3. Type of astigmatism – There are two type of astigmatism
1) Regular
2) irregular
REGULAR ASTIGMATISM – The astigmatism is regular
when the refractive power changes uniformly from one meridian to
another (i.e. there are two principal meridia)
4. Aetiology – 1) Corneal astigmatism
2) Lenticular astigmatism
3) Retinal astigmatism
Type of regular astigmatism – Depending upon the axis and angle
between the two principal meridia
Classified into following type –
1) With-the-rule astigmatism
2) Against-the-rule astigmatism
3) Oblique astigmatism
4) Bi-oblique astigmatism
5. 1)WITH-THE-RULE ASTIGMASTISM-
The two principal meridia are placed at right angles
to one another but the vertical meridian is more curved than the
horizontal
7. 3) OBLIQUE ASTIGMATISM – the two principal meridia
are not the horizontal and vertical , though these are at right
angle to another
8. 4) Bioblique astigmatism –The two principal
meridians are not at right angle to each other but are crossed
obliquely
9. Refractive type of regular astigmatism –
Depending upon the position of two focal lines in
relation to retina
It classified into three type – A) Simple astigmatism
B) Compound astigmatism
C) Mixed astigmatism
10. Symptoms –
Blurring of vision
Asthenopic symptoms
Tilting of head
Squinting
Burnning and itching
Investigation –
Retinoscopy
Keratometry
Corneal topography
Astigmatic fan test
Jackson cross cylinder test
11. TREATMENTS –
1) OPTICAL TREATMENTS
• Cylindrical lenses
• Hard contact lens may be correct up to 2-3 D
• For higher degrees of astigmatism ,toric contact lens are needed
2) SURGICAL CORRECTION –LASIK SURGERY