Different types of ophthalmic instruments
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Ophthalmic instruments utilized by means of ophthalmologists as well as eyes doctors to help analyze different kindsconnected with eyes ailments. These kind of machines are quite important as well as important for specific eyes examinations.
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Autorefractometer
This document discusses the history and principles of autorefractors. It explains that autorefractors use infrared light and meridional refractometry to objectively determine a patient's refractive error without needing subjective feedback. Modern autorefractors are more accurate and efficient than older subjective methods due to advances in electronics. They work by projecting an infrared fixation target and using a Badal optometer and fogging technique to relax accommodation and obtain refractive measurements.
Retinoscopy and its principles
This document provides an overview of retinoscopy, including:
- A brief history and the development of different types of retinoscopes.
- The optical principles behind how retinoscopy works to assess refractive error.
- Different techniques for performing retinoscopy, including static, dynamic, and near retinoscopy.
- Factors that can impact the results or make retinoscopy more difficult in some patients.
- Uses of retinoscopy beyond assessing refractive error, such as detecting other ocular issues.
Tonometry
This document discusses various methods for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP), including direct and indirect techniques. Direct manometry involves inserting a needle into the eye, while indirect methods include indentation tonometry using the Schiotz tonometer, various types of applanation tonometry (Goldmann, Perkins, pneumatic, Tono-Pen), and non-contact tonometry. Factors like ocular rigidity, corneal thickness and curvature can influence tonometry readings. Newer methods like the dynamic contour tonometer and ocular response analyzer aim to provide measurements less affected by corneal properties.
Diplopia charting
Diplopia, or double vision, occurs when more than one image of an object is seen simultaneously. It can be caused by abnormalities in the eyes themselves or issues with eye movement coordination. A diplopia chart is used to evaluate the type and location of double vision by having the patient report the appearance of light sources in different gaze positions. Interpretation of the chart provides clues to which eye muscles may be affected and whether the cause is neurogenic, restrictive, or myogenic in nature. Treatment options include glasses, prisms, eye patching, or strabismus surgery depending on the deviation and goal of eliminating diplopia.
Direct ophthalmoscopy
The direct ophthalmoscope is a handheld instrument used to examine the fundus monocularly within a central 7-10 degree retinal area. It provides 15x magnification. It has illumination and viewing systems, including tungsten bulbs, lenses, filters and apertures to examine the retina, optic disc, vessels, macula and other structures. Key aspects include assessing the optic disc size and color, cup-to-disc ratio, macula, vessels and looking for abnormalities. It allows gross anterior segment examination with additional lenses.
Sturm's Conoid ppt
“sturm Conoid is just a representation of how rays are refracted through two different powered meridians” (eg: a sphero- cylindrical lens). So, instead of one focal point, they form two focal lines.
Sturm’s Conoid/Interval:
Etiology of Sturm’s Conoid :
Focus of Sturm’s Conoid AC/to The Types of Astigmatism:
A scan biometry
A-scan biometry is an ultrasound test used to measure the length of the eye, which is important for determining treatments for sight disorders. It works by emitting a sound beam into the eye and measuring the echoes that bounce back from different structures. The measurements of axial length, corneal curvature, and estimated lens position are used to calculate the ideal intraocular lens power needed after cataract surgery. Accuracy is important as even small errors in measurement can significantly impact the calculated lens power. Different formulas exist to relate the biometry measurements to the appropriate lens power, with newer regression formulas found to be most accurate.
Hypermetropia ppt
This document discusses hyperopia (farsightedness), which occurs when parallel rays of light focus behind the retina at rest. It defines different types of hyperopia such as physiological and pathological. Symptoms include eye strain, headaches, and blurred near vision. Diagnosis involves visual acuity tests, retinoscopy, and subjective refraction. Treatment options include convex lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery like LASIK. The prevalence of hyperopia changes with age, from high levels in infants to low levels in adults that may increase again in older age.
Recommended
Autorefractometer
This document discusses the history and principles of autorefractors. It explains that autorefractors use infrared light and meridional refractometry to objectively determine a patient's refractive error without needing subjective feedback. Modern autorefractors are more accurate and efficient than older subjective methods due to advances in electronics. They work by projecting an infrared fixation target and using a Badal optometer and fogging technique to relax accommodation and obtain refractive measurements.
