This document discusses disaster prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. It covers:
1. Mental health impacts like post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters. PTSD can be delayed and occurs in three stages.
2. Disaster risk management involves a cycle of prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Preparedness includes early warning systems, evacuation plans, and emergency communications.
3. The response phase aims to save lives and reduce damage. It has acute and stabilization periods focusing on search and rescue, shelter, food and meeting basic needs. Recovery restores normal life through rehabilitation and reconstruction over short, medium and long terms.
The disaster nursing is very important topic for staff nurse those who are posted in disaster area. the nursing staff is play important role in disaster management. these presentation is healp full for nursing role, taging, and how to management at the time of disaster.
Disaster Management Cycle (DMC)| Ms. Pooja Sharma , Department of Hospital A...Era University , Lucknow
Disaster Management Cycle ppt for MHA (Master In Hospital Administration ) , MBA in Healthcare student .
This PPT specially for healthcare student .
*Learning Objective*
1.Introduction
2.Aim of DMC
3.Disaster Cycle
4.Mitigation
5.Preparedness
6.Humanitarian Action
7.Response
8.Recovery
9.Conclusion
10.Reference
*INTRODUCTION*
The Disaster management cycle illustrates the ongoing process by which governments, businesses, and civil society plan for and reduce the impact of disasters, react during and immediately following a disaster, and take steps to recover after a disaster has occurred.
* AIM OF DMC*
Disaster management aims to reduce, or avoid the potential losses from hazards, assure prompt and appropriate assistance t o victims of disaster, and achieve rapid and effective recovery.
Disaster Cycle
1. Mitigation - Minimizing the effects of disaster. Examples:building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education.
2. Preparedness -planning how to respond. Examples:preparedness plans; emergency exercises/ training; warning systems.
3. Response - Efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster. Examples: search and rescue; emergency relief
4. Recovery - Returning the community to normal.Examples: temporary housing; grants; medical care
The disaster nursing is very important topic for staff nurse those who are posted in disaster area. the nursing staff is play important role in disaster management. these presentation is healp full for nursing role, taging, and how to management at the time of disaster.
Disaster Management Cycle (DMC)| Ms. Pooja Sharma , Department of Hospital A...Era University , Lucknow
Disaster Management Cycle ppt for MHA (Master In Hospital Administration ) , MBA in Healthcare student .
This PPT specially for healthcare student .
*Learning Objective*
1.Introduction
2.Aim of DMC
3.Disaster Cycle
4.Mitigation
5.Preparedness
6.Humanitarian Action
7.Response
8.Recovery
9.Conclusion
10.Reference
*INTRODUCTION*
The Disaster management cycle illustrates the ongoing process by which governments, businesses, and civil society plan for and reduce the impact of disasters, react during and immediately following a disaster, and take steps to recover after a disaster has occurred.
* AIM OF DMC*
Disaster management aims to reduce, or avoid the potential losses from hazards, assure prompt and appropriate assistance t o victims of disaster, and achieve rapid and effective recovery.
Disaster Cycle
1. Mitigation - Minimizing the effects of disaster. Examples:building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education.
2. Preparedness -planning how to respond. Examples:preparedness plans; emergency exercises/ training; warning systems.
3. Response - Efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster. Examples: search and rescue; emergency relief
4. Recovery - Returning the community to normal.Examples: temporary housing; grants; medical care
Natural disasters, as well as some human-caused disasters, lead to human suffering and create needs that the victims cannot alleviate without assistance.
When any disaster strikes, a variety of international organizations offer relief to the affected country.
Each organization has different objectives, expertise, and resources to offer, and several hundred may become involved in a single major disaster.
In the event of a disaster, the government of the affected country must conduct a needs assessment to determine what emergency supplies and personnel are required.
Disaster relief operations are complex and can benefit greatly from careful planning.
Improved disaster preparedness can help save lives, reduce the suffering of survivors, and enable communities to restart normal life more quickly. As the efficiency of disaster relief operations is very dependent on the quality of the preparation,
Disasters often pose significant health threats. One of the most serious concerns after a disaster, especially a natural disaster, is sanitation.
Disruptions in water supplies and sewage systems can pose serious health risks to victims because they decrease the amount and quality of available drinking water and create difficulties in waste disposal.
Drinking water can be contaminated by breaks in sewage lines or the presence of animal cadavers in water sources.
