This document discusses disasters, including definitions, types, phases and the role of nursing. It begins by defining a disaster according to the WHO and FEMA. It describes different types of natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods and volcanic eruptions. The three phases of a disaster are outlined as pre-impact, impact and post-impact. Nursing goals in each phase are summarized, including rapid assessment, triage and meeting physical and emotional needs. The overall goal of disaster nursing is achieving the best possible health outcomes for those affected.
Disaster nursing and role of nurse in disaster managementAnthonyGuvvala
disaster, definition,causes and types of disaster,principles of disaster, phases and management and team members, supplies during disaster, emergency care and role of nurse.
Disaster nursing and role of nurse in disaster managementAnthonyGuvvala
disaster, definition,causes and types of disaster,principles of disaster, phases and management and team members, supplies during disaster, emergency care and role of nurse.
In this presentation we are telling you about the the types of disaster and how our team provide you the best services to avoid disaster so that can save various lives.
The TDRM is a 6 Step Process to manage natural disasters, viz., 1. Establishing the Disaster Risk Context - strategic, and
organizational, 2. Identifying the DRs - what, why and how hazards or certain events translate into disasters including the sources of risks, areas at risk, and the existing measures.
3. Analyzing the DRs - existing controls in terms of likelihood and consequences. 4. Assessing and Prioritizing the DRs - estimating levels of risk and ranking it for prioritization.
5. Treating the DRs - identifying a range of options for treating
the priority risks, e.g., prevention, preparedness, response,
and recovery, selecting the options, planning and
implementing relevant strategies and funding.
6. Lastly, it is important to monitor and review the Performance of
the DRMS, the changes that might affect it, and ensure that
the DRMP is relevant. The entire process is iterative.
The main difference between hazard and disaster is that hazard is a dangerous situation or event that poses a threat to humans while disaster is an event that actually harms human’s life, property and thus disrupts social activities.
Therefore, a hazard can lead to a disaster that will completely disrupt the life conditions of the victims. However, both hazard and disaster bear potential threat to humans since both can result in loss and damage to life and property. A disaster is more critical in nature than a hazard, which might turn into a disaster in extreme circumstances.
What is a Hazard?
Hazard is a general occurrence that is risky or dangerous to the affected people. Therefore, they are naturally occurring situations in the world, which cannot be avoided. Furthermore, they pose a threat to our lives.
There are two types of hazards as geophysical and biological. Some geophysical hazards are earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, droughts, floods, and some biological hazards are disease, infection, etc.
Based on their severity and the place of occurrence, hazards can be classified as disasters or not. Hazards have the potential to disrupt the living conditions of the humans; however, necessary precautions to avoid dangerous results can be taken before the hazard aggravates into a disaster.
Therefore, it can be assumed that hazard can also be a precursor to a disaster. Therefore, we can avoid the worse outcomes of a disaster that might follow a hazard if we take good disaster management steps.
What is a Disaster
A disaster has more negative consequences, unlike a hazard. Disaster is a degree of a hazard that has become more threatening. Therefore, a disaster can be defined as an occurrence that completely disrupts the normal life pattern of victims. In brief, a disaster is more catastrophic in nature. Furthermore, unlike a hazard, a disaster is more sudden and thus severe.
Disasters can also be categorized as natural disasters such as tsunami, tornadoes, volcanic eruption, etc., and man-made disasters like the consequence of technological hazards (for example, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation etc.)
However, an occurrence like a tornado in an uninhabited area will be termed as a hazard, and not as a disaster since though it still has destructive properties. This is because even though the severity of the tornado is still there, it did not cause any damage or loss to human life and property as it occurred on an inhabited area.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
3. Disaster occurrence is a global phenomenon. It can occur at
anywhere at any time. Disaster occurrence in any countries affects
its health and economic conditions. Most types of natural disaster
are apt to reoccur in the same areas or countries. Disaster cause
great harm to the existing infrastructure & threaten the future of
sustainable development. Furthermore with the changing
ecosystem, deforestation, misuse of land we have every reason to
believe that frequency of disasters such as floods, droughts will
increase in the coming decades.
