RNA plays important roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. It is composed of nucleotides containing ribose sugar rather than deoxyribose in DNA. RNA exists in several types including messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, transfer RNA (tRNA) which transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which is a major component of ribosomes and catalyzes peptide bond formation. The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins.
A Slideshow for Gr 12 Life Sciences students, focussing on aspects of nucleic acids and protein synthesis. It contains helpful information on DNA, RNA, DNA replication, transcription, translation, the importance of nucleic acids and genetic fingerprinting.
A Slideshow for Gr 12 Life Sciences students, focussing on aspects of nucleic acids and protein synthesis. It contains helpful information on DNA, RNA, DNA replication, transcription, translation, the importance of nucleic acids and genetic fingerprinting.
DNA is a double helical structure that transfers the genetic information from one generation to another. it consists of two strands with the four nucleotide basis .The four nucleotides contains adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine .These four nuclic basis are such arranged and coiled with the help of hydrogen bonds and forms the helical structure of DNA. In RNA the thymine is replaced with uracil. Here you will learn the replication ,transcription and translation process in DNA.
Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of RNA replica.- Source: Wikipedia
DNA is a double helical structure that transfers the genetic information from one generation to another. it consists of two strands with the four nucleotide basis .The four nucleotides contains adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine .These four nuclic basis are such arranged and coiled with the help of hydrogen bonds and forms the helical structure of DNA. In RNA the thymine is replaced with uracil. Here you will learn the replication ,transcription and translation process in DNA.
Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of RNA replica.- Source: Wikipedia
Nucleic Acids, RNA, DNA, Protein Synthesis, DNA Replication, Chromosomes: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for smartphones, classroom and printouts.
These are simplified slides from the first lecture in a three-lecture series by Dr. Sidra Arshad, diving into the significance of genetic control which stands as one of the most intricate, yet complex, physiological control mechanisms intimately interlinked with homeostasis and cellular functioning.
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the structure of DNA
2. Recognise the different types of RNA
3. Briefly describe the steps of transcription to elucidate the functions of different types of RNA
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 3, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 1, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. RNA Structure, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558999/
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
1. Basic study on Ribonucleic
Acid(RNA)
Presented By Puja Ghosh
M.Pharm 1st year,
Pharmacognosy
2. . Nucleic acid
• Essential biopolymers.
• Composed of nucleotides.
• composed of a phosphate-deoxyribose sugar and
nitrogenous bases A,G,C,T,U.
DNA
• Sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose
• alternating sugar-phosphate backbone
• contains our unique genetic code
• Two strands are held by hydrogen bonds,
A-T, G-C.
RNA
• Sugar is a compound ribose.
• Essential for synthesis of proteins.
• Nucleotides are held together by
phosphodiester linkage.
• Single stranded molecule, G-C, A-U.
• Essential in coding and decoding of
genes
3. • .
Nucleotide
• Long thread-like monomers that make up nucleic acids
Nitrogenous base (A, C, G, T or
U)
Pentose sugar
a 5-carbon sugar
Phosphate
Purines Pyrimidines
Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Uracil (U).
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
4. •The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology states
that DNA makes RNA makes proteins.
• The process by which DNA is copied to RNA is called transcription, and that by
which RNA is used to produce proteins is called translation.
5. •DNA REPLICATION
• Each time a cell divides, each of its double
strands of DNA splits into two single
strands.
• Each of these single strands acts as a
template for a new strand of
complementary DNA.
• As a result, each new cell has its own
complete genome. This process is known
as DNA replication.
Initiation The splitting happens in places of the chains
which are rich in A-T. unzip’ the double helix structure of
the DNAmolecule, formed Replication “Fork”
Elongation By this process DNA polymerases are
responsible creating the new strand.
Termination After the continuous and discontinuous
strands are formed, enzyme exonuclease removes all RNA
primers from the original strands by the help of DNA ligase.
6. • DNA REPLICATION: The process by which DNA makes itself copy during cell division.
‘unzip’ the double helix structure of the DNA molecule
Single strands of DNA creates a ‘Y’ shape called a replication ‘fork’
leading strand oriented in the 3’ to 5’ direction (towards the replication fork)
lagging strand oriented in the 5’ to 3’ direction (away from replication fork)
Continuous replication
Bases are matched up (A-T, C-G)
Adding bases A, C, G, T to the leading strand of DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
New DNA automatically winds up into a double helix.
