Disaster nursing involves adapting professional nursing skills to recognize and meet the physical and emotional needs of those affected by disasters. There are three phases to disasters: pre-impact, impact, and post-impact. Nurses play an important role in all phases through tasks like rapid needs assessments, triage, emergency care, and supporting long-term recovery. Effective disaster response requires coordination between nurses, emergency services, and aid organizations.
The disaster nursing is very important topic for staff nurse those who are posted in disaster area. the nursing staff is play important role in disaster management. these presentation is healp full for nursing role, taging, and how to management at the time of disaster.
The disaster nursing is very important topic for staff nurse those who are posted in disaster area. the nursing staff is play important role in disaster management. these presentation is healp full for nursing role, taging, and how to management at the time of disaster.
A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources.
A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.
A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to call for extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.(WHO, 1995)
An occurrence of a severity and magnitude that normally results in death, injuries and property damage that cannot be managed through the routine procedure and resources of government.- FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency)
A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or man made that causes human suffering and creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance. American Red Cross (ARC)
Disaster Nursing can be defined as the adaptation Of professional nursing skills in recognizing and meeting the nursing physical and emotional needs resulting from a disaster.
The overall goal of disaster nursing is to achieve the best possible level of health for the people and the community involved in the disaster.“Disaster Nursing is nursing practiced in a situation where professional supplies, equipment, physical facilities and utilities are limited or not available”.
D - DestructionsI - IncidentsS - SufferingsA - Administrative, Financial Failures.S - SentimentsT - TragediesE - Eruption of Communicable diseases.R - Research programme and its implementation
Background: The frequency and intensity of both natural and man-made disasters have increased substantially over the past few decades. Consequences include great suffering, massive mortality, enormous economic losses, environmental damage and lasting psychological disorders of the survivors. For this reason, community members and government agencies have high expectations regarding the quality of medical care provided during a disaster response. Disaster medicine covers all aspects of disaster response including: disaster management systems, triage, epidemiology and infectious diseases prevention and psychological management.
Objective: This study aims to asses familiarity of students of the University of Medicine/ Faculty of Technical Medical sciences with disaster medicine concepts, evaluate training needs and define the preferred teaching method. It is a cross-sectional study of 100 students selected at random. A self administered structured questionnaire was distributed to the students containing questions regarding triage categories, first aid steps, trauma treatment, biological and chemical weapons, procedures to follow in specific disasters and preferred learning method.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources.
A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.
A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to call for extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.(WHO, 1995)
An occurrence of a severity and magnitude that normally results in death, injuries and property damage that cannot be managed through the routine procedure and resources of government.- FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency)
A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or man made that causes human suffering and creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance. American Red Cross (ARC)
Disaster Nursing can be defined as the adaptation Of professional nursing skills in recognizing and meeting the nursing physical and emotional needs resulting from a disaster.
The overall goal of disaster nursing is to achieve the best possible level of health for the people and the community involved in the disaster.“Disaster Nursing is nursing practiced in a situation where professional supplies, equipment, physical facilities and utilities are limited or not available”.
D - DestructionsI - IncidentsS - SufferingsA - Administrative, Financial Failures.S - SentimentsT - TragediesE - Eruption of Communicable diseases.R - Research programme and its implementation
Background: The frequency and intensity of both natural and man-made disasters have increased substantially over the past few decades. Consequences include great suffering, massive mortality, enormous economic losses, environmental damage and lasting psychological disorders of the survivors. For this reason, community members and government agencies have high expectations regarding the quality of medical care provided during a disaster response. Disaster medicine covers all aspects of disaster response including: disaster management systems, triage, epidemiology and infectious diseases prevention and psychological management.
Objective: This study aims to asses familiarity of students of the University of Medicine/ Faculty of Technical Medical sciences with disaster medicine concepts, evaluate training needs and define the preferred teaching method. It is a cross-sectional study of 100 students selected at random. A self administered structured questionnaire was distributed to the students containing questions regarding triage categories, first aid steps, trauma treatment, biological and chemical weapons, procedures to follow in specific disasters and preferred learning method.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
DISASTER NURSING.docx
1. DISASTER NURSING
INTRODUCTION :-
Disaster as “any occurrence that causes Damage ecological disruption, loss of human life,
deterioration of health and health services.
Disaster are not confined to a particular part of the world; they can occur any where and
any time.
DEFINITION :-
2. Disaster nursing can be defined as “a adaptation of professional nursing skills in
recognizing and meeting the nursing physical and emotional needs resulting from the
disaster.” … World health
OR
" Disaster is an event capable of causing widespread destruction due to the various
forces of nature.
4. attack, Transportation accidents etc.
Goals of the Disaster Nursing :-
To meet the immediate basic survival needs of populations affected by disasters.
5. To identify the potential for a secondary disaster.
To appraise both risks and resources in the Environment.
To correct inequalities in access to health care or appropriate resources.
To empower survivors to participate in and advocate
6. for their own health and well being.
To respect cultural, lingual, and religious diversity in individuals and families and to
apply this principle in all health promotion activities.
To promote the highest achievable quality of life for survivors.
7. Principles of Disaster Nursing :-
Rapid assessment of the situation and of nursing care needs.
Triage and initiation of life-saving measures first.
8. The selected use of essential nursing interventions and the
Elimination of nonessential nursing activities.
Evaluation of the environment and the mitigation or removal of any health hazards.
9. Prevention of further injury or illness.
Leadership in coordinating patient triage, care, and transport during times of crisis.
Health Effects of Disasters:-
10. Disasters may cause premature deaths, illnesses, and injuries.
Disasters may destroy the local health care infrastructure.
Disasters may cause shortages of food and cause severe nutritional deficiencies.
11. Disasters may create large population movements.
Disasters may create environmental imbalances.