4. There are many types of disasters such as
earthquakes, cyclones, floods, tidal waves, land slides,
volcanic eruptions, fires, snow storms, smog etc. Every
catastrophic event has its own special features. Some can
be predicted several hours or days before hand, as in the
case of cyclones or floods, others such as earthquakes
occur without warning.
5. According to W.H.O “A disaster can be defined
as any occurrence that causes damage, ecological
disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health
& health services, on a scale sufficient to warrant an
extraordinary response from outside the affected
community or area.”
6. According to FEMA (Federal Emergency
Management Agency) “An occurrence of a severity
& magnitude that normally results in death, injuries
& property damage that cannot be managed through
the routine procedure & resources of government.
7. Disaster nursing can be defined as the adaptation
of professional nursing skills in recognizing &
meeting the nursing physical & emotional needs
resulting from a disaster. The overall goal of disaster
nursing is to achieve the best possible level of health
for the people & community involved in the disaster.
8. “Disaster nursing is the nursing practiced in a situation where
professional supplies, equipments, physical facilities & utilities are
limited or not available.”
Disaster alphabetically means:
D = destructions
I = incidents
S = sufferings
A = administrative, financial failure
S = sentiments
T = tragedies
E = eruption of communicable diseases
R = research program & its implications
9. In 2007 ,
Russia : explosion killed 38 person at coal mines,
after 2 month a similar explosion is near by town
killed 110 persons.
Pakistan: more than 200 people died due to
severe storms in Karachi.
Greece: fire accidents held's in ancient Olympic
sites around Athens, around 59 peoples are died.
Sudan: over 20 people died, 65 were injured and
100 of livestock were lost by flooding in central
Sudan.
10. California: wildfires burned more than 516000
acres in southern California. Seven died and
nearly 90 people were injured. over 5 lakh
people were forced to evacuate their
homes,2000 homes are destroyed.
Bangladesh: cyclone killed nearly 3500 people
in southern Bangladesh millions of people
were left homeless.
11. In India
Bhopal (1984): there was a chemical leak 2500
peoples were killed and 1500000were injured.
Gujarat(2001): earthquakes affects 21 districts
out of 25 districts near to totally destroyed.
They were more than 20000 death and
167000people were homeless.
Tamilnadu (2004): tsunami
Nepal(2015): Nepal earthquake (also known as
the Gorkha earthquake)killed more than 9,000
people and injured more than 23,000.
12. India’s geo-climatic conditions as well as
its high incidence of poverty and socio-
economic vulnerability make the country
among the most vulnerable to natural disasters
in the world.
Disasters strike the country with regular
frequency, causing massive human and
economic losses.
13. Along with the large-scale disasters such as the
earthquakes in Gujarat &Jammu & Kashmir, Tsunami
in South India, cloudburst and flash-floods in
Uttarakhand, a very large number of smaller disasters
have serious impaction the population.
Among the disasters which strike the country on a
regular basis are floods, earthquakes, cyclones,
landslides, avalanches, droughts, forest fire, etc.
14.
15. Disasters are classified in various ways,
on the basis of its origin/cause.
1. Natural disasters
2. Man-made disasters
And On the basis of speed of onset,
1. Sudden onset disasters
2. Slow onset disasters
16. A serious disruption triggered by a natural
hazard . Natural hazards can be classified
according to their,
(1) hydro meteorological,
(2) geological
(3) biological origins.
17. Hydrometer logical disaster – Natural processes or
phenomena of atmospheric hydrological or oceanographic
nature.
Examples :
Cyclones,
typhoons,
hurricanes,
tornados,
Storms,
hailstorms,
snowstorms,
cold spells,
heat waves and
droughts.
18. Geographical disaster – Natural earth processes
or phenomena that include processes of endogenous
origin or tectonic or exogenous origin such as mass
movements, Permafrost, snow avalanches.
Examples :
Earthquake,
tsunami,
volcanic activity,
Mass movements landslides,
Surface collapse,
geographical fault activities etc.
19. Biological Disaster – Processes of organic organs or
those conveyed by biological vectors, including
exposure to pathogenic, microorganism, toxins and
bioactive substances.
