This document discusses disaster nursing and disaster management. It defines disasters and classifies them into natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, droughts and human-made disasters like technological failures, wars, and riots. Disasters are discussed in phases from pre-impact preparedness to post-impact recovery. The health impacts of disasters and common stress reactions are also summarized. The document outlines the principles, elements, and stages of effective disaster management including preparedness, response, mitigation, and recovery.

1. DISASTER NURSING

2. INTRODUCTION
 We do not expect disasters , but they happen.
 The word disaster derives from Greek prefix ‘dus’ which means
bad and ‘taster’ which means star.
 Developing countries suffer the greatest when a disaster hits.
 95% of all deaths caused by disasters occur in developing
countries
 loses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater in developing
countries.

3. DEFINITION
 Disaster is defined as any occurrence that causes
damage, economic destruction, loss of human life,
and deterioration in health and health services on a
scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary
response from outside the affected community or
area.
-WHO

4.  A disaster is the tragedy of a
natural or human made hazard, a
hazard is a situation which poses
a level of threat to life, property,
or environment that negatively
affects society or environment.

5. TYPES OF DISASTER
 Bonet classifies disasters based on a numeric categorization,
 Minor disasters-
upper limit of 25 person injured or killed.
 Moderate disasters-
up to 100 person injured or killed.
 Major disasters-
it exceeds 100 person injured or killed.

6. CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTER
 Natural Disasters:
 Disasters of acute onset such as earth quake,
cyclones, tsunamis, floods.
 Disasters of chronic onset such as drought, famine,
deforestation, chronic exposure to toxic substances.

7.  Human made Disasters:
 Technological disasters such as engineering failure,
transport disasters.
 Sociological disasters have a strong human motive
such as criminal acts, riots, wars.
 Other Disasters:
 Effect of loose policies which allows use of tobacco,
sale of harmful drugs etc.

8.  Cold wave
 Thunderstorms
 Heat waves
 Mud slides
 Storm
 Flood
 Cyclone
 Drought
 Earthquake
Minor natural disaster Major natural disaster

9.  Setting of fires
 Epidemic
 Deforestation
 Chemical pollution
 Wars
 Road traffic accidents
 Riots
 Food poisoning
 Industrial disasters
 Environmental pollution
Major man
made
disasters
Minor man made
disasters

10. PHASES OF DISASTER
Pre-impact
phase
Impact phase
Post impact
phase

11. NON-DISASTER PHASE /INTER DISASTER
PHASE/PRE-IMPACT PHASE
 Phase for preparedness
 Disaster prevention measures and conduct disaster
training and education programme for community.
 Activities are:
- mapping the potential locations
- vulnerability analysis
- inventory of existing resources
- planning appropriate preventive, preparedness
and mitigation measures

12. PRE DISASTER/WARNING PHASE
Before disaster strikes
o timely warning,
o take protective actions,
o evacuate the population as possible
o preparing temporary shelters
o safe water supply
o sanitation facilities in the shelter places.

13. THE IMPACT PHASE
 Destruction, injuries and death occurs.
 Last for few seconds to few days.
 The impact on human health varies according to
the nature of the disaster
population density
predisaster health and nutritional status
organization of health services.

14. POST IMPACT PHASE
Emergency phase
Recovery phase

15. EMERGENCY/ RELIEF OR ISOLATION PHASE
 Start immediately after the impact
 Activities include
- search and rescue operations
- first aid
- emergency medical assistance
- restoration of emergency communication and transportation
network
- public health surveillance
- evacuation from areas still vulnerable to the hazard

16. RECONSTRUCTION/REHABILITATION
PHASE/POST IMPACT PHASE
 Restoration of pre disaster condition begins
 Involves reestablishing normal health services, and
assessing ,repairing, and reconstructing damaged
facilities and buildings.
 Time to think about the lesson learned from the
recent disaster.
 Time span for this phase is difficult to define, it may
start fairly early, even during the emergency period
and may last for many years.

17. DISASTER
MANAGEMENT

18. OBJECTIVES OF DISASTER NURSING
 To effectively reduce the impact of disaster on
human life and health.
 To participate in the co ordinated efforts of all
groups to reduce
loss of life
property damage
social and economic disruption.
 To initiate rehabilitation.

