This document outlines the definition, phases, principles, and roles of nurses in disaster management. It defines disaster management as planning for and responding to disasters to minimize their impact. The phases include prevention/mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Nurses play key roles in each phase, such as educating the public, responding to disasters, providing medical care, and assisting in rehabilitation. Triage is used to prioritize patient treatment based on severity of condition. The document provides an overview of the disaster management process.

1. BY,
SHWETA GEJAM

2. OUTLINE
•Definition of disaster management.
• Aims and objectives of disaster management.
• Principle of disaster management.
• Purposes of emergency planning
• Phases of disaster management.
• Level of disaster or TRIAGE.
• Role of nurse in disaster management.

3. INTRODUCTION
Disaster management is an enormous task. They are not
confined to any particular location. Neither do they
disappear as quickly as they appear therefore it is
imperative that there is proper management to optimize
efficiency of planning and response.

5. India is vulnerable in varying degrees to a large number
of natural as well as man-made disasters.
Earthquick 61%
Landslide 15% Flood 14%
Rockfall 5% Fire 4%
Other Disaster 1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Disaster

6. DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
On 1 June 2016, Narendra Modi the Prime Minister of
India released the first Disaster Management Plan of
India that seeks to provide a framework and direction to
government agencies for prevention, mitigation and
management of disasters. This is the first national plan
since enactment of the Disaster Management Act of
2005. It is a paradigm shift from relief-centric approach
to a proactive preventive approach.

7. DEFINITION OF DISASTER
“A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature
or manmade that causes human suffering and creates
human needs that victims cannot alleviate without
assistance”.
American Red Cross (ARC)

8. DEFINITION OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
“Disaster management is the complete set of policies,
procedures and practices that are undertaken before a
disaster occurs, when it occurs and after it occurs.”

9. “Disaster Management can be defined as the
organization and management of resources
and responsibilities for dealing with all
humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in
particular, preparedness, response and
recovery in order to lessen the impact of
disasters.”

10. AIMS
To provide prompt and effective medical care to
maximum possible to minimize mortality rate and
rehabilitate the injured.
OBJECTIVES
To prepare the staff and institutional resources for
effective performance in disaster situation.

11. PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
1) Prevent the disaster occurrence.
2) Minimize the casualties.
3) Prevent further casualty.

12. 4) Evacuate injured to medical facilities.
5) Provide definite medical care.
6) Rescue the victims.

13. 7) Provide firs aid.

14. 7) Disaster management planning should focus on large-
scale events.
8) Individuals are responsible for their own safety.
9) Disaster management should use resources that exist
for a day-to-day purpose.

15. 10) Disaster management is
the responsibility of all
spheres of government.

16. PURPOSES OF EMERGENCY PLANNING
•Minimize damage
•Ensure the safety of staff and client
•Protect vital records
•Allow for self sufficiency for at least 72 hours
•Provide for continuity for operations

17. •Prevent epidemics and injuries
•Protect environment hazards
•Promote healthy behaviors
•Respond to disaster
•Ensure quality and accessibility of health
services.

18. PHASES OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT

19. 1) PREVENTION/MITIGATION
Prevention/Mitigation is defined as “sustained
actions that decrease the risk of a hazard
(probability of occurrence) of a hazard, or to
reduce the potential negative consequences
suffered by people and/or property.”

20. It can involve such actions as:
•Laws and regulations restricting deforestation to
prevent mudslides.
•Relocating or elevating structures to minimize
the effects of floods.

21. •Securing shelves and hot water
heaters to walls in earthquake
zones.
 Strapping the water heater to
wall studs and having flexible
gas and water lines installed will
greatly reduce the risk of fire and
water damage in an earthquake.
All gas heaters and appliances
should be connected to the gas
pipe through flexible tubing.

22. •Developing, adopting and enforcing building
codes and standards.
•Using fire-retardant materials in new
construction to reduce the risk of fire

23. •Engineering roads and bridges to
withstand earthquakes.
 Earthquake engineering is an
interdisciplinary branch
of engineering that designs and
analyzes structures, such as buildings
and bridges, with earthquakes in
mind. Its overall goal is to make such
structures more resistant
to earthquakes.

24. 2) PREPAREDNESS PHASE
•Develop crisis and emergency response protocol.
•Sharing information

25. •Awareness
•Awareness about what to do before during and
after disaster.
•Rallies can spread awareness regarding the
coming disaster and the readiness.

