The document provides a history of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). It discusses how CPTED originated in the 1970s from the work of criminologists C. Ray Jeffery and Oscar Newman. Jeffery coined the term CPTED and emphasized how the physical environment can influence criminal behavior. Newman developed the concept of "defensible space". The document outlines how CPTED principles were further developed and adopted internationally in subsequent decades. The four key CPTED principles are natural surveillance, natural access control, territorial reinforcement, and maintenance/management.
Florida Design Out Crime Association Director-at-Large Ed Book and Treasurer Ernie Long discuss crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in this webinar presentation. CPTED is an approach to deterring crime that creates a safer physical and built environment. This includes buildings, roads, parking lots, lighting, access control, maintenance, windows, entrances, signage, landscaping, sidewalks, and more. In the modern world, deterring crime and countering violent extremism requires a comprehensive approach. CPTED is about designing for safety and acts as a “force multiplier.” The presenters will explore simple strategies and examples to make campuses safer and more secure while considering budget.
This presentation is part of the National Center for Campus Public Safety’s free webinar series, Campus Public Safety Online. It is appropriate for a wide variety of disciplines including campus public safety officials, facilities and physical plant staff, student affairs personnel, builders, architects, project managers, codes personnel, and administrators.
Florida Design Out Crime Association Director-at-Large Ed Book and Treasurer Ernie Long discuss crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in this webinar presentation. CPTED is an approach to deterring crime that creates a safer physical and built environment. This includes buildings, roads, parking lots, lighting, access control, maintenance, windows, entrances, signage, landscaping, sidewalks, and more. In the modern world, deterring crime and countering violent extremism requires a comprehensive approach. CPTED is about designing for safety and acts as a “force multiplier.” The presenters will explore simple strategies and examples to make campuses safer and more secure while considering budget.
This presentation is part of the National Center for Campus Public Safety’s free webinar series, Campus Public Safety Online. It is appropriate for a wide variety of disciplines including campus public safety officials, facilities and physical plant staff, student affairs personnel, builders, architects, project managers, codes personnel, and administrators.
This is a seminar made on sustainable architecture, containing
INTRODUCTION
NEED
METHODS
ELEMENTS
PRINCIPLES
DESIGN STRATEGY
SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS
RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION
TYPES
EXAMPLES
REFERENCES.
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) for Sports VenuesJay King
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) for Sports Venues
• The Limits of Deterrence
• CPTED enabling Physical Security and Force Protection
• Non-Traditional Natural Surveillance and Activity Support
• Nudging CPTED from Deterrence to Detection
• Including CPTED Goals Early in the Planning and Design Process
Kevyn introduced a concept of planning that was the base for understanding and visualising The Planning Aspects; important for the budding planners.
The presentation initiates the same understanding and invokes a means for better understanding of 'Planning'.
Conduct research and then write a 5-page minimum research paper on the topic ...intel-writers.com
Brief history of CPTED
CPTED has its origins in the 1960s and 1970s, when several researchers and practitioners in the United States and Canada began to investigate the relationship between the built environment and crime. One of the early pioneers of CPTED was Oscar Newman, an architect and criminologist, who in 1972 published the book “Defensible Space”, which argued that the design of residential buildings and neighborhoods could influence the level of crime and disorder. Another influential figure was C. Ray Jeffery, a criminologist who developed the concept of “Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design” in the late 1970s as part of his work on situational crime prevention.
Since then, CPTED has been widely adopted by planners, architects, law enforcement officials, and community organizations as a means of improving public safety and preventing crime. CPTED has also been incorporated into various policies and guidelines at the local, state, and federal levels, including the National Crime Prevention Council’s “Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Guidelines” and the U.S. Department of Justice’s “CPTED: The Basics”. Today, CPTED continues to evolve and adapt to new challenges and opportunities, such as the growing use of technology in urban design and the need to address issues of social and environmental sustainability.
