Disaster management
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This document discusses different types of disasters, both natural and man-made. It notes that natural disasters like floods and cyclones occur frequently in countries like India. Proper mapping of disasters can help with preparedness, rescue, and relief efforts. The document also defines emergency management as dealing with strategic processes to protect critical assets from hazards and ensure continuity of operations. Acknowledgments are provided to those who assisted with the project.
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Disaster management
This document discusses the causes of man-made disasters such as ignorance, unawareness, illiteracy, and careless handling of dangerous materials. It also notes that natural disasters like floods and cyclones occur frequently in countries like India and must be properly assessed and mapped to aid in preparedness, rescue, and relief efforts. Additionally, the document defines emergency management as dealing with strategic processes to protect critical organizational assets from hazard risks and ensure continuity during disasters.
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Social media plays an important role in promoting community participation in disaster management. It allows for quick information dissemination during emergencies, helps with disaster planning and training through gamification, and enables collaborative problem solving. Social media facilitates on-the-scene reporting and disaster assessments to help coordinate emergency responses. While traditional media use is declining, social media usage is rising worldwide and can be incorporated into integrated disaster management platforms to give citizens a greater role in preparing for and managing crises.
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This document discusses the key elements of disaster planning: hazard identification, vulnerability analysis, risk assessment, and response capacity. It defines these elements and explains their importance. Specifically, it notes that hazard identification involves identifying potential threats, vulnerability analysis predicts what could be damaged, risk assessment calculates potential losses, and assessing response capacity examines available resources. The document also provides examples of natural hazards, discusses how to conduct risk assessments and mapping, and evaluates disaster plans through drills and simulations. Overall, the document outlines the main components and process of disaster risk assessment and planning.
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This document discusses natural and man-made disasters that affect India, including floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes, and industrial/chemical disasters. It notes that over 50% of India's land is vulnerable to earthquakes, 40 million hectares are vulnerable to floods, and 8% to cyclones. The document emphasizes the important role of communities, civil society, the private sector and media in disaster prevention efforts. It also outlines the role of media in pre-disaster management through awareness and education, during disasters through information sharing, and post-disaster through relief and recovery updates.
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This document provides information on teaching a disaster preparedness and risk reduction subject to senior high school students. It discusses the importance and legal basis of incorporating such concepts into the school curriculum. The course aims to prepare both teachers and students to effectively manage disasters by reducing their impacts. It covers various types of natural and man-made disasters as well as infectious diseases. The document outlines the course content, which includes disaster risk assessment, planning, and management. It also provides rubrics for evaluating student outputs such as reflection papers, posters, collages, concept maps, and case study analyses.
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This document discusses biological disasters and outlines measures for handling biological agents and planning for biological disasters. It defines a biological disaster as one caused by biological vectors that can cause illness, property damage, economic disruption or environmental damage. Examples include disease outbreaks. Agricultural workers may be exposed through contact with infected animals or waste. Measures for handling biological agents include risk assessment, protective equipment, immunization, and safety procedures. Planning must be done at national, state, district and non-governmental levels and include surveillance, identification of medical facilities, and long-term improvements to laboratories and establishment of toxicology centers.
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Disaster management
This document discusses the causes of man-made disasters such as ignorance, unawareness, illiteracy, and careless handling of dangerous materials. It also notes that natural disasters like floods and cyclones occur frequently in countries like India and must be properly assessed and mapped to aid in preparedness, rescue, and relief efforts. Additionally, the document defines emergency management as dealing with strategic processes to protect critical organizational assets from hazard risks and ensure continuity during disasters.
Vulnerability
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role of social media.
Social media plays an important role in promoting community participation in disaster management. It allows for quick information dissemination during emergencies, helps with disaster planning and training through gamification, and enables collaborative problem solving. Social media facilitates on-the-scene reporting and disaster assessments to help coordinate emergency responses. While traditional media use is declining, social media usage is rising worldwide and can be incorporated into integrated disaster management platforms to give citizens a greater role in preparing for and managing crises.