Retinoscopy and its principles
This document provides an overview of retinoscopy, including:
- A brief history and the development of different types of retinoscopes.
- The optical principles behind how retinoscopy works to assess refractive error.
- Different techniques for performing retinoscopy, including static, dynamic, and near retinoscopy.
- Factors that can impact the results or make retinoscopy more difficult in some patients.
- Uses of retinoscopy beyond assessing refractive error, such as detecting other ocular issues.
Tonometry
This document discusses various methods for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP), including direct and indirect techniques. Direct manometry involves inserting a needle into the eye, while indirect methods include indentation tonometry using the Schiotz tonometer, various types of applanation tonometry (Goldmann, Perkins, pneumatic, Tono-Pen), and non-contact tonometry. Factors like ocular rigidity, corneal thickness and curvature can influence tonometry readings. Newer methods like the dynamic contour tonometer and ocular response analyzer aim to provide measurements less affected by corneal properties.
Diplopia charting
Diplopia, or double vision, occurs when more than one image of an object is seen simultaneously. It can be caused by abnormalities in the eyes themselves or issues with eye movement coordination. A diplopia chart is used to evaluate the type and location of double vision by having the patient report the appearance of light sources in different gaze positions. Interpretation of the chart provides clues to which eye muscles may be affected and whether the cause is neurogenic, restrictive, or myogenic in nature. Treatment options include glasses, prisms, eye patching, or strabismus surgery depending on the deviation and goal of eliminating diplopia.
Direct ophthalmoscopy
The direct ophthalmoscope is a handheld instrument used to examine the fundus monocularly within a central 7-10 degree retinal area. It provides 15x magnification. It has illumination and viewing systems, including tungsten bulbs, lenses, filters and apertures to examine the retina, optic disc, vessels, macula and other structures. Key aspects include assessing the optic disc size and color, cup-to-disc ratio, macula, vessels and looking for abnormalities. It allows gross anterior segment examination with additional lenses.
Sturm's Conoid ppt
“sturm Conoid is just a representation of how rays are refracted through two different powered meridians” (eg: a sphero- cylindrical lens). So, instead of one focal point, they form two focal lines.
Sturm’s Conoid/Interval:
Etiology of Sturm’s Conoid :
Focus of Sturm’s Conoid AC/to The Types of Astigmatism:
A scan biometry
A-scan biometry is an ultrasound test used to measure the length of the eye, which is important for determining treatments for sight disorders. It works by emitting a sound beam into the eye and measuring the echoes that bounce back from different structures. The measurements of axial length, corneal curvature, and estimated lens position are used to calculate the ideal intraocular lens power needed after cataract surgery. Accuracy is important as even small errors in measurement can significantly impact the calculated lens power. Different formulas exist to relate the biometry measurements to the appropriate lens power, with newer regression formulas found to be most accurate.
Hypermetropia ppt
This document discusses hyperopia (farsightedness), which occurs when parallel rays of light focus behind the retina at rest. It defines different types of hyperopia such as physiological and pathological. Symptoms include eye strain, headaches, and blurred near vision. Diagnosis involves visual acuity tests, retinoscopy, and subjective refraction. Treatment options include convex lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery like LASIK. The prevalence of hyperopia changes with age, from high levels in infants to low levels in adults that may increase again in older age.
Indirect ophthalmoscopy
Indirect ophthalmoscopy allows examination of the peripheral fundus and posterior pole. It should be used when examining patients with symptoms suggesting retinal abnormalities or those with systemic diseases affecting the retina. Indirect ophthalmoscopy involves placing a high-power convex lens in front of the eye to form a real, inverted image of the fundus. There are two methods: monocular uses a handheld lens and provides an erect image, while binocular allows stereoscopic viewing. Proper technique involves dilating the pupil and using a condensing lens held near the eye to view the magnified retinal image.