Examples –
Outbreaks of epidemics Diseases,
plant or animal contagion and
extensive infestation etc.
20. Rotating, funnel-shaped clouds from powerful
thunderstorms
Winds up to 300 MPH capable of producing
major damage
More occur in the United States than anywhere
else in the world; they occur in every state in
America.
21.
22. Massive severe storms occurring in the tropics
Winds greater than 75 MPH
Clouds & winds spin around the eye
Produce heavy rains, high winds, large waves,
and spin-off tornadoes.
23.
24. More than 500 active volcanoes in the
world; over half in the Ring of Fire
Pressure builds below the earth’s surface
producing eruptions of lava, rock, and
volcanic gases.
25. Result from heavy rains
May involve rivers overflowing, storm
surge/ocean waves, & dams or levees breaking
Most common natural hazard
Flashfloods -floods that happen very fast
26. Form as a result of earthquakes, volcanoes, or
landsides under the ocean
Waves grow taller as they reach the coast
Four out of Five occur in the Ring of Fire
Over 200,000 people killed in the 12/26/04
Indian Ocean tsunami.
27.
28. Occur in forests, grasslands, and wooded areas
Most common causes: lightning and human
accidents
Burn more than 4 million acres in the U.S.
each year.
29. A serious disruption triggered by a human-
induced hazard causing human, material,
economic or environmental losses, which exceed
the ability of those affected to cope.
These can be classified into –
(1) Technological Disaster and
(2) Environmental Degradation.
30. Technological disaster – Danger associated with technological or
industrial accidents, infrastructure failures or certain human activities
which may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social or
economic disruption or environmental degradation, sometimes
referred to as anthropological hazards.
Examples include:
industrial pollution,
nuclear release and radioactivity,
toxic waste,
dam failure,
technological accidents (explosions fires spills).
.
31. Environmental Degradation – Processes induced by human
behaviors and activities that damage the natural resources base
on adversely alter nature processes or ecosystems
Examples include:
land degradation,
deforestation,
wild land fire,
loss of biodiversity,
land, water and air pollution
climate change,
sea level rise and
ozone depletion
32. Disaster are often characterized by their
cause.
Although the major disaster sometimes
occurs without any injury or loss of life .
Disaster are commonly characterized by
their of casualties involved.
1.Multiple casualty incident
2.Mass casualty incident.
33. If the casualties number more than two people but
fewer than 100 people, the disaster is characterized as a
Multiple casualty incident. The health care system of small
or mid-sized communities.
2.Mass casualty incident:
It involving 100 or more casualties often completely
overwhelms the resources of even large cities.
E.g.:
Terrorist attack in New York city caught 1000 of
civilians unaware. they were trapped in buildings were
trapped in buildings with limited escape route and very
little time to retreat to safety.
35. The agent is the natural or technological element
that causes the disaster
For example: volcano's, radiation, industrial chemical,
bombs etc.
Host factor:
The host is the human beings who experiences the
disaster. It includes age, general health, mobility,
psychological factors and even socio-economic
factors.
For example: elderly residents of a mobile home
community may be unable to evacuate independently
in response to a tornado warming.
36. 1.Physical factor: weather condition, availability of food
and water, utilities such as electricity and telephone
services.
2.Chemical factor: leakage of stored chemical into air,
soil, ground water or food supplies.
3.Biological factor: contaminated water, improper waste
disposal, improper food storage, insects and rodents
proliferations.
4.Social factor: loss of family members, changes in
roles.
37. Disaster nursing can be defined as
“the adaptation of professional nursing
knowledge, skills and attitude in
recognizing and meeting the nursing,
health and emotional needs of disaster
victims.”
38. The overall goal of disaster nursing is to
achieve the best possible level of health for the
people and the community involved in the disaster.
Other goals of disaster nursing are the following:
1. To meet the immediate basic survival needs of
populations affected by disasters (water, food,
shelter, and security).
2. To identify the potential for a secondary
disaster.
3. To appraise both risks and resources in the
environment.
39. 4. To correct inequalities in access to health
care or appropriate resources.
