This document discusses various laboratory equipment used in medical testing. It describes microscopes that use light, fluorescence, electrons, and x-rays to view small objects. It also explains hematology analyzers that count and characterize blood cells, haemocytometers that manually count cells, centrifuges that separate blood components, coagulometers that measure clotting, micropipettes that transport small volumes, Sahli haemoglobinometers for hemoglobin estimation, and spirometers that measure lung ventilation. References are provided for additional information on these topics.

1. Prepared By :-
Abu Raihan Shams
Aqsa Khan
Pharm. D , 2nd
Guided By :-
Dr. SHAHID JAMIL
ASST. PROFESSOR

3. Microscope
Microscope is an
instrument used to see
objects that are too small
which cannot be seen by
the naked eye.

4. Use of different types of Microscope
Light Microscopes
It is the most common scopes found in labs
which use visible projected light to
illuminate and magnify an object.
Fluorescent Microscopes
The fluorescent or confocal microscope uses ultraviolet
light as its light source. When ultraviolet light hits an
object it excites the electrons of the object, emitting
light in various colors, which can help identify bacteria
inside an organism.

5. Electron Microscopes
The energy source used in the electron
microscope is a beam of electrons. The
beam has an exceptionally short wavelength,
and increases the resolution of the image
significantly over light microscopy.
X-Ray Microscopes
As the name suggests, these microscopes use a beam of X-rays to
create an image. Unlike visible light, X-rays do not reflect or refract
easily, and they are invisible to the human eye.
The image resolution of an X-ray microscope falls between that of
an optical microscope and that of an electron microscope, and is
sensitive enough to determine the individual placement of atoms
within molecules of a crystal.

6. Haematology Analyzer
 Hematology analyzers are
used widely in patient and
research settings to count
and characterize blood cells
for disease detection and
monitoring.
 Basically analyzers return a
complete blood count (CBC)
with a three-part differential
white blood cell (WBC)
count.
 Sophisticated analyzers
measure cell morphology
and can detect small cell
populations to diagnose rare
blood conditions

7. Haemocytometer
 A Haemocytometer is a specialised slide that has a counting
chamber with a known volume of liquid.
 It is a microscope associated apparatus used for manual
counting of cells in body fluids like blood, etc.

8. Centrifuging Machine
It is a device which is used to
separate heavier particles from
the lighter one by he action of
centrifugal force.
Ex:- For Blood Serum , Blood
Plasma

9. Coagulometer
 Coagulometer is the medical
laboratory analyzer used for
testing of the hemostasis system.
 It is the devices that measure the
clotting mechanisms of
hemostasis; used primarily to
detect clotting deficiencies related
to thromboecytolytic disease,
thrombocytopenia, hemophilia.
 They are also used to monitor the
effect of drugs such as heparin,
oral anticoagulants, and
thrombolytic and antiplatelet
agents on whole blood, as well as
the effects of blood component
therapy.

10. Micro Pipette
It is a laboratory tool commonly used
in chemistry, biology and medicine to transport a
measured volume of liquid, often as a media
dispenser.
It is mainly used when small volume of liquid is
being tranferred.

11. Sahli Haemoglobinometer
It is an old but rapid and simple
method
of hemoglobin estimation in the
laboratories.

12. Spirometer
A spirometer is an apparatus for
measuring
the volume of air inspired and
expired by the lungs.
A spirometer measures ventilation,
the movement of air into and out
of the lungs

14. REFERENCES
https://sciencing.com/different-types-microscopy-
used-microbiology-laboratory-16179.html
https://www.labcompare.com/10-Featured-
Articles/162042-Hematology-Analyzers-From-
Complete-Blood-Counts-to-Cell-Morphology/
https://www.slideshare.net/pankajnaliyapara/centrif
uge-33701880
https://www.who.int/medical_devices/innovation/w
hole_blood_coagulation_analyzer.pdf