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This document discusses natural and man-made disasters that affect India, including floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes, and industrial/chemical disasters. It notes that over 50% of India's land is vulnerable to earthquakes, 40 million hectares are vulnerable to floods, and 8% to cyclones. The document emphasizes the important role of communities, civil society, the private sector and media in disaster prevention efforts. It also outlines the role of media in pre-disaster management through awareness and education, during disasters through information sharing, and post-disaster through relief and recovery updates.
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This document provides information on teaching a disaster preparedness and risk reduction subject to senior high school students. It discusses the importance and legal basis of incorporating such concepts into the school curriculum. The course aims to prepare both teachers and students to effectively manage disasters by reducing their impacts. It covers various types of natural and man-made disasters as well as infectious diseases. The document outlines the course content, which includes disaster risk assessment, planning, and management. It also provides rubrics for evaluating student outputs such as reflection papers, posters, collages, concept maps, and case study analyses.
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This document discusses biological disasters and outlines measures for handling biological agents and planning for biological disasters. It defines a biological disaster as one caused by biological vectors that can cause illness, property damage, economic disruption or environmental damage. Examples include disease outbreaks. Agricultural workers may be exposed through contact with infected animals or waste. Measures for handling biological agents include risk assessment, protective equipment, immunization, and safety procedures. Planning must be done at national, state, district and non-governmental levels and include surveillance, identification of medical facilities, and long-term improvements to laboratories and establishment of toxicology centers.
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This document discusses community participation in disaster management. It defines participation as the active involvement of people in decisions that affect them. Participatory approaches are valuable as they allow communities to explain their priorities and vulnerabilities, build on local knowledge and expertise, strengthen communities, and accord with peoples' right to participate. There are two main approaches - guided participation where projects are initiated externally but involve communities, and people-centered participation which aims to empower communities and involve them in defining problems, solutions, implementation and evaluation. Operational issues with participation include the difficulty of managing the process while not undermining its purpose.
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NGOs and CBOs play an important role in disaster management by providing assistance in all phases of disaster management. In the pre-disaster phase, they assist with awareness generation, education, and disaster preparedness activities. During disasters, they provide emergency relief such as food, shelter, medical aid, and debris removal. In post-disaster recovery, NGOs help with reconstruction, restoration of livelihoods, and monitoring of recovery programs. While NGOs enhance disaster response, there remains opportunities to improve coordination, transparency, accessibility to remote areas, and a focus on the most vulnerable groups.
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Disaster relief operations
Natural disasters, as well as some human-caused disasters, lead to human suffering and create needs that the victims cannot alleviate without assistance.
When any disaster strikes, a variety of international organizations offer relief to the affected country.
Each organization has different objectives, expertise, and resources to offer, and several hundred may become involved in a single major disaster.
In the event of a disaster, the government of the affected country must conduct a needs assessment to determine what emergency supplies and personnel are required.
Disaster relief operations are complex and can benefit greatly from careful planning.
Improved disaster preparedness can help save lives, reduce the suffering of survivors, and enable communities to restart normal life more quickly. As the efficiency of disaster relief operations is very dependent on the quality of the preparation,
Disasters often pose significant health threats. One of the most serious concerns after a disaster, especially a natural disaster, is sanitation.
Disruptions in water supplies and sewage systems can pose serious health risks to victims because they decrease the amount and quality of available drinking water and create difficulties in waste disposal.
Drinking water can be contaminated by breaks in sewage lines or the presence of animal cadavers in water sources.
These factors can facilitate the spread of disease after a disaster.
Providing potable drinking water to victims and adopting alternative methods of sanitation must be a priority after a disaster.
Food shortages are often an immediate health consequence of disasters. Existing food stocks may be destroyed or disruptions to distribution systems may prevent the delivery of food.
This may lead to malnutrition or death of hunger especially in populations which are particularly susceptible to malnutrition, such as children under five years of age and pregnant women.
Disaster management
Every where in the world disaster strikes leaving hundreds and thousands dead and the devastating damage that these disasters leave behind has an enormous loss to the population of the state related to the disaster. Over the last decade the world has been engulfed with many environmental or natural disasters, although with a closer look they are human affiliated, brought about by technological and human activities that result or increase the chances of natural disasters.
