Different Types of RNA, Their Sysnthesis and Structure.pptx
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This document discusses three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). mRNA carries copies of DNA sequences to the cytoplasm to direct protein synthesis. tRNA plays a role in translation by transporting amino acids during protein synthesis. rRNA is the catalytic component of ribosomes and makes up over 60% of their mass, playing a crucial role in their functions.
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Ribonucleic acid
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides that include DNA and RNA, which are found in living systems. RNA is one of the major biological macromolecules essential for life, along with DNA and proteins. There are different types of RNA including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA that have primary functions like translation, protein synthesis, and mRNA processing. RNA can also carry genetic information like DNA and some viruses have RNA genomes.
structure types and function of RNA
RNA is one of the major biological macromolecules essential for life. It has several types that serve different functions. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalytic component of ribosomes and is involved in protein translation. Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain during translation.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
This presentation is about a type of nucleic acid which is called RNA. in this presentation we will discuss RNA. its types, its structure and Functions etc. Like and download my slide so i will upload more and more presentations for you peoples.
Rna protein-synthesis
This document discusses RNA, ribosomes, and protein synthesis. It explains that DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA, which directs the process of translation where transfer RNA and ribosomes work together to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code stored in DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA makes RNA makes protein, with three types of RNA - messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA - all playing important roles in the transfer of genetic information from DNA to protein.
Molecular Genetics: Protein Synthesis
DNA contains genes that code for proteins. During protein synthesis, the DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell nucleus. The mRNA then transports the protein coding instructions to the cytoplasm where ribosomes read the mRNA to produce proteins. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match to the mRNA codons and bring the corresponding amino acids. The amino acids are linked together on the ribosome to form the protein chain according to the mRNA instructions.
RNA.pptx
The three nitrogenous bases in mRNA form codons to code for amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. The Central Dogma explains the process of DNA being transcribed into mRNA and then translated into protein. Ribosomes are the sites in cells where protein synthesis occurs through the joining of amino acids specified by mRNA.
Transcription and translation
This document provides an overview of transcription and translation. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase making a complementary mRNA copy of a DNA sequence. The mRNA then undergoes processing before being exported to the cytoplasm. Translation takes place on ribosomes, where tRNA brings amino acids specified by mRNA codons to form a polypeptide chain. The genetic code maps codons to their corresponding amino acids.
Rna structure
This document discusses various types of RNA. There are three main classes of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). mRNA carries coding information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis. tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. rRNA is a core component of ribosomes and plays a key role in protein synthesis. The document also describes other RNA types including microRNAs, small nuclear RNAs, and heterogeneous nuclear RNA involved in processing mRNA.
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Ribonucleic acid
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides that include DNA and RNA, which are found in living systems. RNA is one of the major biological macromolecules essential for life, along with DNA and proteins. There are different types of RNA including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA that have primary functions like translation, protein synthesis, and mRNA processing. RNA can also carry genetic information like DNA and some viruses have RNA genomes.
structure types and function of RNA
RNA is one of the major biological macromolecules essential for life. It has several types that serve different functions. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalytic component of ribosomes and is involved in protein translation. Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain during translation.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
This presentation is about a type of nucleic acid which is called RNA. in this presentation we will discuss RNA. its types, its structure and Functions etc. Like and download my slide so i will upload more and more presentations for you peoples.
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This document discusses RNA, ribosomes, and protein synthesis. It explains that DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA, which directs the process of translation where transfer RNA and ribosomes work together to assemble amino acids into proteins according to the genetic code stored in DNA. The central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA makes RNA makes protein, with three types of RNA - messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA - all playing important roles in the transfer of genetic information from DNA to protein.
Molecular Genetics: Protein Synthesis
DNA contains genes that code for proteins. During protein synthesis, the DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell nucleus. The mRNA then transports the protein coding instructions to the cytoplasm where ribosomes read the mRNA to produce proteins. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match to the mRNA codons and bring the corresponding amino acids. The amino acids are linked together on the ribosome to form the protein chain according to the mRNA instructions.
RNA.pptx
The three nitrogenous bases in mRNA form codons to code for amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. The Central Dogma explains the process of DNA being transcribed into mRNA and then translated into protein. Ribosomes are the sites in cells where protein synthesis occurs through the joining of amino acids specified by mRNA.