Importance of CPTED in modern criminal justice
CPTED is an important approach in modern criminal justice because it provides a proactive and preventive strategy for reducing crime and enhancing public safety. Traditional approaches to crime control, such as increased policing and incarceration, have been criticized for their limited effectiveness and high costs. CPTED offers an alternative by focusing on the physical and social environments in which crime occurs, and by using design and management strategies to create safer and more livable communities.
This is a seminar made on sustainable architecture, containing
INTRODUCTION
NEED
METHODS
ELEMENTS
PRINCIPLES
DESIGN STRATEGY
SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS
RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION
TYPES
EXAMPLES
REFERENCES.
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) for Sports VenuesJay King
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) for Sports Venues
• The Limits of Deterrence
• CPTED enabling Physical Security and Force Protection
• Non-Traditional Natural Surveillance and Activity Support
• Nudging CPTED from Deterrence to Detection
• Including CPTED Goals Early in the Planning and Design Process
Kevyn introduced a concept of planning that was the base for understanding and visualising The Planning Aspects; important for the budding planners.
The presentation initiates the same understanding and invokes a means for better understanding of 'Planning'.
Conduct research and then write a 5-page minimum research paper on the topic ...intel-writers.com
Brief history of CPTED
CPTED has its origins in the 1960s and 1970s, when several researchers and practitioners in the United States and Canada began to investigate the relationship between the built environment and crime. One of the early pioneers of CPTED was Oscar Newman, an architect and criminologist, who in 1972 published the book “Defensible Space”, which argued that the design of residential buildings and neighborhoods could influence the level of crime and disorder. Another influential figure was C. Ray Jeffery, a criminologist who developed the concept of “Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design” in the late 1970s as part of his work on situational crime prevention.
Since then, CPTED has been widely adopted by planners, architects, law enforcement officials, and community organizations as a means of improving public safety and preventing crime. CPTED has also been incorporated into various policies and guidelines at the local, state, and federal levels, including the National Crime Prevention Council’s “Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Guidelines” and the U.S. Department of Justice’s “CPTED: The Basics”. Today, CPTED continues to evolve and adapt to new challenges and opportunities, such as the growing use of technology in urban design and the need to address issues of social and environmental sustainability.
Importance of CPTED in modern criminal justice
CPTED is an important approach in modern criminal justice because it provides a proactive and preventive strategy for reducing crime and enhancing public safety. Traditional approaches to crime control, such as increased policing and incarceration, have been criticized for their limited effectiveness and high costs. CPTED offers an alternative by focusing on the physical and social environments in which crime occurs, and by using design and management strategies to create safer and more livable communities.
Need the below with in 24 hours.Provide 2 references,500 words.docxmayank272369
Need the below with in 24 hours.Provide 2 references,500 words
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) long established operations currently used across the globe but not problem free operations. (Fennelly, 2017). The environmental design approach to security recognizes the space’s designated which often related to CPTED solution process. Effective physical security designing process must focus on internal and external use facility space to prevent crime. CPTED’s objectives falls on designing and implement effective use of space, implement toughening approach on crime prevention. Facility hardening is a standard measure that must fully implemented to deny access to a crime target through physical and artificial barrier techniques such as locks, alarms, fences, and gates to protect the facility, access control and surveillance system to make environments sterile, unsightly, and unfriendly.
1.
Provide comprehensive narrative to confirm advantages and disadvantages of CPTED on residents of urban community.
References
Fennelly, Lawrence J. (2017). Effective Physical Security: “Introduction to
Vulnerability Assessment”. (pp. 23-53). Cambridge: MA
.
16
Chapter 1. Encompassing Effective CPTED
Solution
s in 2017 and
Beyond: Concepts and Strategies.
CPTED is long established and used across the globe but not problem free operations.