These factors can facilitate the spread of disease after a disaster.
Providing potable drinking water to victims and adopting alternative methods of sanitation must be a priority after a disaster.
Food shortages are often an immediate health consequence of disasters. Existing food stocks may be destroyed or disruptions to distribution systems may prevent the delivery of food.
This may lead to malnutrition or death of hunger especially in populations which are particularly susceptible to malnutrition, such as children under five years of age and pregnant women.
A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources.
Everything you need to know about a disaster and their management. The slides start with an introduction of disaster their types, effects, and preventions to the initiatives taken by the government to manage reliefs and readiness.
Disaster Management.......
Be prepared of all the disasters
it can happen any time anywhere.......so be prepared
be prepared for everything
don't panic
for more details about the presentation
contact
anishrajgoyal09rockstar@gmail.com
Disaster preparedness & Management for Optometry.pptxHarsh Rastogi
Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.
The body of policy and administrative decisions and operational activities that pertain to various stages of a disaster at all levels.
An applied science which seeks, by systemic observation and analysis of disasters, to improve measures relating to prevention, emergency response, recovery and mitigation.
Encompasses all aspects of planning for, and responding to disasters, including both pre and post disaster activities.
A presentation about disaster management and planning. Disaster management planning, objectives, and methods of disaster management. About 4 R in the disaster management plan.
A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to call for extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.(WHO, 1995)
An occurrence of a severity and magnitude that normally results in death, injuries and property damage that cannot be managed through the routine procedure and resources of government.- FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency)
A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or man made that causes human suffering and creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance. American Red Cross (ARC)
Disaster Nursing can be defined as the adaptation Of professional nursing skills in recognizing and meeting the nursing physical and emotional needs resulting from a disaster.
The overall goal of disaster nursing is to achieve the best possible level of health for the people and the community involved in the disaster.“Disaster Nursing is nursing practiced in a situation where professional supplies, equipment, physical facilities and utilities are limited or not available”.
D - DestructionsI - IncidentsS - SufferingsA - Administrative, Financial Failures.S - SentimentsT - TragediesE - Eruption of Communicable diseases.R - Research programme and its implementation
Natural disasters, as well as some human-caused disasters, lead to human suffering and create needs that the victims cannot alleviate without assistance.
When any disaster strikes, a variety of international organizations offer relief to the affected country.
Each organization has different objectives, expertise, and resources to offer, and several hundred may become involved in a single major disaster.
In the event of a disaster, the government of the affected country must conduct a needs assessment to determine what emergency supplies and personnel are required.
Disaster relief operations are complex and can benefit greatly from careful planning.
Improved disaster preparedness can help save lives, reduce the suffering of survivors, and enable communities to restart normal life more quickly. As the efficiency of disaster relief operations is very dependent on the quality of the preparation,
Disasters often pose significant health threats. One of the most serious concerns after a disaster, especially a natural disaster, is sanitation.
Disruptions in water supplies and sewage systems can pose serious health risks to victims because they decrease the amount and quality of available drinking water and create difficulties in waste disposal.
Drinking water can be contaminated by breaks in sewage lines or the presence of animal cadavers in water sources.
These factors can facilitate the spread of disease after a disaster.
Providing potable drinking water to victims and adopting alternative methods of sanitation must be a priority after a disaster.
Food shortages are often an immediate health consequence of disasters. Existing food stocks may be destroyed or disruptions to distribution systems may prevent the delivery of food.
This may lead to malnutrition or death of hunger especially in populations which are particularly susceptible to malnutrition, such as children under five years of age and pregnant women.
A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources.
Everything you need to know about a disaster and their management. The slides start with an introduction of disaster their types, effects, and preventions to the initiatives taken by the government to manage reliefs and readiness.
Disaster Management.......
Be prepared of all the disasters
it can happen any time anywhere.......so be prepared
be prepared for everything
don't panic
for more details about the presentation
contact
anishrajgoyal09rockstar@gmail.com
Disaster preparedness & Management for Optometry.pptxHarsh Rastogi
Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.
The body of policy and administrative decisions and operational activities that pertain to various stages of a disaster at all levels.
An applied science which seeks, by systemic observation and analysis of disasters, to improve measures relating to prevention, emergency response, recovery and mitigation.
Encompasses all aspects of planning for, and responding to disasters, including both pre and post disaster activities.
A presentation about disaster management and planning. Disaster management planning, objectives, and methods of disaster management. About 4 R in the disaster management plan.