Transcription and translation
This document provides an overview of transcription and translation. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase making a complementary mRNA copy of a DNA sequence. The mRNA then undergoes processing before being exported to the cytoplasm. Translation takes place on ribosomes, where tRNA brings amino acids specified by mRNA codons to form a polypeptide chain. The genetic code maps codons to their corresponding amino acids.
Rna structure
This document discusses various types of RNA. There are three main classes of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). mRNA carries coding information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis. tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. rRNA is a core component of ribosomes and plays a key role in protein synthesis. The document also describes other RNA types including microRNAs, small nuclear RNAs, and heterogeneous nuclear RNA involved in processing mRNA.
DNA, RNA, and PROTEINS
The document discusses the molecules of life - DNA, RNA, and proteins. It describes the structures of nucleotides, DNA, and RNA, with DNA being double stranded and RNA single stranded. DNA contains the genetic blueprint in the form of base sequences and functions to store this information, while RNA transcribes the information from DNA and has three main types - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA, tRNA transports amino acids and binds to mRNA during protein synthesis, and rRNA associates with proteins to form ribosomes, which catalyze protein assembly from amino acids.
12.3 DNA - RNA - Amino Acid - Protein
RNA and protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is used as a template to produce mRNA through the enzymatic action of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and binds to ribosomes for translation. During translation, tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codon sequence. The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide or protein chain. Translation stops when a stop codon is reached.
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GENETICS
RNA plays an essential role in protein synthesis. It has a ribose sugar backbone and nitrogenous bases linked to the sugar. The three main types of RNA are transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and messenger RNA (mRNA). tRNA transfers amino acids to growing protein chains. rRNA is the catalytic component of ribosomes and combines with proteins to form ribosomes. mRNA carries protein sequence information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
RNA: Nature, type and Structure
The document discusses nucleic acids and RNA. It defines nucleic acids as macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains, with each nucleotide containing a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group. RNA is described as a type of nucleic acid that contains ribose rather than deoxyribose and uracil instead of thymine. The document outlines the three main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - and their roles in protein synthesis.
Various types RNA
This document discusses the different types of RNA. It begins by introducing RNA as a polymeric molecule composed of nucleotides. The three main types of RNA are then described in separate sections: messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome; ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which is a core component of ribosomes and essential for protein synthesis; and transfer RNA (tRNA), which helps decode mRNA sequences and transfers amino acids during translation. Each RNA type has a distinct structure and function in gene expression and protein synthesis. In closing, the document lists references used to compile the information on various RNAs.
MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION OF EKARYOTIC RNA
RNA differs from DNA in three main ways - it contains ribose instead of deoxyribose, contains the base uracil instead of thymine, and is usually single-stranded. Despite being single-stranded, RNA molecules often exhibit double-helical structures through base pairing between complementary sequences that can form stem-loop or pseudoknot structures. There are several types of RNA including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and small nuclear RNA (snRNA) that have different functions in protein synthesis, splicing, and gene regulation. Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins.
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This document provides an overview of protein synthesis. It discusses:
1) Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA which contain genetic information. DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins.
2) Transcription is the process of creating mRNA from DNA templates in the nucleus. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm as mRNA is read to produce a polypeptide chain via tRNA and ribosomes.
3) Protein synthesis is regulated at multiple levels including transcription, translation initiation and termination, and degradation by the proteasome, lysosomes, and calpains. The rate of protein synthesis increases after exercise to rebuild muscle proteins.
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RNA plays important roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. It is composed of nucleotides containing ribose sugar rather than deoxyribose in DNA. RNA exists in several types including messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, transfer RNA (tRNA) which transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which is a major component of ribosomes and catalyzes peptide bond formation. The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins.
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This document discusses post-transcriptional modifications of RNA and inhibitors of transcription. It describes how primary transcripts of rRNA, tRNA and mRNA undergo processing in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. For rRNA, introns are removed and exons are ligated. For tRNA, extra nucleotides are removed, bases are modified and the CCA tail is added. For mRNA, a 5' cap is added, introns are spliced out, a poly-A tail is attached. Splicing produces tissue-specific proteins. Inhibitors like rifampicin, actinomycin D and alpha-amanitin block transcription by binding DNA or RNA polymerase.
Nucleic acid -RNA
RNA has several important functions in the cell. It exists in multiple forms including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). mRNA carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it is used to produce proteins. rRNA makes up the major component of ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis, and helps translate mRNA. tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome during protein production. Together, these RNA molecules play key roles in copying and expressing genetic material as well as building proteins from mRNA instructions.