Astigmatism
Astigmatism is a refractive error where the refraction varies in different meridians. There are two types: regular and irregular. Regular astigmatism has two principal meridians and can be with-the-rule, against-the-rule, oblique, or bi-oblique depending on the axis. Irregular astigmatism has an irregular change in refractive power. Both cause blurred vision and symptoms. Regular astigmatism is treated with cylindrical lenses, contact lenses, or LASIK while irregular astigmatism may require contact lenses, phototherapeutic keratectomy, or surgery.
Optometry instruments
Optometry instruments is a presentation to describe instrument in a beautiful way. use this tool to improve your knowledge. stay blessed. Regards Muhammad Akbar Rashid Qadri.
Trial box
The document describes the components and uses of a trial box, which is a set of lenses, frames, and accessories used to test vision. It contains trial frames that hold spherical, cylindrical, and prismatic lenses in various diopters for refraction testing. Accessories include occluders, filters, charts, and tools like Maddox rods and cross cylinders. The trial box is used for objective and subjective refraction, diagnosing conditions like squint, and assessing binocular vision.
Slit lamp ..
The document discusses slit lamp examinations, which use a high-intensity light source focused as a slit and viewed through a microscope to examine the anterior segment of the eye. It describes the basic components and principles of the slit lamp biomicroscope, various illumination techniques used to examine different ocular structures, and historical developments of the slit lamp.
Trial set
The trial case contains spherical and cylindrical lenses of known power ranging from +0.12D to -20.00D for spherical lenses and +0.25D to -6.00D for cylindrical lenses. It also includes prisms up to 10 prism diopters, trial frames, occluders, pinholes, filters, and other accessories used to perform refraction tests and examinations.
Laser in ophthalmology
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Keratoconus
Keratoconus is a non-inflammatory condition where the cornea progressively thins and changes from a dome shape to a cone shape. It typically develops between ages 8-45. The cornea thins and breaks occur in the Bowman's layer and Descemet's membrane. Diagnosis involves examining for Fleischer's ring, Vogt's striae, and irregular topography. Mild cases are treated with glasses or soft contacts while more severe cases require rigid gas permeable contacts or surgical interventions like intracorneal ring segments, lamellar keratoplasty, or penetrating keratoplasty.
Classification of squint
This document classifies and describes different types of squint (strabismus). It discusses heterophoria vs heterotropia and describes various classifications of squint including by direction of deviation, comitancy, duration, laterality, accommodation, and other categories. The classifications are explained in detail with examples.
Indirect ophthalmoscopy
Indirect ophthalmoscopy has evolved since its introduction in the 1850s to become an indispensable tool for examining the retina. It allows examination of the peripheral retina through the use of a condensing lens held close to the eye. The observer views an enlarged, inverted image of the retina. Several advantages include the ability to compensate for a patient's refractive error, good illumination, and use with scleral indentation to examine the far periphery. Adjustments of the lens diopter and observation distance allow viewing different areas of the retina with varying magnification and field of view. Proper technique involves adjusting the headband-mounted binocular scope and positioning the condensing lens.
Refrective surgery ppt
This document discusses various refractive surgery procedures used to correct refractive errors of the eye, including incisional keratotomy techniques, lamellar procedures, laser ablation procedures, corneal implants, and lens-based procedures. It provides details on common procedures like radial keratotomy, LASIK, PRK, and LASEK. It covers patient evaluation, surgical techniques, potential complications, and advantages of different approaches. Wavefront-guided customized excimer laser surgery is also introduced to correct higher-order aberrations in addition to spherical and cylindrical errors.
Cataract
This document provides an overview of cataracts, including:
- Definitions and types of cataracts such as developmental, acquired, congenital, and secondary.
- Causes of cataracts including age, genetics, trauma, toxins, and medical conditions.
- Classification systems for cataracts based on location, shape, degree of opacity.
- Symptoms such as decreased vision and glare.
- Stages of cortical and nuclear cataracts.
- Secondary cataracts that develop due to underlying ocular diseases.