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The document discusses disaster management from a development perspective in India. It notes that past Five Year Plans did not adequately consider disaster mitigation and focused primarily on relief efforts. Major disasters can significantly set back economic and development progress. The document outlines India's vulnerabilities to different natural disasters. While efforts have been made, more needs to be done to mitigate the impacts of disasters and incorporate prevention/mitigation strategies into development planning given the frequent disasters and losses faced. The global and Indian experience with recent major
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The document discusses the economic impacts of hydro-climatic disasters and the need for disaster risk reduction investments. It notes that the costs of natural disasters have increased 14-fold over the last 50 years. Direct impacts include damage to assets and infrastructure while indirect impacts include loss of earnings and productivity. Secondary impacts can persist for years and include declines in GDP, tax revenue, and increases in prices and debt levels. The document advocates for pre-disaster risk transfer mechanisms like insurance and contingency funds to provide immediate relief after disasters and argues that investments in water management can both reduce disaster risks and support development goals.
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A presentation I gave as part of a Disaster Leadership course at Tulane University in New Orleans. This presention is about the importance of good information management and how technology, especially social media can play a role.
Role of non government organizations in disaster management
NGOs play an important role in all phases of disaster management from pre-disaster awareness raising and preparedness to post-disaster relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. They provide emergency aid like food, shelter, and medical care. NGOs also assist with non-emergency activities such as education, livelihood restoration, and infrastructure development. Key activities of NGOs include raising awareness, training local communities, promoting disaster-resilient construction, providing emergency and long-term assistance, and collaborating with the government and other organizations. However, NGO response can be challenged by lack of coordination, inadequate adherence to standards, and neglect of remote areas.
Disaster management ppt
Disaster management involves dealing with and avoiding both natural and man-made disasters through preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation efforts. It aims to reduce vulnerabilities and impacts through organized and sustained actions to analyze and manage hazards and the underlying risks. Key aspects of disaster management include preparedness before a disaster through activities like risk assessment, warning systems, and stockpiling resources; immediate response efforts during an event; and long-term rehabilitation and reconstruction work after an event to support regrowth. Effective disaster management requires coordination and planning across different levels of government, organizations, and communities.
Disaster risk reduction article
Disaster is also sometimes described as a “catastrophic situation in which the normal pattern of life or eco-system has been disrupted and extraordinary emergency interventions are required to save and preserve lives and or the environment”.
ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
This is divided into five parts: (1) Social Media as a tool in disaster management; (2) How Social Media can be used in disasters; (3) Limitations and weaknesses of Social Media; (4) Case studies of Social Media use during disasters; and (5) Conclusion.
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Local knowledge refers to the facts, beliefs, and perceptions people hold about their surroundings. This includes how they observe and solve problems. A disaster is a disruption that exceeds a society's ability to cope using its own resources. Hazards refer to natural phenomena that may adversely affect life or property. Vulnerability is susceptibility to loss from potential disasters. Mitigation permanently reduces disaster risk through reducing hazards and vulnerability. Preparedness ensures organization and resources for relief response after a disaster impact. The document then provides figures and sources related to disasters in coastal areas of Sindh province in Pakistan.
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This descriptive study investigated the disaster risk management DRM strategies of the elected officials in the 12 disaster prone small administrative divisions along the riverbanks of Catubig Valley in Northern Samar, Philippines. Survey questionnaire and personal interviews were employed for data retrieval. The study revealed that the DRM was “moderately managed” . It further highlighted eight 8 DRM related problems which ranged from low awareness of accountability and poor know how on DRM to insufficient time preparation and lack of equipment machinery, among others. These were the raw bases in framing the intervention design. Leah A. de Asis | Brenfred N. Romero | Karene Maneka A. de Asis-Estigoy | Amador A. Estigoy, Jr. "Disaster Risk Management Strategies of Small Administrative Divisions in Catubig Valley, Philippines: Basis for Intervention Design" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38024.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38024/disaster-risk-management-strategies-of-small-administrative-divisions-in-catubig-valley-philippines-basis-for-intervention-design/leah-a-de-asis
Gender analysis guidance about disaster preparedness
Natural disasters are increasing in intensity and frequency. Preparing for disasters requires understanding how risks differently impact men and women. Disaster preparedness is most effective when communities have inclusive plans and communication with government. However, women's roles in mitigation and preparation are often overlooked. To ensure gender-inclusive preparedness, experts recommend conducting gender analysis, including women in assessments and response coordination, and developing common assessment tools.