A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to call for extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.(WHO, 1995)
An occurrence of a severity and magnitude that normally results in death, injuries and property damage that cannot be managed through the routine procedure and resources of government.- FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency)
A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or man made that causes human suffering and creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance. American Red Cross (ARC)
Disaster Nursing can be defined as the adaptation Of professional nursing skills in recognizing and meeting the nursing physical and emotional needs resulting from a disaster.
The overall goal of disaster nursing is to achieve the best possible level of health for the people and the community involved in the disaster.“Disaster Nursing is nursing practiced in a situation where professional supplies, equipment, physical facilities and utilities are limited or not available”.
D - DestructionsI - IncidentsS - SufferingsA - Administrative, Financial Failures.S - SentimentsT - TragediesE - Eruption of Communicable diseases.R - Research programme and its implementation
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
3. Mental Health:
• Post traumatic stress disorder: Each disaster presents a slightly different
profile of emotional trauma. However, some trends are predictable. All
persons involved with a disaster will suffer to some degree from the
emotional trauma.
4. Risk factors for post traumatic stress disorder
development after disaster
• Intense exposure to death and injury;
• Exposure of survivors to dead bodies;
• Overwhelming life threatening danger;
• Unexpected or first exposure to disaster;
• Intense initial phase (prolonged stress);
5. Time course of post traumatic stress disorder:
• The development of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be delayed
from one week to three years, and it is divided into three stages.
• • Stage one is associated with an adrenergic surge that occurs acutely, but
persons rarely dwell long term on the incident. It may last up to one month,
and, if symptoms last
6. • more than six weeks, the patients are considered to have been entered stage
two.
• • Stage two is characterized by a sense of helplessness and a loss of self-
control. Autonomic and somatic manifestations dominate. Moreover, it is
accompanied by lifestyle and personality changes.
• • Stage three is characterized by profound despondency and
demoralization.
7. Children in disasters:
• The actual degree of emotional trauma among children is usually
underestimated after disaster. The most important reasons for this are:
Risk factors of an increased emotional trauma in children:
• High intensity event; ™
injury to the child;
• Loss of parent or significant person;
• Fear of death, separation and recurrence of the disaster;
• Insecurity, lack of support;
8. The elderly in disasters:
• The elderly are indeed at an increased risk for physical injury in some
circumstances, the impact of the loss of spouse, relative, or even a pet may
be greater in the elderly. Another factor is the loss of self-reliance.
9. Therapy
• PTSD therapy has three main goals:
• Improve your symptoms
• Teach you skills to deal with it
• Restore your self-esteem
10. • Most PTSD therapies fall under the umbrella of cognitive behavioral
therapy (CBT). The idea is to change the thought patterns that are
disturbing your life. This might happen through talking about your trauma or
concentrating on where your fears come from.
• The best hope for treating PTSD is a combination of medication and
therapy
11. Chapter Three:
Disaster Risk Management Cycle
• In order to effectively mitigate disasters a complete strategies for
disaster management are very crucial, which are also referred to
as the disaster management cycle.
• Disaster management cycle :- includes prevention, mitigation,
preparedness, response operation, and
rehabilitation/reconstruction.
13. Section1: The Pre-Disaster Management
• The section presents the measure taken before the occurrence
of Disaster which is identified as the pre-disaster management
activities which are prevention, mitigation and preparedness.
1. Prevention.
• Prevention refers to the elimination or avoidance of a risk. This
can be done by addressing root causes of vulnerability through
identifying hazards and building on the capacity of the people.
Here are four terms you need to have clarifications, they are
hazard, risk, vulnerability and capacity.
14. Cont.……
• Risk is the expected severity of a disaster. It is the probability
of harmful expected losses resulting from inter action between
natural hazard or human induced hazards and vulnerable
conditions.
• The level of the risk will depend on the potential impact of the
hazards, the vulnerability level of people and their capacity to
cope with the situation.
15. Cont.……
• A Hazard is a phenomenon that has the potential to adversely
affect human life and activity, for example, conflict , drought
earthquake, volcanic eruptions, economic collapse, political
crises, epidemic, landslide, and deforestation.
• Vulnerability is related to the degree to which people are
susceptible to loss, damage, suffering and death.
• Vulnerability includes various factors including, amongst
others, physical, economical, social, political and religious
factors
16. Cont.……..
• A capacity refers to the internal and external resources. People,
households and communities have to cope with in situations
that threaten their life and well being.