CPTED is a preferred model to provide background information relative to the integration of
CPTED as conduit to enhance the creation of viable community growth, collaborative
partnerships, and reduction of risk management, complication, and diversity and irrelevance
concepts. CPTED often contribute to the development of wider planning goals considering the
development and maintenance of sustainable communities. Understanding and managing this
potentially new direction enables clear links with development and maintenance of sustainable
communities through urban planning to be profitable and impactful. Effective CPTED policies
aimed at reducing private violence against vulnerable innocent citizens and the community,
attempt must be executed to outline the obvious limitations, creating interconnected community is
an important component,
Consider, too, that many of the social interactions between men in these impoverished
communities do not include designing plans to lower crime rates. they are unemployed, these men
spend much of their time together drinking and taking illicit drugs, and lamenting about patriarchal
authority threatened by the disappearance of manufacturing jobs, The most reliable and proven
approach to accomplish the goal of combining security with design decisions is commonly known
as the environmental design model called CPTED. The environmental design approach to security
recognizes the designated space, which defines CPTED solution compatible for associated
activities often help to prevents crime. The embedded goals and objective of CPTED rest on design
and use of space, culture deviating from the traditional targeting pathway to prevent crime.
Traditionally. The focus rest predominantly on denying access to a crime target through physical
facility such as locks, alarms, fences, and gates. Apparently, modern approach tends to overlook
opportunities for natural access control and surveillance, which It can also make environments
sterile, unsightly, and unfriendly. The most reliable and proven approach to accomplish the goal
of combining security with design decisions is commonly known as the environmental design
model called CPTED. The environmental design approach to security recognizes the designated
space that defines CPTED solution compatible for associated activities often help to prevents
crime. The embedded goals and objective of CPTED rest on design and use of space, culture
17
deviating from the traditional targeting pathway to prevent crime. Traditionally. The focus rest
predominantly on denying access to a crime target through physical facility such as locks, alarms,
fences, and gates. Apparently, modern approach tends to overlook opportunities for.
Disclaimer The recommendations listedin this brochure are m.docxsalmonpybus
Disclaimer: The recommendations listed
in this brochure are made for the purpose
of reducing the likelihood of criminal activity
and providing for a safer environment.
While no guarantee can be stated or
implied, the concepts of CPTED have been
proven internationally. The City of Tacoma
recommends these measures as a public
service, with the understanding that there is
no way to predict or prevent all crime risks.
Local building and fi re/life safety codes
must be considered when implementing
CPTED strategies.
Document Content: This document was prepared
using various sources from the internet, jurisdictional
and industry materials, and CPTED training
information and is considered general knowledge
of the Basic Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design principles.
City of Tacoma-Public Works Department
Building and Land Use Services
In support of the City of Tacoma
Safe and Clean Initiative
For more information,
please call CPTED Coordination
at (253) 591-5634
*Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
Basic CPTED*strategies
for building
a safer Tacoma
Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design (CPTED)
We constantly respond to our environment,
whether we are aware of it or not.
Effective design of our environment helps
us to feel safer and reduces opportunities
for criminal acts to occur.
CPTED, (pronounced sep-ted), is an
initiative that helps us create healthy, safe
communities through well-planned design.
• CPTED is based on the premise that the
design of our environment directly affects
our behavior. It infl uences both the
opportunities for crime to take place and
our fear of crime. This has an important
impact on our quality of life.
• CPTED enhances safety by altering
physical design and encouraging positive
social interaction.
• CPTED offers an alternative to creating
fortress-like communities where we
have to lock ourselves away to feel
safe and also complements police and
security strategies.
How CPTED works
• CPTED promotes design strategies in
planned environments that encourage
safe behavior and reduce the
opportunities for crime to occur through
three inter-related basic principles:
- natural access control
- natural surveillance
- territoriality
• Once you know about CPTED strategies,
you will see the environment in a
different way.
Natural access control
(limits access)
Guides people entering and leaving a
space through the placement of entrances,
exits, fences, landscaping and lighting.
Access control can decrease opportunities
for criminal activity by denying criminals
access to potential targets and creating a
perception of risk for would-be offenders.
Natural surveillance
(increases visibility)
The placement of physical features,
activities and people in a way that
maximizes visibility. A potential criminal
is less likely to attempt a crime if he or she
is at risk of being observed. Avoid
landscaping that creates “blind s.