Helicase enzyme breaks
hydrogen bond
Primer: A short
piece of RNA
Produced by an
enzyme primase
Discontinuous replication
Okazaki
fragments will
need to be
joined up later
Lagging strand is
copied in short
bursts of about 1000
bases, called Okazaki
fragments.
Enzyme Exonuclease strips removes away the primers
Primers are filled by complementary nucleotides.
Proofread to make sure there are no mistakes in the
new DNA sequence by DNA polymerases .
DNA ligase seals up the sequence of DNA into two
continuous double strands.
Two DNA molecules consisting of one new and one old
chain of nucleotides.
8. Messenger RNA
(mRNA)
• Formed in transcription.
• Transported out of the nucleus
into the cytoplasm, to the
ribosome (the cell's protein
synthesis factory).
• Directs protein synthesis.
• Convey genetic information
from DNA to the ribosome.
• carries the information needed
for protein synthesis.
9. •Formation of pre-messenger RNApartial unwinding of the double helix must occur before transcription
can take place
only one strand is transcribed, contains gene, called sense strand
copy of the sense strand, antisense strand that is transcribed.
Ribonucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) align along the antisense DNA
strand
A pairs with U
RNA polymerase joins the ribonucleotides, to form a pre-messenger
RNA molecule
Transcription ends when RNA polymerase enzyme reaches a triplet of
bases
RNA polymerase enzymes
that catalyze the process
a pre-messenger RNA
molecule
DNA molecule re-winds to
re-form the double helix.
10. • RNA Splicing:
• Spliceosomes are multimegadalton RNA (protein complexes) responsible for the
faithful removal of noncoding segments (introns which are not required for
protein synthesis) from pre-messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs), for the maturation of
eukaryotic mRNAs, this process called RNA splicing.
• Introns are spliced from the pre-messenger RNA to give messenger RNA (mRNA).
11. •tRNA Messenger RNA is not directly
involved in protein synthesis − transfer RNA
(tRNA) is required for this Protein synthesis.
Each tRNA contains one Anticodon, corresponds to one
mRNA codon and one amino acids
correct tRNA Anticodon finds the mRNA, its amino acid is
added to the growing protein chain.
After adding amino acid to the growing protein chain, a
peptide bond forms between the two amino acids to make
a tripeptide;
After this tRNA goes to pick up a new amino acid to bring
to a new mRNA.
the unchanged tRNA leaves ribosome
12. •rRNA:
• 3/5 of ribosome mass.
• Ribosomal RNA(rRNA),
that is the central
component of the
ribosome's protein-
manufacturing machinery.
• Proteins and rRNAs, come
together to form a
molecular machine that
can read messenger RNAs
and translate the
information they carry into
proteins and provide space
for protein synthesis.
rRNA(70s, 80s)
Small subunit (SSU)
• eukaryotic - 30s
• Prokaryotic - 40s
large subunit (LSU)
• acts as a ribozyme,
catalyzing peptide bond formation.
• eukaryotic - 50s
• Prokaryotic - 60s
rRNA in dark blue (small subunit) and dark red (large subunit). Lighter colors represent ribosomal proteins.
13. •Importance of RNA:
• mRNA: carries genetic formation of DNA for protein synthesis from
nucleus to Ribosome in the genetic code.
• it is important because ribosome can not reach to the DNA inside the
cell nucleus.
• tRNA: Carries amino acids and drop it to a particular position by
recognizing codon with the help of Anticodon.
• brings amino acid for protein production.
• rRNA: Combines with proteins to form Ribosome.
• protein builder.
15. Differences between RNA and DNA
DNA RNA
Double stranded Single stranded
The sugar moiety is deoxy ribose Ribose is the main sugar
Pyrimidine components differ. uracil is
never found
Pyrimidine components differ. Thymine
is never found(Except tRNA)
Mainly found in nucleus Mainly cytoplasmic, but also present in
nucleus.
DNA can form DNA by replication, RNA is synthesized from DNA, it can not
form DNA