17. Goals of Disaster Prevention
• Creating public awareness about safety from disasters
• Amending /Enhancing legislation for safety from hazards
• Planning development areas with safety from hazards
• Protection of habitations from adverse hazard impacts
• Constructing new buildings safe from hazards
• Retrofitting existing buildings from improving hazards
resistance
18. 2. Mitigation
• Mitigation activities actually try to eliminate or reduce the
probability of disaster occurrence, or reduce the effects of
unavoidable disasters.
• Mitigation measures include building codes, vulnerability
analysis updates, zoning and land use management, building
use regulations and safety codes; preventive health care and
public education.
19. Cont.…..
• Mitigation also indicates a short term process or set activities focused on
reducing, rather than eliminating, the likely hood of the potential impact of
hazard.
• The distinction between mitigation and prevention is often blurred and the
understanding of those terms will depend on individuals’ views and
organizational mandates as well as context.
20. 3. Disaster Preparedness
• Disaster preparedness is defined as a state of readiness to respond to a
disaster, crisis, or any other type of emergency situation. .
Preparedness generally refers to planning how to respond.
• The preparedness phase has the following three essential components.
1. Risk identification
2. Risk reduction and
3. Risk transfer
21. Cont.…….
• The aim of disaster preparation is to be able to reduce the
immediate mortality and morbidity with a better prepared, well
equipped service.
• The preparation includes early warning systems for seasonal
changes in climate, and risk of flood or drought, such as electronic
information systems and satellites that can provide information
over large regions and continents.
22. Preparedness measures include;
• Preparedness plan
• Emergency exercise /training
• Establishing early warning systems
• Emergency communication systems
• Evacuations plans and training
• Resource interventions
• Emergency personnel/contact lists
• Mutual aid agreements and
• Public information/education.
23. • Planning for various disasters:
• Two strategies for disaster planning include
• 1. The agent-specific.
In agent-specific planning, communities only plan for threats most
likely to occur in their region.
2. The all-hazards approaches
An all-hazards approach involves planning for the common
problems and tasks that arise in the majority of disasters.
24. • The following are some of the means to plan for disastrous situations:
• • Escape routes
• • Family communications
• • Utility shut-off and safety
• • Insurance and vital records
• • Special needs : Keep specialized items ready, including extra wheelchair
batteries, oxygen, catheters, medication, food for service animals, and any
other items you might need.
25. The Disaster Management Phase
• This section is built on during disaster management activities.
You will be learning the major response types taken during the
occurrence of a disaster and the activities of both the acute and
stabilization periods of the response phase. In other words, you
will deal with how to develop activities to be undertaken in
order to save lives and reduce property damages while the
disaster happens.
26. Response (Emergency response)
• Response is the immediate reaction to disaster. It may occur as the disaster is
anticipated, as well as soon after it begins. Examples
• include mass evacuation, sandbagging buildings and other
• structures, securing emergency food and water, covering windows, providing
emergency medical services
27. Cont.……
• To be able to response effectively, these agencies must have
experienced leaders, trained personnel, adequate transport and logistic
support, appropriate communications, and guidelines for working in
emergencies.
• If the necessary preparations have not been made, the humanitarian
agencies will not able to meet the immediate needs of the people.
• The response phase can be divided into two further phases; Acute and
stabilization
28. 1.The Acute phase
• is also called the early response phase. Emergency response at
the acute phase covers measures required in search and rescue
of survivors and in meeting basic survival needs for shelter,
water, food and health care. This includes rescue and relief
activities.
• The aim of emergency response is to provide immediate
assistance to maintain life, improve health and support the
moral of the affected populations.
29. Cont.……..
• Such assistance ranges from providing specific but limited aid, such
as assisting refugees with transport, temporary shelter, and food, to
establishing semi-permanent settlement in camps and other locations.
• It also involves initial repairs to damaged infrastructure. The focus in
the response phase is on meeting the basic needs of the people until
more permanent and sustainable solutions can be found.
• Humanitarian organizations are often strong present in this phase of
the disaster management cycle.
30. Cont.…..
• Experiences have shown that the basic tenets of responding to
specific needs and involving the local people are essential even
in the disaster setting.
• Direct relief’s response efforts are fast, yet they always involve
local partners and are coordinated with other international
organizations and government authorities to ensure the most
efficient use of resources.