26. •Education
 Educate about some safety tips for some
common type of disaster and their readiness.
•Communication
Channels must be in place to allow numerous
agencies access to information about detected
potential threat.

27. •Training
•Student should participated in various training
programme like NCC , fire fighter training,
swimming or rescue techniques during flood,
rope riding training during gas leaking.
•Using the mass media
•To deliver warning to the public.
•First aid- kit should kept ready.

28. •Emergency kit

29. •Disaster corner should prepared
It should have clear wall to put emergency
direction.

30. 3) RESPONSE
Response is defined as the actions taken to
decrease mortality and morbidity, and to prevent
further property damage when the hazard occurs.
Response is putting preparedness plans into action.

31. Response activities may include
• Search and rescue
• Triage
• Acute medical care
• Fire fighting
• Sheltering victims
• Relocating medical records

32. 4) RECOVERY
Recovery is defined as the actions taken to
return to normal following an event.
•Repairing buildings
•Replacing homes

33. •Mitigation - Minimizing the effects of disaster.
Examples: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses;
public education.
•Preparedness - Planning how to respond.
Examples: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training;
warning systems.
•Response - Efforts to minimize the hazards created by a
disaster.
Examples: search and rescue; emergency relief .
•Recovery - Returning the community to normal.
Examples: temporary housing; grants; medical care.

34. TRIAGE
Triage is the process of determining the priority
of patients' treatments based on the severity of
their condition.
This rations (fixed amount) patient treatment
efficiently when resources are insufficient for all
to be treated immediately; influencing the order
and priority of emergency treatment, emergency
transport, or transport destination for the patient.

35. HISTORY
The term comes from the French verb trier, meaning to
separate, sort, sift or select.
Modern medical triage was invented by Dominique Jean
Larrey, a surgeon during the Napoleonic Wars, who
treated the wounded according to the observed gravity of
their injuries and the urgency for medical care, regardless
of their rank or nationality", Triage was used further
during World War I by French doctors treating the
battlefield wounded at the aid stations behind the front.

36. CATEGORIES TO REMOVE VICTIMS
FROM BATTLEFIELD
1) Those who are likely to live, regardless of
what care they receive
2) Those who are unlikely to live, regardless of
what care they receive
3) Those for whom immediate care might make a
positive difference in outcome.

37. Triage is used in a number of situations in modern
medicine, including:
•In mass casualty situations
•Triage is also commonly used in crowded emergency
rooms and walk-in clinics to determine which patients
should be seen and treated immediately.
•Triage may be used to prioritize the use of space or
equipment, such as operating rooms, in a crowded
medical facility.

38. START (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment).
In START, victims are grouped into four categories, depending on
the urgency of their need for evacuation.
If necessary, START can be implemented by persons without a
high level of training.
The categories in START are:
•The deceased, who are beyond help
•The injured who could be helped by immediate transportation
•The injured with less severe injuries whose transport can be
delayed
•Those with minor injuries not requiring urgent care.

40. ROLE OF NURSE IN DISASTER
MANAGEMENT

41. 1) PREVENTION AND MITIGATION
Personal preparedness
•Healthy - physically as well as psychologically.
•She must be certified in first aid and cardiopulmonary
resuscitation.
Professional preparedness
•There should be disaster management team of nurses,
psychiatric nurses, physician, psychologist, surgeons,
social workers to be active and alert all the time.
•Team must understand the disaster plans at their
workplace and community and will participate in
disaster drills.

42. Following things the nurse should do
•Nurse should know and understand citywide disaster
management plan.
•She should develop and provide educational material
relevant to disaster specific to the area.
•Community health nurse keeps up-to-date records of
vulnerable population within community.

43. •Nurse should understand what the available community
resources are and how the community will work together
when disaster strikes.
• Community health nurse must involve in giving
instruction regarding proper safety precautions, proper
storage of emergency supplies and basic first aid course
for injuries in the actual event.

44. •Nurse should be aware of different kinds of disaster tool
kits and disaster assessment tools and how to use them at
the disaster site.
•Nurses should participate in disaster management drill
of emergency medical services and keep them updated to
handle any emergency situation.
•Early warning system alerts the public about immediate
danger and help to reduce the impact e.g. Cyclon, heavy
rain etc.

45. FOLLOWING THINGS A NURSE HAS TO
DO AT DISASTER SITE
•Locate the victims and evacuate them to safe place.
•Disaster services personnel and EMS personnel called to
respond.
•Triage must be take place during every stage of operation from
disaster scene to client reaches to medical facility.
•Do the ABC analysis

46. •Do the dressing for minor wound.
•Provide adequate support to fracture part.
•Give immunization to prevent complication like tetanus
etc.
•Transport the victims to the health center by minimizing
the further risk.