5. To empower survivors to participate in and
advocate for their own health and well-being.
6. To respect cultural, lingual, and religious
diversity in individuals and families and to
apply this principle in all health promotion
activities.
7. To promote the highest achievable quality
of life for survivors.
40. 1. RAPID ASSESSMENT of the situation and of
nursing care needs.
2. TRIAGE AND INITIATION of life-saving measures
first.
3. THE SELECTED use of essential nursing
interventions and the elimination of nonessential
nursing activities.
4. ADAPTATION of necessary nursing skills to
disaster and other emergency situations. The nurse in
dealing with a lack of supplies, equipment, and
personnel.
5. EVALUATION of the environment and the
mitigation or removal of any health hazards.
41. 6. PREVENTION of further injury or illness.
7. LEADERSHIP in coordinating patient triage,
care, and transport during times of crisis.
8. THE TEACHING, supervision, and utilization
of auxiliary medical personnel and volunteers.
9. PROVISION OF UNDERSTANDING,
compassion, and emotional support to all victims
and their families.
42. There are three phases of disaster,
1. Pre-Impact Phase
2. Impact Phase
3. Post – Impact Phase
43. It is the initial phase of disaster, prior to the
actual occurrence. A warning is given at the
sign of the first possible danger to a community
with the aid of weather networks and satellite
many meteorological disasters can be
predicted.
Communication is a very important factor
during this phase; disaster personnel will call
on amateur radio operators, radio and television
stations.
44. The role of the nurse during
this warning phase is to assist in
preparing shelters and emergency
aid stations and establishing
contact with other emergency
service group.
45. The impact phase occurs when the disaster
actually happens. It is a time of enduring
hardship or injury end of trying to survive.
The impact phase may last for several
minutes (e.g. after an earthquake, plane crash
or explosion.) or for days or weeks (eg in a
flood, famine)
46. The impact phase continues until the threat
of further destruction has passed and
emergency plan is in effect. This is the time
when the emergency operation center is
established and put in operation.
It serves as the center for communication
and other government agencies of health tears
care healthcare providers to staff shelters.
47. Every shelter has a nurse as a member
of disaster action team. The nurse is
responsible for psychological support to
victims in the shelter.
48. Recovery begins during the emergency phase and
ends with the return of normal community order and
functioning.
For persons in the impact area this phase may last a
lifetime (e.g. – victims of the atomic bomb of
Hiroshima). The victims of disaster in go through four
stages of emotional response.
1. Denial – during the stage the victims may deny the
magnitude of the problem or have not fully registered.
The victims may appear usually unconcerned.
49. 2. Strong Emotional Response – in the second stage, the
person is aware of the problem but regards it as
overwhelming and unbearable. Common reaction during
this stage is trembling, tightening of muscles, speaking with
the difficulty, weeping heightened, sensitivity, restlessness
sadness, anger and passivity. The victim may want to retell
or relieve the disaster experience over and over.
3. Acceptance – During the third stage, the victim begins to
accept the problems caused by the disaster and makes a
concentrated effect to solve them. It is important for victims
to take specific action to help themselves and their families.
50. 4. Recovery – The fourth stage represent a
recovery from the crisis reaction. Victims feel
that they are back to normal. A sense of well-
being is restored. Victims develop the realistic
memory of the experience.
52. No disaster is expected or anticipated.
To identify the community risk factors.
To develop and implement to prevent disaster from
occurring.
Task focus representatives from the community,
local government, health care provides, social services
provides, police and fire departments, major
industries, local media and citizen group.
53. It involves improving community and
individual reaction and responses
It saves lives and minimizes injuries and
property damage.
It includes plan for (CERT)
communication,evacuation,rescue and
treatment.
54. Respond in period immediately after a disaster
Assist emergency response personnel when requested
CERT members’ first responsibility is personal and
family safety
Respond after a disaster:
◦ Locate and turn off utilities, if safe
◦ Extinguish small fires
◦ Treat injuries
◦ Conduct light search and rescue
◦ Help to relieve survivor stress
55.