Disaster Risk Reduction
The document discusses reducing vulnerability to hydro-climatic disasters through disaster risk reduction initiatives in Guyana. It emphasizes understanding the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, and risk; evaluating existing disaster risk reduction programs; and promoting knowledge sharing to build resilient communities. Key points include identifying vulnerable populations, dynamics that propagate disasters in Guyana, challenges in effective disaster response, and measures to mitigate water-related disasters through a multi-sectoral approach incorporating disaster risk management into water resource management frameworks.
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This presentation discusses disaster management for developing countries. It outlines the topics that will be covered, including the definition of disaster management, and the phases of disaster management - preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. Specific examples are provided for each phase. The presentation focuses on disaster management in Bangladesh, noting that it is one of the most disaster-prone countries and has undertaken plans and programs to reduce impacts through management. The conclusion emphasizes that developing countries suffer greatly from disasters and developed countries should help improve their management.
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This document discusses community participation in disaster management. It defines participation as the active involvement of people in decisions that affect them. Participatory approaches are valuable as they allow communities to explain their priorities and vulnerabilities, build on local knowledge and expertise, strengthen communities, and accord with peoples' right to participate. There are two main approaches - guided participation where projects are initiated externally but involve communities, and people-centered participation which aims to empower communities and involve them in defining problems, solutions, implementation and evaluation. Operational issues with participation include the difficulty of managing the process while not undermining its purpose.
Role of non government organizations in disaster management
NGOs and CBOs play an important role in disaster management by providing assistance in all phases of disaster management. In the pre-disaster phase, they assist with awareness generation, education, and disaster preparedness activities. During disasters, they provide emergency relief such as food, shelter, medical aid, and debris removal. In post-disaster recovery, NGOs help with reconstruction, restoration of livelihoods, and monitoring of recovery programs. While NGOs enhance disaster response, there remains opportunities to improve coordination, transparency, accessibility to remote areas, and a focus on the most vulnerable groups.
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Disaster relief operations
Natural disasters, as well as some human-caused disasters, lead to human suffering and create needs that the victims cannot alleviate without assistance.
When any disaster strikes, a variety of international organizations offer relief to the affected country.
Each organization has different objectives, expertise, and resources to offer, and several hundred may become involved in a single major disaster.
In the event of a disaster, the government of the affected country must conduct a needs assessment to determine what emergency supplies and personnel are required.
Disaster relief operations are complex and can benefit greatly from careful planning.
Improved disaster preparedness can help save lives, reduce the suffering of survivors, and enable communities to restart normal life more quickly. As the efficiency of disaster relief operations is very dependent on the quality of the preparation,
Disasters often pose significant health threats. One of the most serious concerns after a disaster, especially a natural disaster, is sanitation.
Disruptions in water supplies and sewage systems can pose serious health risks to victims because they decrease the amount and quality of available drinking water and create difficulties in waste disposal.
Drinking water can be contaminated by breaks in sewage lines or the presence of animal cadavers in water sources.
These factors can facilitate the spread of disease after a disaster.
Providing potable drinking water to victims and adopting alternative methods of sanitation must be a priority after a disaster.
Food shortages are often an immediate health consequence of disasters. Existing food stocks may be destroyed or disruptions to distribution systems may prevent the delivery of food.
This may lead to malnutrition or death of hunger especially in populations which are particularly susceptible to malnutrition, such as children under five years of age and pregnant women.
Disaster management
Every where in the world disaster strikes leaving hundreds and thousands dead and the devastating damage that these disasters leave behind has an enormous loss to the population of the state related to the disaster. Over the last decade the world has been engulfed with many environmental or natural disasters, although with a closer look they are human affiliated, brought about by technological and human activities that result or increase the chances of natural disasters.
