This document provides information on disaster management, including definitions of disasters, types of disasters, phases of disasters, disaster nursing, triage, and disaster drills. It defines a disaster according to the WHO as an event that causes damage and warrants an extraordinary response. Disasters are categorized into natural disasters and man-made disasters. The phases of a disaster include pre-impact, impact, and post-impact. Triage is the process of prioritizing patients based on need and likelihood of benefiting from care. Disaster drills are conducted to test response plans and identify weaknesses.

1. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
PLAN, RESOURCES AND
DRILL
PREPARED BY
MONIKA TIMBADIYA
S.Y. M.SC. NURSING
IKDRC

2. INTRODUCTION
 Disasters are as old as Mankind.
 The word originated from Greek “dus” = “bad” & “aster” =
“star”. Then evolved in Italian as “disastro”, to become
French “desastre” and then Disatser.
 The ancient people believed that the disaster is occurred
due to the unfavourable position of the “planets” or “Act of
God”.

3. “DISASTER” ALPHABETICALLY MEANS:

4. DEFINITIONS:
 According to WHO, “A disaster is any occurrence that
causes damage, economic disruption, loss of human life,
property, or deterioration in health and services on a scale,
sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside
the affected area or community. Disaster can strike at any
time.”
 The Red-cross has define, “A disaster can be defined as
an occurrence either nature or manmade that causes human
suffering and creates human needs that victims cannot
alleviate without assistance”.

5. TYPES OF DISASTER
D
I
S
A
S
T
E
R
Sudden- onset hazard
(geological and climatic
hazards
Slow-onset
hazards(environmental
hazards)
Industrial/technological
disasters
Wars and civil strife
Epidemics

6. COMMONLY DIVIDED ACCORDING TO THEIR CAUSES INTO
TWO DISTINCT CATEGORIES.
1. Natural disaster
Meterological
Geological
Environmental/ biological

8. 2. Man – made
disaster
Warfare
Conventional
warfare
Non-
conventional
warfare
Civil
disaster
Accidents
1. Nuclear
2. Biological
3. Chemical

10. PHASES OF DISASTER

11. PRE-IMPACT PHASE
 It is the initial phase of disaster, prior to the actual
occurrence. A warning is given at the sign of the first
possible danger to a community with the aid of weather
networks and satellite many metrological disasters can be
predicted.
 This is the period when the emergency preparedness plan
is put into effect emergency centers are opened by the local
civil, detention authority. Communication is a very important
factor during this phase, disaster personnel will call on
amateur radio operators, radio and television stations.
 The role of nurse in this warning phase is to assist in
preparing shelters and emergency aid stations and
establishing contact with other emergency service group.

12. IMPACT PHASE:
 This phase occurs when the disaster actually happens. It is
a time of enduring hardship or injury end of trying to
survive. This phase may last for several minutes (e.g. after
an earthquake, plane crash or explosion) or for days or
weeks (e.g. in a flood, famine or epidemic).
 This phase continues until the threat of further destruction
has passed and emergency plan is in effect. This is the
time when the emergency operation center is established
and put in operation. It serves as the center for
communication and other government agencies of health
tears care, health care providers to staff shelters.
 Every shelter has a nurse as a member of disaster action
team. The nurse is responsible for psychological support to
victims in the shelter.

13. POST-IMPACT PHASE:
 Recovers begins during the emergency phase and
end with the return of normal community order and
functioning. For persons in the impact area this
phase may last a lifetime(e.g. victims of the atomic
bombing of Hiroshima)

14. THE VICTIMS OF A DISASTER GO THROUGH FOUR
STAGES OF EMOTIONAL RESPONSE:
Denial
Strong Emotional
Response
Acceptance
Recover

15. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
CYCLE
( PHASES OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT)

16. THE EIGHT BASIC PRINCIPLES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1. Prevent the occurrence of the disaster whenever possible.
2. Minimize the number of casualties if the disaster cannot be
prevented.
3. Prevent further casualties from occurring after the initial
impact of the disaster.
4. Rescue the victims.
5. Provide first aid to the injured.
6. Evacuate the injured to medical facilities.
7. Provide definitive medical care.
8. Promote reconstruction of lives.

17. DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

18. 1. DISASTER EVENT:

19. MITIGATION
 These are steps that are taken to lessen the impact of a
disaster should one occur and can be considered as
prevention and risk reduction measures. Examples of
mitigation activities include installing and maintaining
backup generator power to mitigate the effect of s
power failure or cross training staff to perform other
tasks to maintain services during a staffing crisis that is
due to weather emergency.

20. DISASTER PREPARATION
 Evaluate the facility’s vulnerabilities or propensity for
disasters. Issues to consider include: weather patterns,
geographic location, expectations related to public events
and gatherings; age, condition and location of the facility;
and industries in close proximity to the hospital(e.g.,
nuclear power plant or chemical factory).