56. Advanced first aid
Animal issues in disasters
Automated External Defibrillator (AED) use
Community relations
CPR skills
Debris removal
Donations management
Shelter management
Special needs concerns
Traffic/crowd control
Utilities control
Online courses
57. It begins immediately after the onset of the
disaster events.
It deals immediately with the goals of
saving lives and preventing further injury or
damage.
At the disaster site police, fire-fighters,
nurse and other relief workers develop a
coordinated response to :
58. 1. Rescue
2. Triage
3. Immediate treatment and support
4. Care of dead bodies and
notifications of families.
59. It is typically belongs to fire fighters with special
training in search and rescue persons.
Usually the immediate disaster site is not the
best place for the disaster nurse.
Nurses are more effective in triage and treatment
of victims.
The need of medical professionals was at the
local hospitals, not at the disaster site.
60. Meaning :
The word triage is derived from the French word
trier, which means, “to sort out or choose.”
The Baron Dominique Jean Larry, who was the
Chief Surgeon for Napoleon, is credited with
organizing the first triage system.
61. “Triage is a process which places the right patient
in the right place at the right time to receive the right
level of care”
(Rice & Abel, 1992).
Triage is the process of prioritizing which patients
are to be treated first and is the cornerstone of good
disaster management in terms of judicious use of
resources.
(Auf der Heide, 2000).
63. 1. To sort patients based on needs for immediate care
2. To recognize futility
3. Medical needs will outstrip the immediately
available resources
4. Additional resources will become available given
enough time.
64. The main principles of triage are as follows:
1. Every patient should receive and triaged by
appropriate skilled health-care professionals.
2. Triage is a clinic-managerial decision and
must involve collaborative planning.
3. The triage process should not cause a delay
in the delivery of effective clinical care.
65. 1. Helps to bring order and organization to a chaotic scene.
2. It identifies and provides care to those who are in greatest
need
3. Helps make the difficult decisions easier
4. Assure that resources are used in the most effective
manner
5. May take some of the emotional burden away from those
doing triage.
66. There are two types of triage:
1. Simple triage
2. Advanced triage
67. Simple triage is used in a scene of mass
casualty, in order to sort patients into those who
need critical attention and immediate transport
to the hospital and those with less serious
injuries.
This step can be started before transportation
becomes available.
The categorization of patients based on the
severity of their injuries can be aided with the
use of printed triage tags or colored flagging.
68. S.T.A.R.T. (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) is a
simple triage system that can be performed by lightly
trained lay and emergency personnel in emergencies.
Triage separates the injured into four groups:
0 – The deceased who are beyond help
1 – The injured who can be helped by immediate
transportation
2 – The injured whose transport can be delayed
3 – Those with minor injuries, who need help less
urgently.
69. In advanced triage, doctors may decide that some
seriously injured people should not receive advanced
care because they are unlikely to survive.
Advanced care will be used on patients with less
severe injuries. Because treatment is intentionally
withheld from patients with certain injuries, advanced
triage has an ethical implication.
It is used to divert scarce resources away from
patients with little chance of survival in order to
increase the chances of survival of others who are more
likely to survive.
70. · “Do the greatest good for the greatest
number”
· Preservation of life takes precedence over
preservation of limbs.
· Immediate threats to life: HEMORRHAGE.
72. Nurses don’t act for legal fears of being
blamed for deaths, and lack of clarity on where
they fit in the command structure.
Nurses function to the level of their training
and experience.
If nurses they are the most trained personnel
the site, they are in charge.
73. Disaster nurses provide immediate
treatment at the mobile field hospitals in
shelter, local hospitals and clinics.
Disposable items might be in short supply
requiring resterilization procedure that may be
unfamiliar to a nurse not accustomed to a field
of work, even to experience nurse because of
the field of an environment.
74. The nurses also manage the provision or
distribution of food and beverages including
infant formulas, and rehydration of fluids, safe
sanitation facilities.
The nurse often must also arrange for
psychological and spiritual care of victims in
disaster.
75. Identification and transport of the dead to a
morgue or holding facility are crucial,
especially of contagion is feared.
Toe tags make documentation visible and
accessible .
Records of death must be made and
maintained .
The family members should be notified of their
loved ones death quickly and compassionately as
possible.