The purpose of this paper is to critically review the papers published in the area of
infrastructure design, environmental design, construction of houses, and crime and
built environment. The paper aims to critically evaluate the available evidence on the
contribution of crime prevention through environmental design as a crime prevention
strategy (design modification or hard control using better and developed
infrastructure). Design methodology– structured literature review approach is
adopted to analyze the previously published papers. Findings – The review concludes
that there is a growing body of research that supports the assertion that CPTED is
effective in reducing both crime and fear of crime in the community. The findings also
conclude that only very little amount of work has been done in the area of crime
against women/women’s fear of crime and built environment. Research
limitations/implications – Although the paper may not review all the evaluations of
CPTED, it nonetheless provides a detailed compilation and overview of the most
significant research in the area using a structured literature review. Practical
implications – CPTED is an increasingly fashionable approach and is being
implemented on a global scale.
Sustainability is… “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” You can check more from this link;
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Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City PlanningGAURAV. H .TANDON
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Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City PlanningGAURAV. H .TANDON
Suicide Prevention through Architecture (Building) and City Planning
Accessing The Potentials Of CPTED Principles In Addressing Safety Concerns Of Suicide Prevention In City Planning
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Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
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One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
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2. Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design
• Crime is a social problem in our society that affects
thousands of people’s lives each year Serious crimes
against persons and properties generate considerable
fear within the community.
• Crimes like theft, break-in, and murder are serious
threats to the safety of the community. The resulting
fear of crime in itself can restrict people’s freedom of
movement and prevent them from fully participating in
the community. In particular, some groups of people
are more vulnerable to crime and the fear of crime,
for example, older people, women, parents,
teenagers, etc.
4. Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design
• Many different strategies are needed to combat
the complex issues of crime and fear of crime.
A whole range of responses involving strategies in
design, community action and law enforcement
would be required to achieve successfully the
objective of crime prevention.
• In this connection, there is widespread
acknowledgement that planners, architects and
developers can play an important role in
enhancing the safety of our communities.
6. Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design
• Traditionally, the community has turned to
the police and the judicial system to protect
them by deterring criminals and punishing
offenders. The general public’s indifference
towards self-protection arises mainly from the
lack of knowledge of the means of
protection, and perhaps a perception that
somebody else - the government or
insurance companies - bears most of the
cost of theft and vandalism.
8. Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design
• On the other hand, Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design (CPTED) asserts that
the community, homeowners, planners,
developers and architects can play a greater
role in protecting the community and
themselves from crime by integrating CPTED
principles and concepts into the design and
management of the physical environment.
• In this connection, CPTED may be viewed as a
subset of the total set of measures required for
effective crime prevention and control.
10. Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design
• CPTED was originally coined and formulated by
criminologist C. Ray Jeffery. A more limited
approach, termed defensible space, was developed
concurrently by architect Oscar Newman. Jeffery's
book, "Crime Prevention Through Environmental
Design" came out in 1971, but his work was ignored
throughout the 1970s. Newman's book, "Defensible
Space: - Crime Prevention through Urban Design"
came out in 1972. His principles were widely adopted
but with mixed success. The defensible space approach
was subsequently revised with additional built
environment approaches supported by CPTED.
12. Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design
1960s
• In the 1960s Elizabeth Wood developed
guidelines for addressing security issues while
working with the Chicago Housing Authority,
placing emphasis on design features that would
support natural surveillability. Her guidelines
were never implemented but stimulated some
of the original thinking that led to CPTED.
13. Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design
1970s
• The phrase crime prevention through environmental design
(CPTED) was first used by C. Ray Jeffery, a criminologist from
Florida State University. The phrase began to gain acceptance after
the publication of his 1971 book of the same name.
• Jeffery's work was based on the precepts of experimental
psychology represented in modern learning theory. (Jeffery and
Zahm, 1993:329) Jeffery's CPTED concept arose out of his
experiences with a rehabilitative project in Washington, D.C. that
attempted to control the school environment of juveniles in the area.
