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Digital graphics
- 2. Raster Graphics Raster graphics are digital images created or captured (for example, by scanning in a photo) as a set of samples of a given space. A raster is a grid of x and y coordinates on a display space. When it comes to creating graphics, designers must choose to express their creativity using either vector or raster graphics. Advantages: The geographic location of each cell is implied by its position in the cell matrix. Accordingly, other than an origin point, e.g. bottom left corner, no geographic coordinates are stored. Due to the nature of the data storage technique data analysis is usually easy to program and quick to perform. The inherent nature of raster maps, e.g. one attribute maps, is ideally suited for mathematical modeling and quantitative analysis. Discrete data, e.g. forestry stands, is accommodated equally well as continuous data, e.g. elevation data, and facilitates the integrating of the two data types. Grid-cell systems are very compatible with raster-based output devices, e.g. electrostatic plotters, graphic terminals. Disadvantages: The cell size determines the resolution at which the data is represented. It is especially difficult to adequately represent linear features depending on the cell resolution. Accordingly, network linkages are difficult to establish. Processing of associated attribute data may be cumbersome if large amounts of data exist. Raster maps inherently reflect only one attribute or characteristic for an area. Since most input data is in vector form, data must undergo vector-to-raster conversion. Besides increased processing requirements this may introduce data integrity concerns due to generalization and choice of inappropriate cell size. Most output maps from grid-cell systems do not conform to high-quality cartographic needs. A raster graphics editor is a computer program that allows users to paint and edit pictures interactively on the computer screen and save them in one of many popular "bitmap" or "raster" formats such as JPEG, PNG, GIF and TIFF. A raster graphics editor supports a certain repertoire of image editing operations. Some editors specialize in the editing of (digital) photographs such as the popular Adobe Photoshop or Raw Therapee, while others are more geared to artist-created illustrations, like the Adobe Fireworks. Usually an image viewer is preferred over a raster graphics editor for viewing images.
- 4. Vector graphics Vector graphics is the use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and shapes or polygons—all of which are based on mathematical expressions—to represent images in computer graphics. Each of the graphic types has their own particular strengths and limitations and understanding these differences is essential to achieving the best results. Vector images are constructed of lines (also called paths) and are created by software programs that use mathematical calculation to determine size, shape and color of each line. By combining paths that are straight or curved and various colors and shading very detailed illustrations can be created. Because the image is created using mathematical precision using programs like Adobe Illustrator or CorelDraw, the resulting files can easily be resized larger or smaller without any loss in image quality. In this example we have enlarged a vector version of our logo. Advantages The important point of vector graphics is the power of scalability. If we try to enlarge the pixel based image, it only enlarge the size of the squares making up the image area and pixel based image will be jagged. If we consider the vector image, it will remain in its best quality. Data can be represented in original resolution without generalization. Graphical outputs of the images are more pleasing than the created as raster image. In some data like hard copy maps, no data conversion is needed. Every lines in a vector graphics represents different and distinct object so each object can be edited as many times. For example, if we take art file with a circle in back ground. It can be opened any time even days later and change circle to a square. It will be at their best quality. Another very important reason of using vector graphics rather than raster is their size. Vector objects are much smaller than raster image format. If we have full size image to update, the vector file might only take few kilobytes of space on your system, where the same image in medium resolution bitmap format might not place on CD ROM. Disadvantages The drawing image containing trapping information can only be scaled up to 20% larger or smaller. Thin lines in vector images may disappear if we reduce the size too much. The very important disadvantage of vector image is time consuming and also specific talent must be needed to create it. Photographs cannot be taken as vector images. It must be drawn by the artist, and must be editing in software like adobe illustrator. The vector images are not as cost effective as raster images. The location of each vector, need to be stored separately. Algorithms for manipulative and analysis functions are complex and may be processing intensive and it limits the functionality for larger
- 6. JPEGS JPG files, also known as JPEG files, are a common file format for digital photos and other digital graphics. When JPG files are saved, they use "lossy" compression, meaning image quality is lost as file size decreases. JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group, the committee that created the file type. JPG files have the file extension .jpg or .jpeg. They are the most common file type for images taken with digital cameras, and widely used for photos and other graphics used on websites. JPGs allow for some degree of file size reduction without losing too much image quality. However, as file sizes get very low, JPG images will become "muddy." When saving photos and other images as JPG files for the web, email and other uses, you must decide on this tradeoff between qualities and file size. Advantages of the JPEG Format Large compression ratios = shorter file transfer time Full-colour information Great for photographs, graphic artwork, banner ads, etc. Disadvantages of JPEG Format Loss of image quality Sharp edges tend to come out blurry Longer page load time than the GIF Format
