situations and war.
• Pandemic Emergencies: involving a sudden onset of
contagious disease that affects health, disrupts services
and businesses, brings economic and social costs.

Types of Disasters
• Any disaster can interrupt essential services, such as health care,
electricity, water, sewage/garbage removal, transportation and
communications.
• The interruption can seriously affect the health, social and
economic networks of local communities and countries.
• Disasters have a major and long-lasting impact on people long after
the immediate effect has been mitigated.

Types of Disasters
• Local, regional, national and international organisations
are all involved in mounting a humanitarian response to
disasters. Each will have a prepared disaster management
plan. These plans cover prevention, preparedness, relief and
recovery.

Disaster Prevention
• These are activities designed to provide permanent protection
from disasters. Not all disasters, particularly natural
disasters, can be prevented, but the risk of loss of life and
injury can be mitigated with good evacuation plans,
environmental planning and design standards.

Disaster Preparedness
• These activities are designed to minimise loss of life and
damage – for example by removing people and property
from a threatened location and by facilitating timely and
effective rescue, relief and rehabilitation. Preparedness is the
main way of reducing the impact of disasters. Community-
based preparedness and management should be a high
priority in physical therapy practice management.

Disaster Relief
• This is a coordinated multi-agency response to reduce the
impact of a disaster and its long-term results. Relief
activities include rescue, relocation, providing food and
water, preventing disease and disability, repairing vital
services such as telecommunications and transport,
providing temporary shelter and emergency health care.

Disaster Recovery
• Once emergency needs have been met and the initial crisis is over,
the people affected and the communities that support them are
still vulnerable. Recovery activities include rebuilding infrastructure,
health care and rehabilitation. These should blend with development
activities, such as building human resources for health and
developing policies and practices to avoid similar situations in
future.

National Disaster Management Authority
(NDMA)
• In recognition of the importance of Disaster Management as a
national priority, set up a High-Powered Committee (HPC) in
August 1999 and a National Committee after the Gujarat
earthquake, for making recommendations on the preparation of
Disaster Management plans and suggesting effective mitigation
mechanisms. The Tenth Five-Year Plan document also had, for the
first time, a detailed chapter on Disaster Management. The Twelfth
Finance Commission was also mandated to review the financial
arrangements for Disaster Management.

(NDMA)
• On 23 December 2005, the Government of India enacted the Disaster
Management Act, which envisaged the creation of National Disaster
Management Authority (NDMA), headed by the Prime Minister, and
State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) headed by
respective Chief Ministers, to spearhead and implement a holistic
and integrated approach to Disaster Management in India.

(NDMA)

Functions and Responsibilities
• NDMA, as the apex body, is mandated to lay down the policies,
plans and guidelines for Disaster Management to ensure timely and
effective response to disasters. Towards this, it has the following
responsibilities:-
• Lay down policies on disaster management ;
• Approve the National Plan;
• Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of the
Government of India in accordance with the National Plan;
• Lay down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in
drawing up the State Plan;

• Lay down guidelines to be followed by the different Ministries or
Departments of the Government of India for the Purpose of
integrating the measures for prevention of disaster or the mitigation
of its effects in their development plans and projects;
• Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy and
plans for disaster management;
• Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation;

• Provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters
as may be determined by the Central Government;
• Take such other measures for the prevention of disaster, or the
mitigation, or preparedness and capacity building for dealing with
threatening disaster situations or disasters as it may consider
necessary;
• Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of the
National Institute of Disaster Management.

Disaster Management in India
National Institute of Disaster Management
• (राष्ट्रीय आपदा प्रबंधन संस्थान ) NIDM, is a premier institute for
training and capacity development programs for managing natural
disasters in India, on a national as well as regional basis.

Disaster Management in India
Origin and Responsibilities
• The National Disaster Management Act of 2005 granted the Institute
statutory organisation status. The Act holds the Institute responsible
for "planning and promoting training and research in the area of
disaster management, documentation and development of national
level information base relating to disaster management policies,
prevention mechanisms and mitigation measures".

National Institute of Disaster Management

Environmental Governance in India
• The concern for environment has its early beginning in India with the
concern for public health, water supply, and disposal of waste. The
rise in the awareness of environmental degradation due to impact
of modern industrial development in the 1970s brought a major
change in the perception at the national & regional level.