Vitreous
This document provides information on the anatomy and diseases of the vitreous humor. It discusses that the vitreous humor is a jelly-like structure that fills the back of the eye and provides support. Common diseases include vitreous liquefaction, detachment, hemorrhage, and opacities. Vitreous liquefaction is the most common degenerative change and causes floaters. Posterior vitreous detachment often occurs in older individuals and may lead to retinal tears or breaks. Vitreous opacities can result from inflammatory cells, aggregates, tumors or hemorrhages. Vitreous hemorrhage usually stems from retinal vessels and can cause vision loss.
Pterygium Surgery
The document discusses pterygium, a benign growth of conjunctival tissue that commonly occurs on the nasal side of the eye. It is associated with ultraviolet light exposure. The growth can cause irritation and decreased vision due to induced astigmatism. Treatment options include lubricants, sunglasses, and surgery. For surgery, the growth is removed and a conjunctival autograft is placed to reduce the risk of recurrence compared to primary closure. Post-operative care involves topical antibiotics, steroids, and pain medication. The document also presents a case study of a patient who underwent successful pterygium surgery.
Subjective refraction
The document discusses subjective refraction techniques. It begins by outlining the aims of learning about refraction and subjective refraction techniques. It then defines refraction and discusses the difference between objective and subjective refraction. Several techniques for subjective refraction are described in detail, including Jackson Cross Cylinder, fogging method, duochrome test, Worth Four Dot Test, binocular balancing, and binocular best sphere. The document provides examples and outlines the standard procedure for performing subjective refraction.
Visual acuity testing
Visual acuity is a measure of the eye's ability to see fine detail and discriminate between two points. It is defined as the inverse of the minimum visual angle that can be resolved by the eye. Visual acuity is measured using charts with letters, numbers, or symbols of decreasing size. The Snellen chart is commonly used, with letters sized so that the big "E" subtends 5 minutes of arc at 20 feet. Lower visual acuity is recorded with higher numbers or fractions. Tests measure visual acuity under optimal conditions and help detect vision problems and monitor eye health.
Pseudophakia
This document discusses pseudophakia, which is the condition of having an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) implanted in the eye, usually to treat cataract or aphakia. It describes how IOL power is calculated based on keratometry and axial length measurements to achieve emmetropia. The most common IOL implantation method uses posterior chamber IOLs secured in the ciliary sulcus, but other types include anterior chamber, iris-supported, and scleral fixated IOLs. The refractive status after implantation can be emmetropic, myopic, hyperopic, or induce astigmatism depending on the accuracy of the IOL power calculation. Signs of pseudophak
Instruments
This document describes various instruments used in cataract and lacrimal surgery. It provides details on the characteristics and uses of instruments such as the Barraquer wire speculum, superior rectus holding forceps, conjunctival spring scissor, globe fixation forcep, electrocautery, Bard Parker knife, crescent knife, keratome, cystitome, Kelman-McPherson forceps, lens expressor, irrigation wire vectis, Simcoe's two way irrigation and aspiration canulla, lens holding forcep, Sinskey hook, ring capsule polisher, trephines, Citelli's bone punch, chisel, punctum dilator, and lacrimal probe. These
Contact lens
This document provides information on contact lenses, including their indications, contraindications, types, fitting procedures, parameters, complications, and special considerations. It discusses rigid gas permeable, soft, therapeutic, extended wear, disposable, and cosmetic contact lenses. Key details include the materials used to manufacture different contact lens types, advantages and disadvantages, fitting considerations like base curve and power, and potential post-fitting complications.
VISUALACUITY CHARTS
Visual acuity charts and tests are used to measure the visual acuity or clarity of vision of the eyes. There are two main types of charts - distance vision charts and near vision charts. Common distance vision tests include the Snellen chart, Landolt C chart, and LogMAR chart. The Snellen chart uses letters of decreasing size arranged at a standard test distance of 6 meters or 20 feet to measure visual acuity denoted in fractions like 6/6 or 20/20. Near vision tests include the Jaeger chart which uses printed text of decreasing font size. Visual acuity can be measured for different age groups using specialized pediatric tests that do not require reading letters like preferential looking tests.
Direct Ophthalmoscopy/Fundoscopy
Presentation describing the technique used in direct fundoscopic/opthalmoscopic exam, with some illustration of common pathologies as well as the use of fluorescein to reveal corneal injuries.