Transcription and Translation.pptx
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis which occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. During transcription, a copy of mRNA is generated from DNA in the nucleus. This mRNA is then used as a template during translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm. During translation, ribosomes use the mRNA to assemble a polypeptide chain by linking amino acids specified by the mRNA codons. Three key events occur during translation - initiation, elongation, and termination to produce the final protein product.
Q3 W3 Ppt 4.1 Protein Synthesis-1.pdf
The document discusses protein synthesis, which involves transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase making an mRNA copy of a gene from DNA. The mRNA then undergoes processing and modification before being exported to the cytoplasm. Translation happens in the cytoplasm using ribosomes, where the mRNA sequence is read to create a polypeptide chain according to the genetic code. The genetic code is carried by DNA to RNA to proteins, which give organisms their unique traits.
Physiology-brief about RNA and its types
This document provides information about transcription and the different types of RNA. It begins with an outline of the topic, which includes messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and microRNA (miRNA). The document then discusses each type of RNA in more detail, describing their structure, function, and role in protein synthesis. mRNA carries DNA's genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein assembly. rRNA forms the ribosome where protein synthesis occurs. miRNA regulates gene expression at the post-transcriptional level.
Genetics
1. DNA is transcribed into RNA through the process of transcription, and RNA is translated into proteins through translation.
2. Transcription involves RNA polymerase copying the sequence of nucleotides in DNA into a complementary RNA molecule. Translation involves ribosomes using the sequence of RNA to determine the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or protein.
3. The genetic code is based on triplets of nucleotides called codons, which each specify a single amino acid. This allows the sequence of DNA to determine the sequence of proteins.
lecture No 3-central dogma.ppt
The central dogma of biology describes the flow of genetic information: DNA is replicated to make more DNA; DNA is transcribed into mRNA; mRNA is translated into proteins. This involves three main molecules - DNA, RNA, and proteins - and three main processes - replication, transcription, and translation. The genetic code stored in DNA is used to direct the synthesis of proteins via mRNA and translation.
section 5, chapter 4
Messenger RNA carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Transfer RNA transports amino acids and attaches them to mRNA strands during protein synthesis based on mRNA codon sequences. Ribosomal RNA provides structure and enzymatic functions for ribosomes. Ribosomes link amino acids specified by mRNA codons into polypeptide chains.
RNA.pptx
RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a vital molecule in the field of molecular biology. It plays a crucial role in the flow of genetic information within cells, serving as a messenger that carries instructions from DNA to guide the synthesis of proteins. Unlike DNA, RNA is typically single-stranded and contains the nucleotide uracil instead of thymine.
There are several types of RNA, each with specific functions. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs. Transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids to the ribosomes, ensuring that the correct sequence of amino acids is assembled during protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a structural component of ribosomes, which are the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis.
RNA is involved in various cellular processes beyond protein synthesis, such as gene regulation and the catalysis of biochemical reactions. Additionally, emerging research continues to unveil the diverse roles of RNA in cellular functions and disease mechanisms. The study of RNA has significant implications in understanding the fundamental processes of life and in the development of therapeutic interventions.
eukaryotik dna elongation.pptx
During DNA elongation, DNA polymerase adds complementary DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of a newly synthesized strand using the template strand as a guide. On the lagging strand, DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction, so Okazaki fragments are formed that later need to be joined together. In contrast, the leading strand is synthesized continuously because DNA polymerase can add nucleotides to the 3' end that is open for elongation as the replication fork moves along.
DNA IS GENETIC METERIAL.pptx
This document summarizes three key experiments in the discovery of DNA as the genetic material:
- In 1927, Frederick Griffith discovered the "transforming principle" through experiments showing that living bacteria could be transformed from harmless to virulent.
- In 1944, Avery, Macleod and McCarty treated bacteria with enzymes that broke down proteins, RNA and DNA, finding that only treatment with DNAses inhibited bacterial transformation, proving DNA was the genetic material.
- In 1952, Hershey and Chase used radioactive labeling to show that DNA, not protein, entered bacteria during viral infection, confirming DNA as the hereditary material.
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DNA, RNA, and PROTEINS
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12.3 DNA - RNA - Amino Acid - Protein
RNA and protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is used as a template to produce mRNA through the enzymatic action of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and binds to ribosomes for translation. During translation, tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codon sequence. The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide or protein chain. Translation stops when a stop codon is reached.