• The rapid growth of institutions to deal with environmental protection
has been accomplied by the rise in public awareness about
environmental Issues.
• The new “environment establishments” include many significant
non-governmental organizations formed to voice public concern.
• The national developments have been reflected at the regional and
international levels. Thus international treaties were signed to deal
with the increasingly complex conservation and pollution
prevention problems.

Public Awareness about Environmental
Issues

The Forty Second Amendment Act
• Environment protection and improvement were explicitly incorporated
into the constitution by the (42nd Amendment) Act of 1976.
• It Declares “The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the
environment and to safe guard the forest and wildlife of the
country”.

• Article 51 A (g) in a new chapter entitled “Fundamental Duties” ,
impose a similar responsibility on every citizen to protect and
improve the natural environment including the forest, lakes,
rivers, and wildlife, and to have a compassion for living creatures”
• Together, the provisions highlight the national consensus on the
importance of environmental protection and improvement.

Environment Protection and Fundamental Rights
Right to Wholesome Environment
• The Supreme Court expanded Article 21 to include environment
protection the apex court interpreted the right to life and personal
liberty to include the right to wholesome environment and
introduced stiffer penalties.
• Now, the pollution control boards, may close down a defaulting
industrial plant or may stop its supply of electricity or water.
These boards may also apply to courts to restrain emissions that
exceed prescribed standards.

Ministry of Environment and Forest
• The Department of Environment and Forest and wildlife
in the ministry of Environment and forest came into being
with effect from September 25, 1985. The department plays
the role of a watch dog and serves as a nodal agency in the
administrative structure of the government for the central
government for planning, promotion and coordination of
environmental and forestry programmes.

Ministry of Environment and Forest

Central Pollution Control Board
• The Central Board for Prevention and Control of water pollution
with the state pollution control boards, looks after the
implementation of the government policy in respect of improvement
of water and air quality in the country. Minimal National standards
for pollution discharges from specific industries have been formulated
and control measures implemented a phased manner.
• An elaborate scheme for monitoring the water quality has been
prepared. The department also closely interacts with the R & D,
educational institutions, voluntary organization and of course, the
concerned government ministry, departments, etc at all the state
levels.

Central Pollution Control Board

Environmental Protection Activities of the
Department.
• Environmental protection activities undertaken by the department have
the following objectives:
• To play the role of a “Watch Dog” to study and bring to the
attention of government and the Parliament instances, causes, and
consequences of environmental degradation in all sectors
• To serve as a nodal agency for environmental protection and eco
development in a coordinated manner.
• To Carry out environmental appraisal of the development projects.
• To have administrative responsibility for, pollution monitoring and
regulations, conservation of ecosystems as biosphere reserves.

Environmental Protection Activities of the
Department.
The 42nd Amendment Act
• The 42nd Amendment Act has certain changes in the seventh
schedule of the constitution. In the Concurrent list after 17, entry
17A was inserted, which provides for “forest”. Originally, forest was
a state subject and as there was no uniform policy followed by the
state government in respect of protection of forest, this subject was
transferred to list III.
• The legal sections to protect different segments of the environment
in India has been provided by successive enactment of certain
laws.

ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
• Following is a list of major Environmental Acts and Rules applicable in India.
• The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974 (as amended up-to 1998).
• The Water (Prevention &control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 (as amended by
Amendment Act 1991).
• The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1981 as amended by Amendment
Act 1986
• Environment (Protection) Act 1986.
• Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 1989.
• Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals (Amendment) Rules
1984.
• The Factories Act 1984.
• The Forest Conservation Act 1980.
• The Notification on Environment Impact Assessment 1994.

The Indian Forest Act, 1927.
• Although it embodies the colonial policies of the pre-independence era,
the forest Act of 1927 remain in force.
• The 1927, Act deals with four categories of forests, namely, reserved
forest, village forests, protected forests and non government (private)
forests.
• A state may declare forestland or waste lands as reserved forests and may
sell the produce from these forests. Any unauthorized felling of trees,
quarrying, grazing and hunting in reserved forests is punishable with a
fine or imprisonment, or both.
• The preservation of protected forests is enforced through rules, licenses
and criminal prosecutions.

