Local knowledge refers to the facts, beliefs, and perceptions people hold about their surroundings. This includes how they observe and solve problems. A disaster is a disruption that exceeds a society's ability to cope using its own resources. Hazards refer to natural phenomena that may adversely affect life or property. Vulnerability is susceptibility to loss from potential disasters. Mitigation permanently reduces disaster risk through reducing hazards and vulnerability. Preparedness ensures organization and resources for relief response after a disaster impact. The document then provides figures and sources related to disasters in coastal areas of Sindh province in Pakistan.

1. 1

2. Local Knowledge: Local knowledge is a collection of facts and relates to the entire system of concepts, beliefs and perceptions that people hold about the world around them. This includes the way people observe and measure their surroundings, how they solve problems and validate new information. It includes the processes whereby knowledge is generated, stored, applied and transmitted to others. (Warburton and Martin ,1999)

3. Disaster: A disaster is an extreme disruption of the functioning of a society that causes widespread human, material, or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using only its own resources. “(Quarantelli E.L. 1998)

4. Hazards: Refers to the potential occurrence, in a specific time period and geographic area, of a natural phenomenon that may adversely affect human life, property or activity to the extent of causing a disaster. (Quarantelli E.L. 1998)

5. Vulnerability: Susceptibility to loss, damage, destruction, or casualty from potential disasters.(Dorothea Hilhorst. 2004)

6. Mitigation: The permanent reduction of the disaster risk and can be categorized as “primary mitigation” which refers to reducing the presence of the hazard and of the vulnerability, and “secondary mitigation”, which refers to reducing the impact of the hazard. (David MacCollum , 2006)

7. Preparedness: Covers the measures that insure the organized mobilization of personel, funds, equipment and supplies within a safe environment for effective relief, “response” can be defined as the set of activities implemented after the impact of a disaster in order to assess the needs, reduce the suffering, limit the spread and the consequences of the disaster and open the way to rehabilitation. (David MacCollum , 2006) 2

8. Layout of the Presentation3

9. 4

10. 5

11. 6

12. 7Source: ADRC, Japan based on CRED EM-DAT database,

13. 8Source: Quarterly Journal of PDMA-PaRRSA, August 2010 Figure 4 shows that, rate of disasters increased in last decade as compared to last 53 years. This is due to impacts of global climate change after 1990s in Pakistan.

14. 9Source: IFAD 2010. Spate Irrigation, Livelihood Improvement and. Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change

15. 10Source: CRED EM-DAT Global natural disaster occurrence and impact: 1980–2007.

16. 11Global climate impacts on South Asia/Pacific countriesTemperature rise to 0.5-2C by 2030 and 1-7C by 2070Greater rainfall during summer, monsoon and winter rainfall declinesStrongest precipitation eventsFast melting Himalaya and Hindu-Kush glaciersIncreasing global sea-levelVariability associated with EL Nino-southern OscillationImpacts on PakistanTemperatures are increasing rapidly in arid areas of Northern Pakistan.Temperatures in the country’s coastal areas have risen since the early 1900s by 0.6 to 1CPrecipitation has decreased 10 to 15% in the coastal belt and hyper-arid planes over the last 40 yearsSummer rains increased and winter decreased in Northern PakistanHimalaya glaciers that feed whole Indus River system in Pakistan is melting rapidlySource: IFAD. (2007). climate change impacts in the Asian/Pacific region . The Global Mechanism

17. 12Figure 6 shows that disaster has inverse relationship with income. i.e. low income fall under key target of disaster and its distraction scale.

18. 13Figure 7 shows that vulnerability is related to level of preparedness for any disaster. Community are found less sustainable when they are poor to social and economic impact.

19. Identify major causes that underpin development especially disaster situation

20. Highlighting major factors of disasters

21. Uncover the local strengths of tackling disasters

22. Highlighting linked problems of study area14

23. There is no research in the past or limited in the form of studies conducted by public & private sectors. It is important that in academic frame work Disaster Management should be studied for sustainable policy formulation.

24. Disaster situation has not being studied through casual linkages in the past. This study would explore these linkages especially in the context of Pre-Post Disaster situation in coastal areas of sindh15

25. To assess the role of local knowledge, skills and resources for preparedness and mitigation measures in reduction of vulnerability in coastal communities against disaster in Sindh province of Pakistan16

26. Major causes of disaster in coastal belt of developing countries and relevance with Pakistan and specific in Sindh.

27. Extent of damages caused by various natural disasters in past 20 years in coastal area of Sindh

28. Accumulate local knowledge in handling and forecasting the disaster and the use of that knowledge towards preparedness of natural disasters

29. To analyze public initiatives in disaster management- both pre and post disaster.

30. To develop policy and suggestions17

31. The disaster in coastal belt of Sindh are same in nature that of developing countries of south Asia. I.e. India, Bangladesh etc.

32. There is no significant plan, preparing strategy to minimize the scale of disaster, both man-made and natural.

33. The scale of disaster and losses in terms of human, property and ecology are significantly high in Sindh to that of elsewhere in Pakistan.

34. The local knowledge that includes preparedness and minimizes the scale of damages caused by disaster is significant that could be used as public policy levels. Geared towards preparing notional policy for contingency, mitigation and preparatory plans. 18

35. 19

36. Sample size : 360Sampling technique : Multistage SamplingDataPrimary and secondary dataSecondary data

37. Public and private sector offices working on Disaster Management.

38. Primary data

39. Household survey Target population: Badin and ThattaAnalysis of Data.Techniques like percentages, charts, tables, figures, Microsoft excel, sample cross table, and SPSS used to analyze the data20

40. Research DesignDescriptive survey

41. Focused group interviews

42. Secondary reviews.21Stages of Sampling