Rooted deeply in the psychological learning theory of B.F. Skinner,
Jeffery's CPTED approach emphasized the role of the physical
environment in the development of pleasurable and painful
experiences for the offender that would have the capacity to alter
behavioural outcomes.
14. B.F. Skinner, Jeffery's CPTED approach emphasized the role of
the physical environment in the development of pleasurable and
painful experiences for the offender
16. Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design
• Defensible space design tools were observed to be
marginally effective in institutional and commercial
settings. As a result, Newman and others moved to
improve defensible space, adding CPTED based
features. They also deemphasised less effective aspects
of defensible space. Contributions to the advance of
CPTED in the 1980s included:
• The "broken windows" theory, put forth by James Q.
Wilson and George L. Kelling in 1982, explored the
impact that visible deterioration and neglect in
neighbourhoods have on behaviour. Property
maintenance was added as a CPTED strategy on par
with surveillance, access control and territoriality.
17. Defensible Space
• Residential environment whose physical characteristics—
building layout and site plan—function to allow
inhabitants themselves to become key agents in ensuring
their security." He goes on to explain that a housing
development is only defensible if residents intend to adopt
this role, which is defined by good design: "Defensible
space therefore is a socio-physical phenomenon," says
Newman.
• The theory argues that an area is safer when people feel a
sense of ownership and responsibility for that piece of a
community.
• If an intruder can sense a watchful community, he feels
less secure committing his crime. The idea is that crime
and delinquency can be controlled and mitigated
through environmental design
19. Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design
• The Broken Windows theory may go hand
in hand with CPTED. Crime is attracted to
the areas that are not taken care of or
abandoned. CPTED adds a pride of
ownership feeling to the community. With no
more "broken windows" in certain
neighbourhoods, crime will continue to
decline and eventually fall out completely.
21. Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design
1990s
• Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Approach (1990), was
Jeffery's final contribution to CPTED. The Jeffery CPTED
model evolved to one which assumes that
• The environment never influences behaviour directly, but
only through the brain. Any model of crime prevention must
include both the brain and the physical environment. Crime
Prevention Through Environmental Design (1991) by
criminologist Tim Crowe provided a solid base for CPTED to
move forward into the rest of the 1990s.
22. Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design
2000s
• As of 2004, elements of the CPTED approach
have gained wide international acceptance due
to law enforcement attempts to embrace it. The
CPTED term "environment" is commonly
used to refer to the external environment of
the place.
23. CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
• The basis of Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design (CPTED) is that
proper design and effective use of the built
environment can reduce the incidence and
fear of crime.
• This in turn leads to improvements in the
quality of life.
25. CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
• From 1994 through 2002, Sparta Consulting Corporation led by
Severin Sorensen, CPP managed the US Government's largest
CPTED technical assistance and training program titled Crime
Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) in Public
Housing Technical Assistance and Training Program, funded by
the US Department of Housing and Urban Development.
• The Sparta led CPTED projects showed statistical reductions in
self reported FBI UCR Part I crimes between 17% to 76%
depending on the basket of CPTED measures employed in
specific high crime, low income settings in the United States.
27. CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
• In contrast to the approach of addressing crime
concerns by implementing visually affronting
security or target hardening measures such as locks,
hard barriers, security gates, security patrols, etc.,
CPTED promotes high quality and visually pleasing
solutions as first responses that aim to enhance the
legitimate use of space.
• CPTED can be applied without interfering with the
normal use of the space. It is easy to apply and can be
economical to implement, especially if it is done early
at the planning and design stages of a project.
30. CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
• THE FOUR PRINCIPLES OF CPTED ARE:
• Natural surveillance
• Natural access control
• Territorial reinforcement
• Maintenance and management
31. NATURAL SURVEILLANCE
• The fundamental premise is that criminals do not wish to be
observed. Surveillance or the placing of legitimate ‘eyes on
the street’ increases the perceived risk to offenders. This
may also increase the actual risk to offenders if those
observing are willing to act when potentially threatening
situations develop. So the primary aim of surveillance is
not to keep intruders out (although it may have that
effect) but rather, to keep intruders under observation.