The Factories Act of 1948
• Passed shortly after the Bhopal gas tragedy, the 1987 Amendment
empowers the states to appoint site Appraisal Committees to
advise on the initial location of factories using hazardous
processes.
• The factory inspector and the local authority have to keep a close
watch on all particulars regarding health hazards at the factory,
and the preventive measure taken. These preventive measures must be
published among the workers and nearby residents. Every ‘Occupier”
must also draw up an emergency disaster

The Factories Act of 1948
• Control plan, which must be approved by chief Inspector.
• The permissible limits of exposure to toxic substances are
prescribed in the second schedule of the act.
• Safety committee consisting of workers and managers are required
to review periodically the factor’s safety measures.
• The Factories Act after its 1987 Amendment defines “Occupier” as a
very senior level manager. Such Person is held responsible for
compliance with the Acts provision to Hazardous processes. Non-
Compliance exposes the occupier to stiff penalties.

The Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972
• In 1972, Parliament enacted the wildlife Act Pursuant to enabling
resolutions of 11 states under Article 252 (1) of the constitution. The
wild life act provides for state wildlife advisory boards, regulations
for hunting wild animals and birds, established of sanctuaries and
national parks, regulations for trade in wild animals, animal
products and judiciously impose penalties for violating the Act.
Harming endangered species listed in Schedule I of the Act is
prohibited throughout India.
• Wildlife wardens and their staff administer the Act.

The Wildlife (Protection), 1972

The Water (Prevention and Control of
pollution) Act,1974
• The water Act was the culmination of over a decade of discussion and
deliberation between Centres and states.
• The history and the preamble of the water Act suggest that only state
government can enact water pollution legislation. The Act vests
regulatory authority in state boards and empowers these boards to
establish and enforce effluent standards for factories discharging
pollutants into bodies of water. A central Board performs the
same functions for union territories and coordinate activities
among the states.

The Water (Prevention and Control of pollution)
Act,1974

The Water (Prevention and Control of
pollution) Act,1974
• Prior to its amendment in 1988, enforcement under the water Act
was achieved through criminal prosecutions initiated by the
board. The 1988 Amendment strengthened implementation
provisions of the Act.
• Now a board may close a defaulting industrial plant or withdraw
its supply of power or water by an administrative order; the
penalties more stringent, and citizens, suit provisions bolsters the
enforcement machinery.

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act
of 1977
• The Water Cess Act was passed to help meet the expanses of the
central and State Water Boards. The Act creates economic
incentives for pollution control and requires local authorities and
certain designated industries to pay a cess (tax) for water
consumption.
• The revenue are used to implement the water Act. The Central
Board and the states such sums as it deems necessary to enforce the
provisions of the water Act. To encourage capital investment in
pollution control, the act gives a polluter a 70 % rebate of the
applicable cess upon installing effluent treatment equipment.

The Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980
• Alarmed at India’s rapid deforestation and the resulting
environment degradation, the central Government enacted
the Forest (Conservation) Act in 1980. AS amendment in
1988, The Act requires the approval of the Central
Government before a state “deserves” a reserved forest, uses
forest land for non-forest purposes, assigns forest land to
private person or corporation, or clears forest land for the
purpose of reforestation.

The Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980

The Air (Preservation and Control of
pollution) Act of 1981
• The Air Act’s framework is similar to the one created by its
predecessor the water Act of 1974.
• To enable an integrated approach to environmental problem. The
Air Act expanded the authority of the Central and State boards
established under the water Act, to include air pollution Control.
States not having air pollution were required to set up air pollution
boards.

The Air (Preservation and Control of
pollution) Act of 1981
• Under the Air Act, all industries operating within designated air
pollution control area must obtain a “consent” from the state
boards. The states are required to prescribe emission standards for
industry and automobiles after consulting the Central Board and
noting its ambient air quality standards.
• The 1987 amendment strengthened the enforcement machinery.