21. DISASTER RESPONSE
 The response phase is the actual implementation of the
disaster plan. Response activities need to be continually
monitored and adjusted to the changing situation. A
hospital, healthcare system, or public health agency take
immediately during, and after a disaster or emergency
occurs.

22. DISASTER RECOVERY
Once the incident is over, the organization and staff needs
to recover. Invariably, services have been disrupted and it
takes time to return to routines. Activities undertaken by a
community and its components after an emergency or
disaster to restore minimum services and move towards
long-term restoration.
 Debris removal
 Care and Shelter
 Damage Assessments

23. 2. DISASTER TRIAGE
 The word triage is derived from the French word “trier”,
which means, “to sort out or choose”.
 Triage is the process of determining the priority of patient’s
treatments based on the severity of their condition.
 Triage is the process of sorting people based on their need
for immediate medical treatment as compared to their
chance of benefiting from such care.

24. CONTI…
Definitions:
 Triage is a process which places the right patient in the right
place at the right time to receive the right level of care.
- Rice & Abel
 Triage is the process of prioritizing which patients are to be
treated first and is the cornerstone of good disaster
management in terms of judicious use of resources.
- Aduf der Heide

25. CONTI…
Principles of Triage:
The main principles of triage are as follow:
 Every patient should be received and triaged by
appropriate skilled health care professionals.
 Triage is a clinic managerial decision and must involve
collaborative planning.
 The triage proves should not cause delay in the delivery of
the effective clinical care.

26. TYPES OF TRIAGE
There are mainly two types it include following:
1. Simple
triage
2.
Advanced
triage

27. 1. SIMPLE TRIAGE
 Simple triage is used in a scene of mass casualty, in order
to sort patients into those who need critical attention and
immediate transport to the hospital and those with less
serious injuries.
 S.T.A.R.T (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) is a simple
triage system that can be performed by lightly trained lay
and emergency personnel in emergencies. Triage separates
the injured into 4 groups –
0 – The decreased who are beyond help.
1 – The injured who can be helped by immediate
transportation.
2 – The injured whose transport can be delayed.
3 – Those with minor injuries, who needs help less
urgently.

29. 2. ADVANCED TRIAGE
 In advanced triage, Doctors may decides that some
seriously injured people should not receive advanced care
because they are unlikely to survive. Advance care will be
used on patients with less severe injuries. It is used to
divert scarce resources away from patients with little
chance of survival in order to increase the chances of
survival of others who are more likely to survive.
Principles of advanced triage are –
 Do not greatest good for the greatest number.
 Preservation of life takes precedence over preservation of
limbs
 Immediate threats to life : HEMORRHAGE

31. DISASTER NURSING
 Disaster nursing refers to nursing services offered to the
victims of disaster who experiences trauma caused by
disaster. Disaster nursing is nursing practiced in a
situation where professional supplies, equipment, physical
facilities and utilities are limited or not available.
 Disaster nursing can be defined as “the adaptation of
professional nursing knowledge, skills and attitude in
recognizing and meeting the nursing, health and
emotional needs of disaster victims”.

32. GOALS :
 To meet the immediate basic survival needs of populations
affected by disasters (water, food, shelter, and security).
 To identify the potential for a secondary disaster.
 To appraise both risks and resources in the environment.
 To correct inequalities in access to health care or
appropriate resources.
 To empower survivors to participate in and advocate for
their own health and well being.
 To respect cultural, lingual, and religious diversity in
individuals and families and to apply this principle in all
health promotion activities.

33. ROLES AND RESPONSIBLITIRS OF
DISASTER NURSE
 D – Disseminate information on the prevention and
control of environmental hazards.
 I - Interpret health laws and regulation.
 S- Serve yourself of self survival.
 A –Accept directions and take orders from an
organized authority.
 S – Serve the best of the most.
 T – Teach the meaning of warning signals.
 E – Exercise leadership
 R – Refer to appropriate agencies.

34. DISASTER DRILL

35. DISASTER DRILL
 The disaster drill is to test the hospital
preparedness and response to determine whether
response was effective and efficient.
 The disaster drill presents an opportunity for the
hospital to reach out the cold community and to
coordinate and cooperate with local and state
authorities in meeting community needs.

36. AIMS OF DISASTER DRILL
The aim of the drill should be:
 To train,
 To test performance and
 To demonstrate weakness that requires revision.

37. BENEFITS OF DISASTER DRILL
 Whether the organisational methods provided in the plan were
carried out in a timely and proper manner.
 Whether medical care in the disaster area was adequate and
efficient.
 Whether the evacuation to hospital proceeded according to
plan.
 Whether intra hospital care was adequate, timely, speedy.