Note: there is a typo on slide 7. This slide should instead read "Central Serous Retinopathy (CSR)".
Sources for all imagery and sources listed in references section where possible. I do not claim ownership of any images or graphics. Slides for educational purposes only, and should not replace clinical judgement. No monetary gain was made for this work.
The Eye
This document describes several common diagnostic eye tests and procedures: color vision tests check the ability to distinguish colors, fluorescein angiography looks at blood flow using dye and cameras, keratometry measures corneal curvature, ophthalmoscopy examines the retina and other structures in the back of the eye, refractive error tests check for nearsightedness or farsightedness, slit lamp microscopy uses a high-intensity light to examine the eye, tonometry measures intraocular pressure, and visual acuity tests determine sharpness of vision using a Snellen chart.
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Indirect ophthalmoscopy
Indirect ophthalmoscopy allows examination of the peripheral fundus and posterior pole. It should be used when examining patients with symptoms suggesting retinal abnormalities or those with systemic diseases affecting the retina. Indirect ophthalmoscopy involves placing a high-power convex lens in front of the eye to form a real, inverted image of the fundus. There are two methods: monocular uses a handheld lens and provides an erect image, while binocular allows stereoscopic viewing. Proper technique involves dilating the pupil and using a condensing lens held near the eye to view the magnified retinal image.
Astigmatism
Astigmatism is a refractive error where the refraction varies in different meridians. There are two types: regular and irregular. Regular astigmatism has two principal meridians and can be with-the-rule, against-the-rule, oblique, or bi-oblique depending on the axis. Irregular astigmatism has an irregular change in refractive power. Both cause blurred vision and symptoms. Regular astigmatism is treated with cylindrical lenses, contact lenses, or LASIK while irregular astigmatism may require contact lenses, phototherapeutic keratectomy, or surgery.
Optometry instruments
Optometry instruments is a presentation to describe instrument in a beautiful way. use this tool to improve your knowledge. stay blessed. Regards Muhammad Akbar Rashid Qadri.
Trial box
The document describes the components and uses of a trial box, which is a set of lenses, frames, and accessories used to test vision. It contains trial frames that hold spherical, cylindrical, and prismatic lenses in various diopters for refraction testing. Accessories include occluders, filters, charts, and tools like Maddox rods and cross cylinders. The trial box is used for objective and subjective refraction, diagnosing conditions like squint, and assessing binocular vision.
Slit lamp ..
The document discusses slit lamp examinations, which use a high-intensity light source focused as a slit and viewed through a microscope to examine the anterior segment of the eye. It describes the basic components and principles of the slit lamp biomicroscope, various illumination techniques used to examine different ocular structures, and historical developments of the slit lamp.
Trial set
The trial case contains spherical and cylindrical lenses of known power ranging from +0.12D to -20.00D for spherical lenses and +0.25D to -6.00D for cylindrical lenses. It also includes prisms up to 10 prism diopters, trial frames, occluders, pinholes, filters, and other accessories used to perform refraction tests and examinations.
Laser in ophthalmology
The document discusses lasers used in ophthalmology. It begins by defining what a laser is in terms of its acronym parts. It then covers laser physics including absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission. It describes different types of lasers used in ophthalmology like Nd:YAG, excimer, and diode lasers. Applications covered include treatments for glaucoma, cataracts, retinal diseases, and refractive errors. Mechanisms of laser tissue interaction like photocoagulation and photodisruption are also summarized.
Keratoconus
Keratoconus is a non-inflammatory condition where the cornea progressively thins and changes from a dome shape to a cone shape. It typically develops between ages 8-45. The cornea thins and breaks occur in the Bowman's layer and Descemet's membrane. Diagnosis involves examining for Fleischer's ring, Vogt's striae, and irregular topography. Mild cases are treated with glasses or soft contacts while more severe cases require rigid gas permeable contacts or surgical interventions like intracorneal ring segments, lamellar keratoplasty, or penetrating keratoplasty.
Classification of squint
This document classifies and describes different types of squint (strabismus). It discusses heterophoria vs heterotropia and describes various classifications of squint including by direction of deviation, comitancy, duration, laterality, accommodation, and other categories. The classifications are explained in detail with examples.