The Air (Preservation and Control of pollution) Act
of 1981

The Environment Protection Act of 1986
• In the wake of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy, The government of India
enacted the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 under Article 253
of the Constitution.
• The purpose of the act is to implement the decisions of the United
Nations. The Act is an “Umbrella” legislation designed to provide a
framework for central government coordination of the activities of
various Central and State authorities established under previous
laws, such as the Water Act and the Air Act.

The Environment Protection Act, 1986

The Scope of the Act
• The potential scope of the Act is broad, with “environment” defined
to Include water, air, land and the inter-relationships which exist
among these, and human beings, and other living creatures,
plants, microorganisms and property.
• The Section 3 (1) of the act empowers the Centre “to take all
such measures as it deems necessary or expedient for the
purpose of protecting and improving the quality of the
environment and preventing, controlling and abating
environment pollution”.

• Specifically, the Central Government is authorized to set
new nation standards for the quality of the environment as
well as standards for controlling emissions and effluent
discharges, to regulate industrial safeguards for preventing
accidents, and to collect and disseminate information
regarding environmental pollution.

• The Department of Environment, Forests and Wildlife of the
Ministry of environment and forests is responsible for
making rules to implement the Environment (Protection)
Act.

Violation of Penalties Under the Act
• The Environment (Protection) Act was the first environment status to
give authority to the Central Government to issue direct written orders,
including orders to close, prohibit, or regulate any industry,
operation or process or to stop or regulate the supply of electricity,
water or any other service.

• The Act provides for several penalties. Any person who fails
to comply with or contravenes any of the provisions of the
Act, rules, order or directions issued under the Act shall be
punished for each failure or contravention, with a prison
term of up to 5 years or a fine of up to Rs 1 lakh or both.
The Act imposes an addition fine of up to Rs 5000 for
every day continuing violation.

Public Interest Litigation
• Pubic Interest litigation has successfully demonstrated that responsible
non-government organizations and public spirited individuals about
significant pressure on polluting units for adopting abatements
measures.
• As the present system of jurisprudence does provide for
compensation to individuals for environmental damage, including
effect on health and environmental damage caused by pollution, it is
proposed to set up special legal institutions to redress this deficiency
and also make adequate arrangement for interim relief.

Regulatory Measures
• The regulatory Control Measures include physical as well as fiscal
measure. Physical control Include the imposition of a legal ceiling for
pollution emission and directions to industrial units to install control
equipment to reduce emission or discharge of waste water.
Fiscal Measures
• Fiscal measures Include the imposition of taxes, pollution permits,
and the allocation of property rights. The imposition of financial
liabilities and tax burdens are the weapon of the mechanism

Promotional Measures
• Includes Subsidies and voluntary programmes which have a
moral and social responsible impact on potential polluters. The
voluntary programmes include moral education and popularization of
social responsibility and ethical considerations
Participatory Measures
• Include Direct Investment by the government in Waste
Management, effluent Treatment and slum clearance, and
increasing forest cover programmes. Direct Participitation will yield
quick results.

Public Participation
• The policy Statement of government of India, 1992 indicates that it
expects and encourages more and more of public participation in
future.
• Government have conscious constituted certain institutions as a follow
up of above public participation policy.
• Eco-Club Under all Zila Parishads
• Environmental Brigade Under Selected District Collectors
• District Environment Committees Under and every District
Collector.

Non-Government Organization
(NGO) Cell
• A NGO Cell has been setup in the Central Pollution Control Board in
Every State Pollution Control Board. The NGO Cell will Coordinate the
following Tasks:
• Enlisting NGOs involved in Pollution Control Activities
• Providing training for NGOs and equip them with testing kits.
• Organizing mass awareness programmes through NGOs.
• NGOs may take up activities to help implement prevention and control
of pollution.

Non-Government Organization
(NGO) Cell

WASTELAND
The National Wasteland
Development Board (NWDB) has
defined wasteland as “degraded
land which can be brought under
vegetative cover with reasonable
effort and which is currently under
utilized and land which is
deteriorating for lack of
appropriate water and soil
management or on account of
natural causes”.