31. 2.Stabilization phase:
• The stabilization phase is a transition phase to the recovery
phase. Even at acute phase, some assessments must be made of
the stabilization and pre-recovery priorities.
• Stabilization often refers to storing of power without which all
work is hampered
• It seems that you able to tell intervention phases during the
occurrence of disaster.
• At this phase therefore, the most badly damaged infrastructure
are need to be repaired.
32. The Post Disaster Management
• This section is an extension of these activities, i.e. What you are expected to do after the
disaster happens.
• Post Disaster Phase (Recovery Phase)
• Recovery includes rehabilitation and reconstruction measures and it refers to returning the
community to normal life situations. There are three recovery phases
• Short to medium term
• Long term
• Post disaster planning and mitigation
33. Cont.……….
• The short term phase generally begins immediately after the occurrence of a
disaster.
• The phase involves starting to clean up the mess created by disasters and also
beginning to plan properly for the long term recovery phases. The most important
job here is restoring the confidence of the community, which has lost assets, jobs
loved ones and leadership.
34. Cont.……
• Recovery: Recovery is defined as a comprehensive community process, which
should coordinate the redevelopment of the economic, social, cultural and natural
resources fabrics. covers interventions in rehabilitation and reconstruction. It is the
process undertaken after a disaster has occurred.
• Rehabilitation covers interventions to restore the full functioning of the society to
facilitate the recovery of the affected populations.
• Reconstruction is permanent measure to repair or replace damaged dwelling and
infrastructure to set the economy back on course.
35. Cont.…..
• Community participation in decision making and the speed at
which the economic activity is restored profoundly influence
the recovery process.
• Recovery measures, both short and long term.
36. You should also consider the following recovery activities
• Temporary shelter/drinking/water/food/clothing/minimum household
utility goods for victims.
• Repair of roads, electricity, and communication networks.
• Salvaging damage to agriculture/distribution of seeds, fertilizers etc.
• Restoration of health/education facilities or temporary alternative
arrangement.
37. Cont.…………
• The recovery phase is frequently underemphasized in disaster plans, but it is
crucial for the affected community. Recovery efforts should identify
opportunities for community development, especially in terms of creating
sustainable, safer, and more resilient communities.
38. • The four elements of recovery are:
• 1. Community recovery (including psychological recovery);
• 2. Infrastructure recovery (services and lifelines);
• 3. Economy recovery (including financial and political considerations, and
business continuity);
• 4. Environment recovery.
39. Community recovery
• What mechanisms and resources will be required to aid in the psychological
recovery of the community?
• What are likely to be the medical and health requirements of the community?
40. Infrastructure recovery
• How will we ensure the restoration of essential services?
• ™
How will our community access essential services? ™
• How will we ensure or facilitate restoration of living conditions and housing
security?
• How will we rebuild our community infrastructure? This includes ports,
airports, dry storage, roads, public transport, fuel, gas, water, electricity,
telecommunications, garbage and sewerage, waterways, parks, flora and
fauna.
41. Economic recovery
• What impact will disaster have on job security in our community? (that is,
both for displaced community members and volunteers in the recovery
process.)
• ™
What mechanisms and resources will be required to assist and ensure the
economic recovery of the community?
• ™
Who needs to be involved in re-establishing economic validity in our
community
42. Environmental recovery:
• . ™
What issues do we need to consider in preparing for and
managing environmental damage caused by a disaster event?
• ™
Who needs to be involved in this process?
43. Principles of disaster recovery and reconstruction:
• Three phases describe as to what happens to post-impact in the affected
community:
• 1. Emergency phase: activities should focus on saving lives through search
and rescue, first aid, emergency medical assistance and over all disaster
assessment. Efforts immediately begin to repair critical facilities,
• to restore communications, and transportation networks, and in some
cases, to evacuate residents from areas still vulnerable to further disaster.
44. • Transition or recovery phase: during this phase, people return to work,
repair damaged buildings and infrastructure, and initiate other actions that
allow the community to return to their normal as soon as possible. Victims
begin emotional recovery and may experience depression and post-traumatic
disorder.
45. • Reconstruction phase: is characterized by physical reordering of
communications, utilities, roads and general environment. Residents repair or
rebuild their housing and agricultural activities resume.
• Community participation is essential for planning the rehabilitation phase
because local people better understand their own needs and the problems
that create these needs.