19. DISASTER CYCLE:-PHASES OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT

20. PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Prevention of occurrence
Minimizing casualty number
Preventing further casualties
Rescuing the injured
Providing first aid
Evacuating the injured
Providing definitive care
Facilitating recovery- reconstrution

21. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT

22. STAGES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

23.  Preparedness
 Disaster response
Efforts to minimize the hazards
 Mitigation
minimizing the effects of disaster
 Recovery
Returning community to normal
a )Personal preparedness
b) Professional preparedness
c) Community Preparedness

24. HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF A DISASTER

25.  Unexpected number of deaths, injuries and illnesses
 Adverse effects on environment and population
 Affect the psychological and social behavior
 Shortage of food with nutritional consequences
 Large spontaneous or organized population movements,
morbidity, mortality and communicable diseases.

26. COMMON REACTIONS TO CHILDREN
 Regressive behaviors ( bed wetting,
thumb sucking, crying and clinging to
parents )
 Nightmares
 School related problems like inability
to concentrate, refusal to go back to
school

27. COMMON REACTIONS
TO DISASTER (IN ADULTS)

28.  Extreme sense of urgency
 Panic and fear
 Disbelief
 Disorientation and
numbing
 Reluctance to abandon
property
 Difficulty in decision
making
 Anger and blaming
 Insomnia
 Headaches
 Apathy and depression
 Sense of powerlessness
 Guilt
 Moody and irritable
 Jealousy
 Domestic violence
EARLY REACTIONS
DELAYED REACTIONS

29. POST DISASTER STRESS RESPONSE
 Definition
Is a response to witnessing a
traumatic event that involves
interpersonal violence or some
natural disaster.
Person’s will have
 intense fear,
 helplessness, or horror,
 impairment in social,
occupational or other
functioning.

30.  Cluster of symptoms for at least 1 month
after the event
1.Reexperience the event and have
flashbacks that last for few seconds
2.Avoidance behavior
3. Complain of symptom of increased
physiological arousal
 Women, lack of social support,
experience of chronic fear, lack of
political or religious affiliation and prior
history of psychiatric illness are at risk
for PTSD

31. STRESS MANAGEMENT

32. LEVELS OF DISASTER PREVENTION
 PRIMARY PREVENTION
- Awareness of risk factors
- Individual and community preparedness
- Safety practices
 SECONDARY PREVENTION
- Immediate rescue
- Prevention of additional injury and death
- First aid, definitive medical care, shelters
- Organized community response
 TERTIARY PREVENTION
- Actions for rehabilitation and disability limitation
- Long term alternative shelters, Relocation services
- Family and community rehabilitation

33. MASS CASUALTY DRILLS OR
MOCK DISASTERS

34. PURPOSES
 Promote confidence
 Develop skills
 Co ordinate activities
 Coordinate participants
 To familarize with roles and
responsibilities
 To point out weakness or
Omissions in the plan

35. TYPES OF DRILLS
Orientation
seminar
Table top
exercise
Functional
exercise
Full scale
exercise

36. SETTING UP DISASTER MANAGEMENT TEAM
 IN INDIA- National level
Ministry of home affairs is the nodal ministry
(central relief commissioner (CRC) is the nodal officer. Ministries/
Departments/ Organizations concerned are:
 India meteorological dept
 Central water commission
 Ministry of home affairs
 Ministry of defense
 Ministry of finance
 Ministry of rural and urban development
 Department of communication
 Ministry of health
 Ministry of information and broadcasting
 Ministry of railways etc

37. STATE LEVEL
 Department of relief and rehabilitation
-State crisis management committee under the
chairmanship of Chief secretary.
- Control room is established
District level:
 Collector /Dy. Commissioner is the chief
administrator.
 District level co ordination and relief committee is
constituted.

38.  INTER GOVERMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS:
 ECHO
 OAS
 CCPN
 CDER
 NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS:
 CARE
 ICRC
 ICVA
 IFRC
 IMC
 VITA

39. RESOURCES REQUIRED FOR DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
o Transportation facilities
o Communication facilities
o Public work and engineering
o Fire fighting
o Information and planning
o Health and medical services
o Manpower
o Food and water supply
o Financial support

40. AGENCIES INVOLVED IN DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
 UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES ARE:
 OCHA
 WHO
 UNICEF
 WFP
 FAO