Wasteland Map of India 2011
(Source: Dept. of Land Resources, Govt of India)
• From the total land
area of 328 million
hectare about 162
million hectare i.e. 51%
is agricultural land,4% is
pasture land,21% is
forest land and 24% is
wasteland

Categories of wasteland in India
(source: The National Wasteland Development Board )
• Gullies and/or ravines
• Upland with or without scrub
• Waterlogged and marshy land
• Land affected by salinity /alkalinity in coastal and inland areas
• Land under shifting cultivation
• Under utilized / degraded notified forest land
• Degraded pasture / grazing land
• Degraded land under plantation crops
• Shifting sands- inland /coastal
• Mining / industrial wastelands
• Barren rocky / stony waste/ sheet rock areas
• Steep sloping area
• Snow covered and/ or glacial area

Causes of land degradation :use and abuse of our
land resource
• Over cultivation
• Deforestation
• Use as fuel wood.
• Shifting cultivation
• Commercial timber exploitation
• Clearing forests permanently for non
forestry activities like human settlement,
setting up industries etc.
• Overgrazing
• Improper irrigation practices

Effects of Land Degradation
• Surface runoff and floods.
• Soil erosion & desertification.
• Loss of Nutrients & land
productivity.
• Soil acidification/alkalinisation.
• Soil salinity.
• Loss of biodiversity.
• Long term socioeconomic impact on
humans like migration.

Wasteland reclamation
Reclamation of wasteland means re-claiming it or to use it for
productive purpose. Wasteland reclamation is the process of turning
barren, sterile wasteland into something that is fertile and suitable for
habitation and cultivation. India has shown an alarming rate of decline
in the man-land ratio from 1.25 hectare per capita in 1921 to 0.48
hectare per capita in 1986 to 0.31 hectare per capita in 2011.

Need for wasteland reclamation
• It provides a source of income for the
rural poor.
• It ensures a constant supply of fuel,
fodder and timber for local use.
• It makes the soil fertile by preventing soil
erosion and conserving moisture.
• The program helps maintain an ecological
balance in the area.
• The increasing forest cover helps in
maintaining local climatic conditions.

Wastelands can be classified into three
forms:
(1)Easily reclaimable,
(2)Reclaimable with some difficulty,
(3)Reclaimable with extreme difficulty.

Easily reclaimable
Easily reclaimable wastelands can be used for agricultural
purposes. Wastelands can be reclaimed for agriculture by
reducing the salt content which can be done by leaching etc.
Gypsum, urea, potash and compost are added before planting
crops in such areas.

Reclaimed with some difficulty
These wastelands can be utilized for agro forestry. Agro
forestry involves putting land to multiple uses. Its main
purpose is to have trees and crops inter- and/or under planted
to form an integrated system of biological production within a
certain area. Thus, agro forestry implies integration of trees
with agricultural crops or livestock management
simultaneously.

Reclaimed with extreme difficulty
Wasteland that are reclaimed with extreme difficulty can be used for
forestry or to recreate natural ecosystem. Attempts to grow trees in
highly non alkaline saline soils have been largely unsuccessful. Field
experiments have shown that species like Eucalyptus, Prosopis and
Acacia nilotica could not be grown in highly alkaline soil. Studies
have shown that if tree seedlings are planted with a mixture of original
soil, gypsum, and manure, better growth can be achieved. It is
however important to use indigenous species of trees so that the
program recreates the local ecosystem with all its species.

Method of wasteland reclamation
• There are various methods by which wastelands can be reclaimed.
1. AFFORESTATION :It means growing the forest over culturable
wasteland.

2. REFORESTATION :Growing the forest again over the lands
where they were existing and was destroyed due to fires,
overgrazing, and excessive cutting. Reforestation checks water
logging, floods, soil erosion and increase productivity of land.
3.PROVIDING SURFACE COVER :The easiest way to protect the
land surface from soil erosion is of leave crop residue on the land
after harvesting.

4. MULCHING : Mulch is a layer of material applied to the surface of an
area of soil .In this protective cover of organic matter and plants like
stalks, cotton stalks, tobacco stalks etc. are used which reduce
evaporation, help in retaining soil moisture and reduce soil erosion.

5.CHANGING GROUND TOPOGRAPHY ON DOWNHILL’S
:Running water erodes the hill soil and carries the soil along with it.
This can be minimized by following alternation in ground topography:
(a) Strip farming : Different kinds of crops are planted in alternate strip
along the contour.