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RNA plays an essential role in protein synthesis. It has a ribose sugar backbone and nitrogenous bases linked to the sugar. The three main types of RNA are transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and messenger RNA (mRNA). tRNA transfers amino acids to growing protein chains. rRNA is the catalytic component of ribosomes and combines with proteins to form ribosomes. mRNA carries protein sequence information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
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The document discusses nucleic acids and RNA. It defines nucleic acids as macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains, with each nucleotide containing a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group. RNA is described as a type of nucleic acid that contains ribose rather than deoxyribose and uracil instead of thymine. The document outlines the three main types of RNA - messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - and their roles in protein synthesis.
Various types RNA
This document discusses the different types of RNA. It begins by introducing RNA as a polymeric molecule composed of nucleotides. The three main types of RNA are then described in separate sections: messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome; ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which is a core component of ribosomes and essential for protein synthesis; and transfer RNA (tRNA), which helps decode mRNA sequences and transfers amino acids during translation. Each RNA type has a distinct structure and function in gene expression and protein synthesis. In closing, the document lists references used to compile the information on various RNAs.
MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION OF EKARYOTIC RNA
RNA differs from DNA in three main ways - it contains ribose instead of deoxyribose, contains the base uracil instead of thymine, and is usually single-stranded. Despite being single-stranded, RNA molecules often exhibit double-helical structures through base pairing between complementary sequences that can form stem-loop or pseudoknot structures. There are several types of RNA including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and small nuclear RNA (snRNA) that have different functions in protein synthesis, splicing, and gene regulation. Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins.
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This document provides an overview of protein synthesis. It discusses:
1) Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA which contain genetic information. DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins.
2) Transcription is the process of creating mRNA from DNA templates in the nucleus. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm as mRNA is read to produce a polypeptide chain via tRNA and ribosomes.
3) Protein synthesis is regulated at multiple levels including transcription, translation initiation and termination, and degradation by the proteasome, lysosomes, and calpains. The rate of protein synthesis increases after exercise to rebuild muscle proteins.
RNA by Puja Ghosh
RNA plays important roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. It is composed of nucleotides containing ribose sugar rather than deoxyribose in DNA. RNA exists in several types including messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, transfer RNA (tRNA) which transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which is a major component of ribosomes and catalyzes peptide bond formation. The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins.
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Nucleic acid -RNA
RNA has several important functions in the cell. It exists in multiple forms including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). mRNA carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it is used to produce proteins. rRNA makes up the major component of ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis, and helps translate mRNA. tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome during protein production. Together, these RNA molecules play key roles in copying and expressing genetic material as well as building proteins from mRNA instructions.
Transcription and Translation.pptx
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis which occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. During transcription, a copy of mRNA is generated from DNA in the nucleus. This mRNA is then used as a template during translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm. During translation, ribosomes use the mRNA to assemble a polypeptide chain by linking amino acids specified by the mRNA codons. Three key events occur during translation - initiation, elongation, and termination to produce the final protein product.
Q3 W3 Ppt 4.1 Protein Synthesis-1.pdf
The document discusses protein synthesis, which involves transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase making an mRNA copy of a gene from DNA. The mRNA then undergoes processing and modification before being exported to the cytoplasm. Translation happens in the cytoplasm using ribosomes, where the mRNA sequence is read to create a polypeptide chain according to the genetic code. The genetic code is carried by DNA to RNA to proteins, which give organisms their unique traits.
Physiology-brief about RNA and its types
This document provides information about transcription and the different types of RNA. It begins with an outline of the topic, which includes messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and microRNA (miRNA). The document then discusses each type of RNA in more detail, describing their structure, function, and role in protein synthesis. mRNA carries DNA's genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein assembly. rRNA forms the ribosome where protein synthesis occurs. miRNA regulates gene expression at the post-transcriptional level.
Genetics
1. DNA is transcribed into RNA through the process of transcription, and RNA is translated into proteins through translation.
2. Transcription involves RNA polymerase copying the sequence of nucleotides in DNA into a complementary RNA molecule. Translation involves ribosomes using the sequence of RNA to determine the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or protein.