Indirect ophthalmoscopy
Indirect ophthalmoscopy has evolved since its introduction in the 1850s to become an indispensable tool for examining the retina. It allows examination of the peripheral retina through the use of a condensing lens held close to the eye. The observer views an enlarged, inverted image of the retina. Several advantages include the ability to compensate for a patient's refractive error, good illumination, and use with scleral indentation to examine the far periphery. Adjustments of the lens diopter and observation distance allow viewing different areas of the retina with varying magnification and field of view. Proper technique involves adjusting the headband-mounted binocular scope and positioning the condensing lens.
Refrective surgery ppt
This document discusses various refractive surgery procedures used to correct refractive errors of the eye, including incisional keratotomy techniques, lamellar procedures, laser ablation procedures, corneal implants, and lens-based procedures. It provides details on common procedures like radial keratotomy, LASIK, PRK, and LASEK. It covers patient evaluation, surgical techniques, potential complications, and advantages of different approaches. Wavefront-guided customized excimer laser surgery is also introduced to correct higher-order aberrations in addition to spherical and cylindrical errors.
Cataract
This document provides an overview of cataracts, including:
- Definitions and types of cataracts such as developmental, acquired, congenital, and secondary.
- Causes of cataracts including age, genetics, trauma, toxins, and medical conditions.
- Classification systems for cataracts based on location, shape, degree of opacity.
- Symptoms such as decreased vision and glare.
- Stages of cortical and nuclear cataracts.
- Secondary cataracts that develop due to underlying ocular diseases.
Vitreous
This document provides information on the anatomy and diseases of the vitreous humor. It discusses that the vitreous humor is a jelly-like structure that fills the back of the eye and provides support. Common diseases include vitreous liquefaction, detachment, hemorrhage, and opacities. Vitreous liquefaction is the most common degenerative change and causes floaters. Posterior vitreous detachment often occurs in older individuals and may lead to retinal tears or breaks. Vitreous opacities can result from inflammatory cells, aggregates, tumors or hemorrhages. Vitreous hemorrhage usually stems from retinal vessels and can cause vision loss.
Pterygium Surgery
The document discusses pterygium, a benign growth of conjunctival tissue that commonly occurs on the nasal side of the eye. It is associated with ultraviolet light exposure. The growth can cause irritation and decreased vision due to induced astigmatism. Treatment options include lubricants, sunglasses, and surgery. For surgery, the growth is removed and a conjunctival autograft is placed to reduce the risk of recurrence compared to primary closure. Post-operative care involves topical antibiotics, steroids, and pain medication. The document also presents a case study of a patient who underwent successful pterygium surgery.
Subjective refraction
The document discusses subjective refraction techniques. It begins by outlining the aims of learning about refraction and subjective refraction techniques. It then defines refraction and discusses the difference between objective and subjective refraction. Several techniques for subjective refraction are described in detail, including Jackson Cross Cylinder, fogging method, duochrome test, Worth Four Dot Test, binocular balancing, and binocular best sphere. The document provides examples and outlines the standard procedure for performing subjective refraction.
Visual acuity testing
Visual acuity is a measure of the eye's ability to see fine detail and discriminate between two points. It is defined as the inverse of the minimum visual angle that can be resolved by the eye. Visual acuity is measured using charts with letters, numbers, or symbols of decreasing size. The Snellen chart is commonly used, with letters sized so that the big "E" subtends 5 minutes of arc at 20 feet. Lower visual acuity is recorded with higher numbers or fractions. Tests measure visual acuity under optimal conditions and help detect vision problems and monitor eye health.