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Disaster management
Ministry Responsible
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The document discusses disaster management from a development perspective in India. It notes that past Five Year Plans did not adequately consider disaster mitigation and focused primarily on relief efforts. Major disasters can significantly set back economic and development progress. The document outlines India's vulnerabilities to different natural disasters. While efforts have been made, more needs to be done to mitigate the impacts of disasters and incorporate prevention/mitigation strategies into development planning given the frequent disasters and losses faced. The global and Indian experience with recent major
Economics of Disaster
The document discusses the economic impacts of hydro-climatic disasters and the need for disaster risk reduction investments. It notes that the costs of natural disasters have increased 14-fold over the last 50 years. Direct impacts include damage to assets and infrastructure while indirect impacts include loss of earnings and productivity. Secondary impacts can persist for years and include declines in GDP, tax revenue, and increases in prices and debt levels. The document advocates for pre-disaster risk transfer mechanisms like insurance and contingency funds to provide immediate relief after disasters and argues that investments in water management can both reduce disaster risks and support development goals.
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A presentation I gave as part of a Disaster Leadership course at Tulane University in New Orleans. This presention is about the importance of good information management and how technology, especially social media can play a role.
Role of non government organizations in disaster management
NGOs play an important role in all phases of disaster management from pre-disaster awareness raising and preparedness to post-disaster relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. They provide emergency aid like food, shelter, and medical care. NGOs also assist with non-emergency activities such as education, livelihood restoration, and infrastructure development. Key activities of NGOs include raising awareness, training local communities, promoting disaster-resilient construction, providing emergency and long-term assistance, and collaborating with the government and other organizations. However, NGO response can be challenged by lack of coordination, inadequate adherence to standards, and neglect of remote areas.
Disaster management ppt
Disaster management involves dealing with and avoiding both natural and man-made disasters through preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation efforts. It aims to reduce vulnerabilities and impacts through organized and sustained actions to analyze and manage hazards and the underlying risks. Key aspects of disaster management include preparedness before a disaster through activities like risk assessment, warning systems, and stockpiling resources; immediate response efforts during an event; and long-term rehabilitation and reconstruction work after an event to support regrowth. Effective disaster management requires coordination and planning across different levels of government, organizations, and communities.
Disaster risk reduction article
Disaster is also sometimes described as a “catastrophic situation in which the normal pattern of life or eco-system has been disrupted and extraordinary emergency interventions are required to save and preserve lives and or the environment”.
ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
This is divided into five parts: (1) Social Media as a tool in disaster management; (2) How Social Media can be used in disasters; (3) Limitations and weaknesses of Social Media; (4) Case studies of Social Media use during disasters; and (5) Conclusion.
Final presentation raza[1]
Local knowledge refers to the facts, beliefs, and perceptions people hold about their surroundings. This includes how they observe and solve problems. A disaster is a disruption that exceeds a society's ability to cope using its own resources. Hazards refer to natural phenomena that may adversely affect life or property. Vulnerability is susceptibility to loss from potential disasters. Mitigation permanently reduces disaster risk through reducing hazards and vulnerability. Preparedness ensures organization and resources for relief response after a disaster impact. The document then provides figures and sources related to disasters in coastal areas of Sindh province in Pakistan.
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This descriptive study investigated the disaster risk management DRM strategies of the elected officials in the 12 disaster prone small administrative divisions along the riverbanks of Catubig Valley in Northern Samar, Philippines. Survey questionnaire and personal interviews were employed for data retrieval. The study revealed that the DRM was “moderately managed” . It further highlighted eight 8 DRM related problems which ranged from low awareness of accountability and poor know how on DRM to insufficient time preparation and lack of equipment machinery, among others. These were the raw bases in framing the intervention design. Leah A. de Asis | Brenfred N. Romero | Karene Maneka A. de Asis-Estigoy | Amador A. Estigoy, Jr. "Disaster Risk Management Strategies of Small Administrative Divisions in Catubig Valley, Philippines: Basis for Intervention Design" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38024.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38024/disaster-risk-management-strategies-of-small-administrative-divisions-in-catubig-valley-philippines-basis-for-intervention-design/leah-a-de-asis
Gender analysis guidance about disaster preparedness
Natural disasters are increasing in intensity and frequency. Preparing for disasters requires understanding how risks differently impact men and women. Disaster preparedness is most effective when communities have inclusive plans and communication with government. However, women's roles in mitigation and preparation are often overlooked. To ensure gender-inclusive preparedness, experts recommend conducting gender analysis, including women in assessments and response coordination, and developing common assessment tools.