(b) Terracing :In this arrangement,
the earth is shaped in the
form of leveled terraces
to hold soil and water.
The terrace edges are
planted with such plant
species which anchor the
soil.
(c) Contour ploughing: In this arrangement, the
ploughing of land is done across the hill and not in up
and down style.

6. LEACHING: In salt affected land, the salinity can be minimized by
leaching them with more water.
7. CHANGING AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES :Like mixed cropping,
crop rotation and cropping of plants are adopted to improve soil
fertility.

8. ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION :This refers to the
natural development or redevelopment of an
ecosystem which help in reclaiming the minerally
deficient soil of wasteland.

• A massive campaign for increasing
the land under productive use for
fuel and fodder species needs to be
launched.
• Voluntary efforts by farmers’
cooperatives, NGO`s and
organizations should be fully
recognized and assisted.
• Mining of land for house building
material such as bricks can be
reduced by developing alternative
building materials.
Mud Bricks as an alternative
Mud bricks have an advantage of low
manufacturing cost, provide insulation and
have good sound absorption characteristics

Issues Involved In The Enforcement Of
Environmental Legislation
• There is little point in passing laws or making international
agreements if there cannot be adequate enforcement.
3 issues/things that are especially important for environmental
legislation are:
1. The precautionary principle This principle has evolved to deal
with risks and uncertainties faced by environmental management.
The principle implies that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of
cure— it does not prevent problems but may reduce their occurrence
and helps ensure contingency plans are made.

2. The polluter-pays principle In addition to-the obvious—
the polluter pays for the damaged caused by a development—
this principle also implies that a polluter pays for monitoring
and policing.
• A problem with this approach is that fines may bankrupt
small businesses, yet be low enough for a large company to
write them off as an occasional overhead, which does little
for pollution control.
• There is, thus, debate as to whether the principle should be
retrospective. If the polluter pays, how long back does
liability stretch?

3. Freedom of information: Environmental planning and
management is hindered if the public, NGOs or even official
bodies are unable to get information. Many countries have now
begun to release more information
• But still many governors and multinational corporations fear
that industrial secrets will leak to competitors if there is too
much disclosure, and there are situations where authorities
declare strategic’ needs and suspend disclosure.

ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENT
AND HUMAN HEALTH
• The understanding of environmental concerns and issues related to human health has
exploded during the last few years due to the sudden growth of information
technology.
• The advancement in computer, communication, satellite and other technological
developments have enabled engineers or environmentalists to gather relevant
information simultaneously from many sources.
• The information is utilized for developing and early warning system and to forecast
any eventuality much earlier. A large amount of information is easily available
through Remote Sensing technology, Geographical Information System (GIS)
and Global Positioning System (GPS) that is being used for various
environmental studies.

• Ministry of Environment, Government of India has
established a Environmental Information System (ENVIS) in
1982.
• This has been established as a decentralized information system
network whose purpose is collection, storage, retrieval and
dissemination of environmental information to decision
makers, policy makers, planners, scientists, engineers,
environmentalists, researchers and general public all over the
country

• The ENVIS network has its focal point in the Environmental
ministry along with 13 subject oriented centers, known as
ENVIS Centers, set up in the various institutions,
organizations of the country in the priority areas of
environment
• like pollution control, toxic chemicals, energy and
environment, environmentally sound and mangroves, corals
and lagoons, media and environment etc.

• New communication links are particularly vital to make use of
such information sources as Geographic Information Systems
(GIS), a computer based system for gathering,
manipulating, and analyzing environmental data.
• Remote Sensing – is the art of gathering information
about an object without touching it. It is useful in soil,
agriculture, town and country planning, detection of forest
cover depletion and forest mapping etc.

References
Environmental Management
Bala Krishnamoorthy- PHI publication
Wikipedia- The online free Encyclopedia
http://envfor.nic.in/legis/hsm/hsm1.html
https://www.osha.gov/
http://www.ndmindia.nic.in/
http://www.ndma.gov.in/en/

Disaster Managment

More Related Content

What's hot

Viewers also liked

Similar to Disaster Managment

More from GAURAV. H .TANDON

Recently uploaded

Disaster Managment