76. Disaster doesn't suddenly end when the
rubble is cleared and the victims wounds are
healed.
It often includes:
1. Long term treatment
2. Physical rehabilitation
3. Financial restitution
4. Psychological and spiritual support
5. Long term support
6. Need for self care.
77. 1. primary prevention : participate in developing
disaster management plan for the community.
2.Secondary prevention: assess the disaster
victims and triage for a care.
3.Teritary prevention: participate in home visits
to uncover danger that may cause additional
injury to victims or instigate other problems.
For example: house fires from faulty wiring.
78. 1.Nurse as first responder
2.Nurses as epidemiologists
3.Nurse as communicator
4.Nurse in action
79. The nurse is the first to arrive on the scene.
Once the rescue workers begin to arrive at the
scene plan for triage should begin immediately.
Although valued for their expertise in community
assessment, care findings, and referring, and working
with the aggregates.
80. Detecting the outbreak
Determine the cause
Identify factor that place people at risk
Implementing measures to control outbreak
Informing the medical and public communities
about treatment.
81. Nurse working as a member of an assessment
team need to return accurate information to
relief managers to facilitate rapid rescue and
recovery.
Lack of or inaccurate information regarding the
scope of the disaster .
The objective in emergency communication are
to identify and respond to the barriers or re-
establish trust.
82. Determine the magnitude of the event.
Define health needs of affected group.
Establishes priorities and objectives.
Collaborate with other professional,
governmental and non-governmental
agencies.
Maintain unified chain of command.
83. Ethical and legal issues, and decision making
Care principles
Nursing care
Needs assessment and planning
Safety and security
Communication and interpersonal
relationships(what to report & whom)
Public health
Health care systems and policies in emergency
situations
84. Basic life support (BLS)
Infection control
Mental and psychological support
Working with damaged facilities and
damaged equipment.
Working with the team.
(WHO, 2008)
85. Reasons:
Nurses form the largest health care
professional group.
Nurses are the main health professionals in
touch with the community
Shortage in number of structured nursing
programs in disaster preparedness
Nurses deal with the physical stresses of a
disaster, and more importantly the fear,
stress and uncertainties of disasters
86. How:
1. Provide training for future generations of
nurses who might be engaged in a disaster
2. Collaborate with WHO
3. Build disaster nursing lectures to train nurses
worldwide
4. Promote partnerships among instructors at
schools of nursing in the world in the area of
disaster nursing.
5. Offer up to date evidence based scientific
knowledge to enhance faculty training.
87.
88.
89. Identification bandage
Copy of nurse license
Packet size reference book
Blood pressure cuff(adult & paediatric)
Stethoscope
Mouth-to-mouth CPR barrier
Certification updates for CPR & first aid
90. First aid kit
Sun protection
Steady shoes
Emergency phone numbers
Wear appropriate clothing
Watch, cell phone
Flash light
Medications
Map of the area
91.
92. International organizations:
International Association of Emergency Managers
International Recovery Platform
Red Cross/Red Crescent
Baptist Global Response
United Nations
European Union
93. National organizations:
Australia -Emergency Management in Australia
Germany- The Federal Government controls the German
India,
The National Disaster Management Authority
The National Institute of Disaster Management
The National Disaster Management Authority
The Indian Armed Forces
Aniruddha's Academy of Disaster Management (ACDM)
is a non-profit organization in Mumbai, India with 'disaster
management' as its principal objective.
94. New Zealand
National Crisis Management Centre (NCMC),
Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency
Management (MCDEM)
Russia
The Ministry of Emergency Situations (EMERCOM)
is engaged in fire fighting, civil defense, and search
and rescue after both natural and human-made
disasters.
The Netherlands
The Ministry of Security and Justice
95. NGOs are organizations registered under various
Indian laws such as the Societies Registration Act,
1860, Section 25(1) of Companies Act, 1956 meant
for non-profit companies, or State-specific Public
Charitable Trust Acts.
NGOs work on a variety of areas like
humanitarian assistance, sectorial development
interventions and sustainable development.
NGOs play important roles in different stages of
the Disaster Management Cycle.