3. The genetic code is based on triplets of nucleotides called codons, which each specify a single amino acid. This allows the sequence of DNA to determine the sequence of proteins.
lecture No 3-central dogma.ppt
The central dogma of biology describes the flow of genetic information: DNA is replicated to make more DNA; DNA is transcribed into mRNA; mRNA is translated into proteins. This involves three main molecules - DNA, RNA, and proteins - and three main processes - replication, transcription, and translation. The genetic code stored in DNA is used to direct the synthesis of proteins via mRNA and translation.
section 5, chapter 4
Messenger RNA carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Transfer RNA transports amino acids and attaches them to mRNA strands during protein synthesis based on mRNA codon sequences. Ribosomal RNA provides structure and enzymatic functions for ribosomes. Ribosomes link amino acids specified by mRNA codons into polypeptide chains.
RNA.pptx
RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a vital molecule in the field of molecular biology. It plays a crucial role in the flow of genetic information within cells, serving as a messenger that carries instructions from DNA to guide the synthesis of proteins. Unlike DNA, RNA is typically single-stranded and contains the nucleotide uracil instead of thymine.
There are several types of RNA, each with specific functions. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs. Transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids to the ribosomes, ensuring that the correct sequence of amino acids is assembled during protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a structural component of ribosomes, which are the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis.
RNA is involved in various cellular processes beyond protein synthesis, such as gene regulation and the catalysis of biochemical reactions. Additionally, emerging research continues to unveil the diverse roles of RNA in cellular functions and disease mechanisms. The study of RNA has significant implications in understanding the fundamental processes of life and in the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Prokaryotic DNA replication begins at the origin of replication site where the replication fork is formed. DnaA and other proteins recognize the origin site and unwind the DNA double helix. RNA primers are synthesized which allows DNA polymerase III to begin bidirectional DNA synthesis of the leading and lagging strands. Okazaki fragments are formed and ligated on the lagging strand. Replication terminates when the replication forks meet at the termination site and the daughter chromosomes are separated.
DNA repair mechanism and their types.pptx
DNA repair is a collection of processes cells use to identify and correct damage to DNA. There are several types of DNA repair mechanisms, including direct repair, base excision repair, mismatch repair, recombination repair, and SOS repair. DNA repair has advantages of maintaining genetic integrity between generations and preserving individual health, but defects can lead to increased cancer risks and premature aging syndromes.
TOPIC NAME Structure of DNA and their Type.pptx
DNA has a double helix structure that resembles a twisted ladder. It is composed of nucleotides, each containing a sugar, phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases (A, T, C, or G). The bases on opposite strands bond together via hydrogen bonds between A-T and C-G to form the structure. Erwin Chargaff discovered that the amounts of A and T are equal, as are the amounts of C and G in any DNA sample. There are three types of DNA structures: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA.
LAC OPERON SYSTEM.pptx
The document describes the lac operon system, which was the first operon described in 1961 and controls the catabolism of lactose in prokaryotes. The lac operon has 5 structural units - a promoter, operator, three structural genes (LacZ, LacY, LacA) that encode enzymes for lactose breakdown, CAP binding sites, and a regulatory gene. When lactose is absent, a repressor protein binds to the operator, preventing transcription of the structural genes. When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor and causes a conformational change that releases it from the operator, allowing transcription and the breakdown of lactose.
LAC OPERON 2.pptx
The lac operon is a cluster of three genes in prokaryotes that are involved in processing the sugar lactose. It consists of a promoter, operator, and structural genes. The lac operon is inducible, meaning it is only transcribed when lactose is present. Depending on whether lactose and glucose are present or absent, the lac operon will be either actively transcribed or transcriptionally inactive.
DNA STRUCTURE AND TYPES.pptx
DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group. The bases--cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine--form rungs of a twisted ladder structure, while the alternating sugar and phosphate molecules form the sides. Watson and Crick discovered that the bases pair up specifically through hydrogen bonds to form the DNA double helix, which contains the genetic information needed to build an organism. DNA can take on different secondary structures including A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA forms.
TOPIC-DNA repair mechanism and their types.pptx
DNA repair mechanisms are necessary to correct damage to DNA that could otherwise lead to mutations and cancer. There are several types of DNA repair mechanisms that address different types of damage, including base repair through excision, resynthesis and ligation of bases, nucleotide excision repair to address mismatches, and mismatch repair to fix errors. Double stranded breaks can be repaired through non-homologous end joining or homologous recombination repair.
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- 1. Different Types of RNA, Their Sysnthesis and Structure
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