Disasters may affect the psychological, emotional, and social well being of the
population.
PHASES OF A DISASTER:-
12. There are three phases of disaster.
1. Pre-Impact Phase
2. Impact Phase
3. Post – Impact Phase
1.PRE-IMPACT PHASE:-
It is the initial phase of disaster, prior to the actual occurrence. A warning is
13. given at the sign of the first possible danger to a community with the aid of weather
networks and satellite many meteorological disasters can be predicted.
The role of the nurse during this warning phase is to assist in preparing shelters and
emergency aid stations and establishing contact with other emergency service group.
14. 2.IMPACT PHASE:-
The impact phase occurs when the disaster actually happens. It is a time of enduring
hardship or injury end of trying to survive.
The impact phase may last for several minutes (e.g. after an earthquake, plane crash or
explosion.) or for days or weeks
15. (eg in a flood, famine or epidemic).
3.POST – IMPACT PHASE:-
Recovery begins during the emergency phase and ends with the return of normal
community order and functioning. For persons in the impact area this phase may last a
lifetime
16. (e.g. – victims of the atomic bomb of Hiroshima). The victims of disaster in go through
four stages of emotional response.
1. Denial – during the stage the victims may deny the magnitude of the problem or have
not fully registered. The victims may appear usually unconcerned.
17. 2. Strong Emotional Response – in the second stage, the person is aware of the problem
but regards it as overwhelming and unbearable. Common reaction during this stage is
trembling, tightening of muscles, speaking with the difficulty, weeping heightened,
sensitivity, restlessness sadness, anger and passivity. The victim
18. may want to retell or relieve the disaster experience over and over.
3. Acceptance – During the third stage, the victim begins to accept the problems caused
by the disaster and makes a concentrated effect to solve them. It is important for victims
to take specific action to help themselves and their families.
19. 3. Recovery – The fourth stage represent a recovery from the crisis reaction. Victims feel
that they are back to normal. A sense of well-being is restored. Victims develop the
realistic memory of the experience.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
20. THE DISASTER EVENT
This refers to the real-time event of a hazard occurring and affecting the ‘elements at
risk’. The duration of the event will depend on the type of threat, for example, ground
shaking may only occur for a few seconds during an earthquake while flooding may take
place
21. over a longer period of time.
There are five basic phases to a disaster management cycle (Kim & Proctor, 2002), and
each phase has specific activities associated with it.
RESPONSE
The response phase is the actual implementation of
22. the disaster plan. The best response plans use an incident command system, are
relatively simple, are routinely practiced, and are modified when improvements are
needed. Response activities need to be continually monitored and adjusted to the
changing situation.
23. Activities a hospital, healthcare system, or public health agency take immediately during,
and after a disaster or emergency occurs.
RECOVERY
Once the incident is over, the organization and staff needs to recover. Invariably, services
have
24. been disrupted and it takes time to return to routines. Recovery is usually easier if,
during the response, some of the staff have been assigned to maintain essential services
while others were assigned to the disaster response.
DISASTER TRIAGE
25. The word triage is derived from the French word trier, which means, “to sort out or
choose.”
The Baron Dominique Jean Larrey, who was the Chief Surgeon for Napoleon, is credited
with organizing the first triage system.
“Triage is a process which places the right patient in the right place at the right time to
26. receive the right level of care” (Rice & Abel, 1992).
Triage is the process of prioritizing which patients are to be treated first and is the
cornerstone of good disaster management in terms of judicious use of resources (Auf der
Heide, 2000).
NEED OF THE DISASTER TRIAGE
27. 1. Inadequate resource to meet immediate needs
2. Infrastructure limitations
3. Inadequate hazard preparation
4. Limited transport capabilities
29. 1. To sort patients based on needs for immediate care
2. To recognize futility
3. Medical needs will outstrip the immediately available resources
30. 4. Additional resources will become available given enough time.
ROLE OF NURSING IN DISASTERS
“Disaster preparedness, including risk assessment and multi-disciplinary management
strategies at
31. all system levels, is critical to the delivery of effective responses to the short, medium,
and long-term health needs of a disaster-stricken population.” (International Council of
Nurses, 2006).
MAJOR ROLES OF NURSE IN DISASTERS
32. 1. Determine magnitude of the event
2. Define health needs of the affected groups
3. Establish priorities and objectives
4. Identify actual and potential public health problems
5. Determine resources needed to respond to the needs identified
33. 6. Collaborate with other professional disciplines, governmental and non-governmental
agencies
7. Maintain a unified chain of command.
8. Communication.
CONCLUSION
34. Disaster is an emergency situation where the need of the victims mounts over the
medical and nursing resources or services particularly in the developing countries like
India where the resources are already short the situation becomes worst; therefore
coordination of actions and various departments is an essential requisite for efficient
management of mass casualties. So, in such a scenario a prudent nurse should be
resourceful, making best use of the available resources like governmental,
nongovernmental organisations, self-help groups, public, etc. and should act ethically
with best of her knowledge, patience and judgement to minimize the effect of disaster.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Veenema, Tener Goodwin, “DISASTER NURSING AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS”,
Springer Publishing Company, New York, Second Edition, 2007, Page No. 1-680
2. Ms. Dey, Balaka, Dr. Singh, R.B, “NATURAL HAZARDS AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT”,
Published
by central Board of Secondary Education, Delhi; First Edition, 2006, Page No. 1-45
3. “DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA”, Published by Government of India Ministry of
Home Affairs. Page No. 1-98
4. “A COMPENDIUM ON DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT -INDIA’S PERSPECTIVE (A PRIMER
FOR LEGISLATORS)”, Published by Government of India and UNDP India, 2007, page no.
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5. WHAT IS DISASTER, http://www.karimganj.nic.in/disaster.htm