- 7. JPEGS
- 8. Tagged Image File Format TIFF is a computer file format for storing raster graphics images, popular among graphic artists, the publishing industry, and both amateur and professional photographers in general. The TIFF format is widely supported by image-manipulation applications, by publishing and page layout applications, and by scanning, faxing, word processing, optical character recognition and other applications. Adobe Systems, which acquired Aldus, now holds the copyright to the TIFF specification. Advantages Uncompressed image retains maximum amount of image data from the camera. Can be compressed to reduce file sizes using mathematical algorithms such as ZIP or TAR without loss of image data Can also use lossy compression such as JPG algorithms to reduce file size Recognised format by most computers, cross compatible with both MAC and PC’s Standard format for printing either at home or dedicated Photo lab. Can embed colour space profiles as well as ITPC Metadata Disadvantage Large file sizes, around 20mb for a 10 megapixel image, so larger storages devices needed for long term archival use. Good specification computer needed to process and load images. Most website and online images galleries do not support tiff uploading. Slow speeds when transferring to online galleries that do support TIFF files
- 9. Tagged Image File Format
- 10. PSD This is file created in Adobe Photoshop during design process of each template. This file is similar to ordinary JPEG or PNG image, but it's editable. In example, unlike ordinary image files (JPG, PNG, GIF), PSD files can be layered. In example, the first layer contain top menu, the second layer contains logo, and the third layer contains text, and so on... Text in PSD files can be edited through Photoshop, simply by selecting and editing the existing textual layer. You can change font, text colour, etc. To open and edit the PSD file, you need Adobe Photoshop. This software is expensive, but there are also free alternatives, such as GIMP. However, we can't guarantee that our PSD files work well in these alternative programs, as they are created in the original Photoshop. Advantages The layers are preserved when a file is saved using the PSD file format. You can go back, at any time, to make changes to the layers. Disadvantages Do not distribute PSD files unless you are doing a Photoshop tutorial or something. Photoshop files are large. They can be compressed (RLE encoded) but often this compression does not yield a file that is much smaller.
- 11. PSD
- 12. AI (Adobe Illustrator) Adobe Illustrator is a program used by both artists and graphic designers to create vector images. These images will then be used for company logos, promotional uses or even personal work, both in print and digital form. The possibilities with Adobe Illustrator are endless, just download it and see what a new dimension all your layouts and designs will take. Once you master the drawing tools and the basics there is no looking back. And if you have worked with Photoshop in the past, it will be even easier since the palates and commands are quiet similar. Advantages It allows you more flexibility with customizing the workspace. It comes with a user interface that allows custom viewing and enables space saving. Illustrator gives more control over text and its formatting with options like paragraph composing and OpenType fonts Using illustrator increases productivity as it allows for in-panel editing and use of multiple artboards at a time. As it is a vector based program it allows the creation of graphics that are scalable to any extent without losing resolution, with crisp and sharp lines that are perfect for print. Illustrator files are comparatively small in size so allow easy sharing, mailing and use. Disadvantage Since it is a design software some amount of skill or training is require to master it. A good idea is to check out the numerous tutorials that are available by adobe itself or spend some time with the tools this program is loaded with to master it. To create photo realistic drawing the user must have oodles of patience and a keen eye for detail.
- 14. 3DS 3DS is one of the file formats used by the Autodesk 3ds Max 3D modelling, animation and rendering software. Advantages Great Library of Games Nice exterior design Better Battery Life with XL Control Stick Friend's List Street pass Plaza Swap note eShop Play games in 3D Interior/Exterior Cameras Mii Maker Disadvantages Short Battery Life with original 3DS Bad U/I No Gamertags(Miiverse will take care of that) No Party Chat or proper Messaging System No Achievement System No GBA games in eShop Alot of overpriced games in eShop Limitations with Folder System Game saves tied to game Cartridges(Physical copies) No Linked account system
- 15. 3DS
- 16. Antialiasing In computer graphics, antialiasing is a software technique for diminishing jaggies - stairstep-like lines that should be smooth. Jaggies occur because the output device, the monitor or printer, doesn't have a high enough resolution to represent a smooth line.
- 17. Resolution Resolution is the quality of being determined or resolute.
- 18. File format A file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file. It specifies how bits are used to encode information in a digital storage medium. File formats may be either proprietary or free and may be either unpublished or open.
- 19. Application This is the action of putting something into operation.
- 20. Adobe Photoshop Adobe Photoshop is a raster graphics editor developed and published by Adobe Systems for Windows and OS X. Photoshop was created in 1988 by Thomas and John Knoll. Since then, it has become the de facto industry standard in raster graphics editing, such that the terms "photo shopping" and "Photoshop contest" were born.
- 21. Adobe InDesign Adobe InDesign is a desktop publishing software application produced by AdobeSystems. It can be used to create works such as posters, flyers, brochures, magazines, newspapers and books. InDesign can also publish content suitable for tablet devices in conjunction with Adobe Digital Publishing Suite.