Disaster Risk Reduction
The document discusses reducing vulnerability to hydro-climatic disasters through disaster risk reduction initiatives in Guyana. It emphasizes understanding the relationship between hazards, vulnerability, and risk; evaluating existing disaster risk reduction programs; and promoting knowledge sharing to build resilient communities. Key points include identifying vulnerable populations, dynamics that propagate disasters in Guyana, challenges in effective disaster response, and measures to mitigate water-related disasters through a multi-sectoral approach incorporating disaster risk management into water resource management frameworks.
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The disaster nursing is very important topic for staff nurse those who are posted in disaster area. the nursing staff is play important role in disaster management. these presentation is healp full for nursing role, taging, and how to management at the time of disaster.
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This document provides information on disaster management training at the Kenya Medical Training College. It aims to equip students with the skills, knowledge, and attitudes to prepare for and manage community disasters and emergencies. Key topics covered include defining terms like disaster, emergency, and vulnerability. It also outlines the organizational structure for disasters and emergencies, describes major accident types and how to handle them, and discusses concepts of disaster mitigation including targeting mitigation actions, reducing risks, and preparedness.
Disasters and Their Awareness in J&K
1) The document discusses different types of disasters that occur in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), India, including water/climate, geological, biological, chemical, industrial, nuclear, and accident-related disasters.
2) The author conducted a survey using a Likert scale to assess awareness of disasters in J&K and found that few people know about disaster types and causes, and preparedness is limited.
3) The conclusion calls for increasing disaster education for the public and including disaster management in school curricula to improve awareness and preparedness for disasters in J&K.
Disaster Management
Everything you need to know about a disaster and their management. The slides start with an introduction of disaster their types, effects, and preventions to the initiatives taken by the government to manage reliefs and readiness.
disaster preparedness.pptx Public health Science
1) Disaster preparedness involves developing plans and programs for disaster management, mitigation, response and recovery at all levels of government.
2) Disasters can be classified based on speed of onset (sudden or slow) and scope (minor, major, catastrophic).
3) Key aspects of disaster preparedness programs include planning, risk assessment, logistics, early warning systems, public education, drills and rehearsals.
4) Preparedness aims to minimize losses through measures like strategic stockpiling, evacuation planning and developing medical response capacity.
affinity categories
The document discusses disaster preparedness and response strategies for earthquakes in Sikkim, India. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the local terrain and vulnerabilities, effective community communication and alert systems, immediate rescue and evacuation assistance from local NGOs, identifying and supporting vulnerable groups, ensuring immediate needs are met, organizing and communicating data to stakeholders, designing support for trauma, establishing temporary shelters, and facilitating the return to normal life through rebuilding and mitigation efforts. The document provides an overview of many important factors to consider after an earthquake to save lives and support communities.
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- 1. INTRODUCTION TO
- 8. • The causes of man made disasters are: 1. ignorance 2. unawareness 3. illiteracy 4. carelessly handling of dangerous chemicals,weapons,etc.
- 11. • Every year in a country like India, natural disasters like floods and cyclones are fairly frequent. Earthquakes also occur time and again. The occurrences of such disasters, their intensity, the area/region of their occurrences and their impact has to be assessed, so as to have information/data about the damages caused by them to the area/population specific or probable damages or impact likely to be caused. Proper mapping will be helpful not only for pre-disaster preparedness but also in rescue and relief operations with greater accuracy and speed.
- 15. • Emergency management is the generic name of an interdisciplinary field dealing with the strategic organizational management processes used to protect critical assets of an organization from hazard risks that can cause disasters or catastrophes, and to ensure the continuance of the organization within their planned lifetime. Assets are categorized as either living things, non-living
- 16. ACKNOWLEDGEMEN T • I want to acknowledge all those who helped me . Firstly I want to thank KAVITA TYAGI Ma’am who assisted me this project. • I have taken information from wikipedia and pictures from different websites.