Pseudophakia
This document discusses pseudophakia, which is the condition of having an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) implanted in the eye, usually to treat cataract or aphakia. It describes how IOL power is calculated based on keratometry and axial length measurements to achieve emmetropia. The most common IOL implantation method uses posterior chamber IOLs secured in the ciliary sulcus, but other types include anterior chamber, iris-supported, and scleral fixated IOLs. The refractive status after implantation can be emmetropic, myopic, hyperopic, or induce astigmatism depending on the accuracy of the IOL power calculation. Signs of pseudophak
Instruments
This document describes various instruments used in cataract and lacrimal surgery. It provides details on the characteristics and uses of instruments such as the Barraquer wire speculum, superior rectus holding forceps, conjunctival spring scissor, globe fixation forcep, electrocautery, Bard Parker knife, crescent knife, keratome, cystitome, Kelman-McPherson forceps, lens expressor, irrigation wire vectis, Simcoe's two way irrigation and aspiration canulla, lens holding forcep, Sinskey hook, ring capsule polisher, trephines, Citelli's bone punch, chisel, punctum dilator, and lacrimal probe. These
Contact lens
This document provides information on contact lenses, including their indications, contraindications, types, fitting procedures, parameters, complications, and special considerations. It discusses rigid gas permeable, soft, therapeutic, extended wear, disposable, and cosmetic contact lenses. Key details include the materials used to manufacture different contact lens types, advantages and disadvantages, fitting considerations like base curve and power, and potential post-fitting complications.
VISUALACUITY CHARTS
Visual acuity charts and tests are used to measure the visual acuity or clarity of vision of the eyes. There are two main types of charts - distance vision charts and near vision charts. Common distance vision tests include the Snellen chart, Landolt C chart, and LogMAR chart. The Snellen chart uses letters of decreasing size arranged at a standard test distance of 6 meters or 20 feet to measure visual acuity denoted in fractions like 6/6 or 20/20. Near vision tests include the Jaeger chart which uses printed text of decreasing font size. Visual acuity can be measured for different age groups using specialized pediatric tests that do not require reading letters like preferential looking tests.
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Similar to Different types of ophthalmic instruments
Direct Ophthalmoscopy/Fundoscopy
Presentation describing the technique used in direct fundoscopic/opthalmoscopic exam, with some illustration of common pathologies as well as the use of fluorescein to reveal corneal injuries.
Note: there is a typo on slide 7. This slide should instead read "Central Serous Retinopathy (CSR)".
Sources for all imagery and sources listed in references section where possible. I do not claim ownership of any images or graphics. Slides for educational purposes only, and should not replace clinical judgement. No monetary gain was made for this work.
The Eye
This document describes several common diagnostic eye tests and procedures: color vision tests check the ability to distinguish colors, fluorescein angiography looks at blood flow using dye and cameras, keratometry measures corneal curvature, ophthalmoscopy examines the retina and other structures in the back of the eye, refractive error tests check for nearsightedness or farsightedness, slit lamp microscopy uses a high-intensity light to examine the eye, tonometry measures intraocular pressure, and visual acuity tests determine sharpness of vision using a Snellen chart.
assessment of refractive errors
Refractive error occurs when light is not correctly focused on the retina due to alterations in the shape of the eye, leading to blurred vision. There are several types of refractive error, including myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. Doctors use various tests to evaluate refractive error, such as visual acuity tests to check detail vision, retinoscopy to examine the retina's reflection and determine if someone is nearsighted or farsighted, and phoropters to measure refractive error by changing lenses while the patient provides feedback. Corneal topography provides a detailed 3D map of the cornea's shape to help plan for astigmatism surgery.
Behind The Scenes
The document provides an overview of optometry and eye exams. It discusses the history of optometry, what a standard eye exam involves, including case history, refractive tests, binocular and accommodation tests, and ocular health evaluation. It then describes how some optometrists are modernizing exams with new technologies like optical coherence tomography, fundus photography, and automated testing to provide more detailed analysis of the eye.
Eye Tracking Software model of left right all
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This document provides instructions for measuring eye refraction using an autorefractor. The autorefractor uses infrared light and photoelements to evaluate and determine a patient's eye refraction by measuring the speed, quality, and direction of the reflected light. After positioning and focusing on the eye, the autorefractor emits a light ray that reflects off the retina and is detected by a CCD camera. The measured values for sphere, cylinder, and axis are then printed out.