• Natural surveillance can be achieved by a number of
techniques. The flow of activities can be channelled to put
more people (observers) near a potential crime area.
Windows, lighting and the removal of obstructions can
be placed to improve sight lines from within buildings.
33. NATURALACCESS CONTROL
• Natural access control relies on doors,
fences, shrubs, and other physical elements to
keep unauthorised persons out of a particular
place if they do not have a legitimate reason
for being there. In its most elementary form,
access control can be achieved in individual
dwellings or commercial establishments by the
use of adequate locks, doors and window
barriers.
35. NATURALACCESS CONTROL
• However, when one moves beyond private
property to public or semi-public spaces, the
application of access control needs more
care. Properly located entrances, exits,
fencing, landscaping and lighting can subtly
direct both foot and vehicular traffic in
ways that decreases criminal opportunities.
Access control can be as simple as locating a
front office to a warehouse.
37. NATURALACCESS CONTROL
• While access control is more difficult on streets and
areas that are entirely open to public use, there are other
techniques for controlling access in these
circumstances. For example, nonphysical or
‘psychological’ barriers
• Can be used to achieve the objective of access control.
• These barriers may appear in the form of signs, paving
textures, nature strips or anything that Announces the
integrity and uniqueness of an area.
• The idea behind a psychological barrier is that if a
target seems strange, or difficult, it may also be
unattractive to potential criminals.
39. TERRITORIAL REINFORCEMENT
• People naturally protect a territory that they feel is
their own, and have a certain respect for the
territory of others. Clear boundaries between public
and private areas achieved by using physical
elements such as fences, pavement treatment, art,
signs, good maintenance and landscaping are ways
to express ownership. Identifying intruders is much
easier in such well defined spaces.
• Territorial reinforcement can be seen to work when
a space, by its clear legibility, transparency, and
directness, discourages potential offenders because
of users’ familiarity with each other and the
surroundings.
41. MAINTENANCE AND MANAGEMENT
• This is related to the neighbourhood’s sense
of ‘pride of place’ and territorial
reinforcement.
• The more dilapidated an area, the more likely
it is to attract unwanted activities. The
maintenance and the ‘image’ of an area can
have a major impact on whether it will become
targeted.
43. MAINTENANCE AND MANAGEMENT
• With clear spatial definitions such as the
subdivision of space into different degrees of
public/ semi-public/ private areas and the
raising of standards and expectations, the
level of social estrangement would decline.
This is known to be related to reduction in
opportunities for aberrant or criminal
behaviour, such as vandalism.
45. THE “THREE D” APPROACH
• Conceptually, the four CPTED principles are
applied through the 3-D approach, i.e.
Designation, Definition and Design. The 3-D
approach is a simple space assessment guide
that helps the user in determining the
appropriateness of how a space is designed and
used. The 3-D concept is based on the three
functions or dimensions of human space:
46. THE “THREE D” APPROACH
• By using the “Three D’s” as a guide, space may
be evaluated by asking the following questions:
1. DESIGNATION
• • What is the designated purpose of this space?
• • For what purpose was it originally intended?
• • How well does the space support its current
use or its intended use?
• • Is there a conflict?
48. THE “THREE D” APPROACH
2. DEFINITION
• • How is space defined?
• • Is it clear who owns it?
• • Where are its borders?
• • Are there social or cultural definitions that affect
how space is used?
• • Are legal or administrative rules clearly set out and
reinforced in policy?
• • Are there signs?
• • Is there conflict or confusion between purpose and
definition?
51. THE “THREE D” APPROACH
3. DESIGN
• • How well does the physical design support the
intended function?
• • How well does the physical design support the desired
or accepted behaviours?
• • Does the physical design conflict with or impede the
productive use of the space or
• the proper functioning of the intended human activity?
• • Is there confusion or conflict in the manner in which
physical design is intended to
• control behaviour?