Digital Signature
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Digital signatures provide authentication, non-repudiation, and integrity by allowing users to sign either entire documents or digests of documents. Signing digests is more efficient for long messages, as the digest creates a compact hashed representation of the document using algorithms like MD5 or SHA1. To sign a digest, the sender applies their private key to encrypt the digest, and the receiver can then use the sender's public key to decrypt and verify the signature against the digest they independently calculate from the document.
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Digital Signature
Digital signatures provide authentication and integrity for electronic documents and transactions. They use public key cryptography where a document is encrypted with the sender's private key and decrypted by the recipient's public key. A digital certificate issued by a certificate authority binds the signer's identity to their public key and is verified using the CA's digital signature. Common uses of digital signatures include software updates, financial transactions, and legally binding documents.
Digital signatures
Digital signatures provide authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation for electronic documents and allow for secure e-governance and e-commerce using the internet. A digital signature is created using a private key to sign a message, and the signature can be verified using the corresponding public key. Digital signatures employ asymmetric cryptography and consist of key generation, signing, and verification algorithms. Hardware tokens like smart cards and USB tokens securely store private keys to generate digital signatures on documents. The Controller of Certifying Authorities licenses and regulates certification authorities in India to issue digital signature certificates.
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This document discusses digital signatures and how they provide security services like secrecy, authentication, non-repudiation and integrity. It explains that digital signatures use asymmetric cryptography with a private key for signing and a public key for verification. The digital signature is created by hashing the message and signing it with the private key. When received, the message hash is verified using the public key to authenticate that the signature was created by the private key owner and that the message has not been altered. Digital signatures thus authenticate messages and ensure non-repudiation by binding the signer to the message in a way that can be verified.
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Digital signatures provide authenticity, integrity and non-repudiation to electronic documents by using public key infrastructure. Under PKI, each individual has a public/private key pair, and certification authorities verify and certify individuals' public keys. Digital signatures are generated by encrypting a document hash with an individual's private key and can be verified by decrypting with the corresponding public key.
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PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is an encryption software that provides authentication and encryption of emails and files. It uses both symmetric and asymmetric encryption. For encryption, it generates a random symmetric key to encrypt the message, then encrypts the symmetric key with the recipient's public key. This combines the speed of symmetric encryption with the key distribution of asymmetric encryption. PGP includes algorithms like RSA, DSS, and IDEA and allows users to have multiple public/private key pairs stored on their personal "key rings" for authentication and encryption with other PGP users.
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This document discusses email security and the Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) encryption software. It provides an overview of why email security is important given common threats like loss of confidentiality and integrity. It then describes how PGP works to encrypt emails using symmetric and asymmetric encryption. PGP uses a "web of trust" model where users can sign each other's public keys to establish trusted relationships. Key challenges to PGP adoption are also summarized, such as usability issues and the difficulty of properly managing encryption keys.
Pgp
This document discusses email security and the Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) encryption software. It describes why email security is important given threats like loss of confidentiality and integrity. It then provides details on PGP, including how it uses public/private key encryption and digital signatures to encrypt messages and authenticate senders. PGP uses symmetric encryption of messages and asymmetric encryption of session keys, storing keys in a local ring. The document discusses PGP key management and its use of a web of trust model without a central authority.
White Paper on Cryptography
Cryptography is the process of securing communication and information. It involves encrypting plaintext into ciphertext using algorithms and decrypting the ciphertext back to plaintext. The main goals of cryptography are confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation, authentication, access control, and availability. There are three main types of cryptographic algorithms - secret key cryptography which uses the same key for encryption and decryption, public key cryptography which uses different keys for encryption and decryption, and hash functions which are one-way functions to encrypt information irreversibly. Common cryptographic hash functions include MD5 and SHA-1 which are used to verify integrity of files and messages.
Pgp
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is a software program that provides data encryption and decryption to secure emails and files. It uses public key infrastructure (PKI) and encryption algorithms like RSA and Diffie-Hellman to encrypt data. PGP allows users to have multiple public/private key pairs to encrypt and digitally sign messages and files. It generates random session keys to encrypt data symmetrically and includes the encrypted session key with the encrypted message. This allows the recipient to decrypt the session key and then the message content. PGP is widely used due to its availability across platforms, use of secure algorithms, and applicability for both personal and business use.
Encrypting E-mail Messages
Allnet Solutions asked for help implementing email encryption options across its offices in New Zealand. The options should work with Lotus Notes, Pegasus, Outlook, and GroupWise. PGP and S/MIME are common encryption methods that use public/private key pairs to encrypt messages. While encryption provides security benefits, it also faces challenges around key management, costs, compatibility, and unrealistic requirements. Strategic planning is needed to ensure encryption is manageable for IT and users. Professional secure email services can help overcome simplicity and compatibility issues.
Lecture 10Chapter 10ImplementingE-commerce Securit.docx
The document provides instructions for a two-part assignment to develop an e-commerce website for a real or fictional business. For part one, students must conduct a system analysis including a SWOT analysis, audience analysis, and risk analysis to outline the business and objectives. They must also provide solutions and design documents like concept maps and storyboards. For part two, students must build a prototype website using an authoring tool that demonstrates the design from part one, with at least 10 products across 4 categories and basic e-commerce functions. The assignment aims to analyze user and business needs to design an effective and secure e-commerce site.
Cryptography
Cryptography is used to securely communicate private information and can be implemented using secret codes, ciphers, one-time pads, and cryptographic methods like symmetric and asymmetric encryption. Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is an encryption package that uses asymmetric encryption with two keys - a private key and a public key. A message encrypted with the public key can only be decrypted with the corresponding private key, allowing secure communication between parties. PGP first compresses, encrypts with a randomly generated session key, and then encrypts the session key with the recipient's public key to securely transmit an encrypted message.
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Digital Signature
- 3. Signing the whole document
- 6. Signing the digest Sender Side