Ophthalmoscopy
This document discusses ophthalmoscopy, which allows health professionals to examine the inside of the eye. It describes how an ophthalmoscope works using a light source and magnifying lenses to view the posterior structures of the eye. The document outlines the different types of ophthalmoscopes and lenses used, as well as the procedures for direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy examinations. It also notes some potential risks and limitations of direct ophthalmoscopy examinations.
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In this file principle, structure, types and abilities of microscope is discussed.
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In this file all the types of microscope along with their resolution are present.
Review the slide for better understanding.
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retinoscope & retinoscopy.pptx
Retinoscopy is an objective refraction technique that uses a retinoscope to determine a person's refractive error by examining the movement of the light reflex in their eyes. There are different types of retinoscopes including plane mirror and self-illuminated varieties. The exam involves illuminating the retina and observing the light reflex to determine if plus or minus lenses are needed to neutralize movement and find the proper prescription. Cycloplegic eye drops may be used to relax accommodation before performing the exam, especially in children.
Corneal topographer - Medical Equipment
Corneal topography, also known as photokeratoscopy or videokeratography, is a non-invasive medical imaging technique for mapping the surface curvature of the cornea, the outer structure of the eye. Corneal topography is a computer assisted diagnostic tool that creates a three-dimensional map of the surface curvature of the cornea. ... The greatest advantage of corneal topography is its ability to detect irregular conditions invisible to most conventional testing.
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Microscopy
The document discusses different types of microscopes, including compound microscopes and stereomicroscopes. It describes the key parts and principles of operation. Compound microscopes use multiple lenses to magnify specimens and provide a two-dimensional image. Stereomicroscopes use two optical paths to provide a three-dimensional view of surface details. Examples of uses include biology studies, forensics, manufacturing quality control, and more. The document also discusses who may have invented the compound microscope and provides references for further reading.
Direct ophthalmoscope.pptx
you will get information and knowledge about the direct ophthalmic instrument known as ophthalmoscope.
its principle, parts, types, its different filters, techniques, uses, and its method is explained in these slides.
Exophthalmometer
The document discusses the use of an exophthalmometer to measure exophthalmos. It describes how an exophthalmometer works by measuring the distance between the lateral orbital rim and the cornea. It outlines the normal measurement range and discusses different types of exophthalmometers, including the Hertel, Naugle, and Luedde versions. The document also provides guidance on examining a patient for exophthalmos and determining if further investigation is needed.
Autorefractor - Medical Equipment
An autorefractor or automated refractor is a computer-controlled machine used during an eye examination to provide an objective measurement of a person's refractive error and a prescription for glasses or contact lenses. This is achieved by measuring how light is changed as it enters a person's eye.
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This document discusses various laboratory equipment used in medical testing. It describes microscopes that use light, fluorescence, electrons, and x-rays to view small objects. It also explains hematology analyzers that count and characterize blood cells, haemocytometers that manually count cells, centrifuges that separate blood components, coagulometers that measure clotting, micropipettes that transport small volumes, Sahli haemoglobinometers for hemoglobin estimation, and spirometers that measure lung ventilation. References are provided for additional information on these topics.
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Different types of ophthalmic instruments
- 1. Different Types of Ophthalmic Instruments
- 2. Various types of ophthalmic equipments are used by ophthalmologists to test vision and to determine the health of the eye.
- 3. Some of the most important Ophthalmic instruments: Ophthalmoscope The refractor instrument or the phoropter Keratometer Retinoscope Topographer Slit lamp bio microscope Tonometer Chart projector
- 4. Ophthalmoscope Used to view the retina of the eye
- 5. The refractor instrument or the phoropter Used to measure the glasses prescription.
- 6. Keratometer It is used for measuring the shape of the cornea or the curvature of the eye.
- 7. Retinoscope The equipment being a handheld instrument can evaluate prescription strengths.
- 8. Topographer It is used for creating a cornea map and is used along with the Keratometer.
- 9. Slit lamp biomicroscope Equipment used to examine the structures in the front of the eye.
- 10. Chart projector chart projectors which displays letters and signs on a screen to test the eye sight of the patient.
- 11. Tonometer Equipment which is used for diagnosing glaucoma by measuring the pressure in the eye.
- 12. Buy Online Ophthalmic Instruments at http://surgicalinstruments.com