47. FOLLOWING THINGS A NURSE HAS TO DO AT
HEALTH CENTRE
•Supplies and equipment should kept ready as soon as
nurse gets the information about disaster.
•Receive the victim and transfer them to casualty or ICU
as per the condition of victim.
•Call for medical attention.
• Do the ABC analysis and minimizing the further risk.

48. •Do the dressing for minor wound.
•Assist the doctors in providing medical care to the
victims.
•Provide psychological support to the relatives through
proper guidance and counseling.
•Proper recording and reporting of the demographic data
and medical and nursing care should be done.

49. 2) DISASTER RESPONSE
•Nurse working as member of assessment team
needs to feedback accurate information to relief
managers to facilitate rapid rescue and recovery.

50. 1) Assessment report
should include following
information
Geographical extent of
disaster impact.
Population at risk.
Injuries and death.
Availability of shelters.
Current level of sanitation.
Status of health care
infrastructure.

51. 2) Gather information
Interview Observation
physical
examination
Survey Record

52. 3) Shelter management

53. 4) Dealing with stress
•Listen carefully to victims.
•Encourage victims to share their feelings with one
another if is appropriate.
•Help victims to take their own decision.
•Provide basic necessities e.g food and water.
•Provide basic dignity e.g privacy.

54. •Refer the patient to counselor e.g psychologist,
psychiatrist and social worker.
•Provide medical, nursing aid, first aid, meal serving,
keep records.
•Ensure communication, transportation, safe
environment.

55. 3) REHABILITATION STAGE
It is a stage of combined and coordinated use of medical,
social, educational and vocational measures or training
and retraining the individual to the highest possible level
of functional ability.

56. •Medical rehabilitation:- Restoration of
normal function by giving assisted medical
care and comprehensive nursing measures.
•Vocational rehabilitation:- Restoration of
capacity to earn a livelihood by minimizing
the further damage.

57. •Social rehabilitation:- Restoration of family
and social relationship by proper guidance and
counseling.
•Psychological rehabilitation:- restoration of
personal dignity and confidence by making the
victim independent in performing their daily
activity.

58. 4) RECOVERY STAGE
•The main objective of disaster management in this stage
is to involve all agencies and recourses to restore the
economic and civil life of the community.
E.g. construction of temporary as well as permanent
house, economical support and epidemiological services.

59. •Referral services of mental health professional should
be continued as long as need exists.
•Nurse needs to be alert for environmental health hazards
during recovery phase of disaster. E.g faulty housing
structure, lack of water and electricity objects blown by
flood,

60. AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS
FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

61. RESEARCH
EMERGENCY AND DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
IN NURSES: A CONCEPT ANALYSIS
Seyedeh Negar Pourvakhshoori1 , Hamid Reza
Khankeh2*, Farahnaz Mohammadi3
Journal of Holistic Nursing and Midwifery.
Spring2017;27(1) Pages: 35- 43
Published online 2017March

62. The growing rate of accidents and disasters in the
world, preparing nurses as the main group responding to
these events is crucial period. This study was conducted to
analyze the concept and provide a practical definition for
emergency and disaster preparedness in nurses. The eight-
step Walker and Avant’s approach was used to clarify the
concept of disaster preparedness in nurses. A total of 40
articles selected on the subject.
According to the analysis conducted there is
improved knowledge and skills, professional
accountability, more comprehensive programs and more
accurate response behaviors were found to be the
outcomes of disaster preparedness in nurses.

63. CONCLUSION
Nurses can play a key role in advance of a
disaster by preparing communities and
individuals so that potential hazards are
mitigated when disaster strikes.
Nurses are at the forefront of disasters and
take an active role in management of the
event. Training and disaster drills are two
ways to help prepare nurses to meet the
patients and families needs.

64. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bijayalaxmi Dash, A comprehensive textbook of
community health nursing, jaypee, page no 654-656
S kamalam, essentials in community health nursing
practice, jaypee, 3rd edition, page no 674-677
K park, preventive and social medicine, bansari das
bhunoot publication, 20th edition, page no 740 – 744
Suresh ray, nurses role in disaster management, CBS
publishers and distributors, first edition, page no 147-153
https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/guidelines/sdmp.pdf
https://www.medicinenet.com/medical_triage_code_tags_
and_triage_terminology/views.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triage
https://www.vedantu.com