This chapter aims to provide basic backgrounds of different types of machining processes and highlights on an understanding of important parameters which affects machining of metals with their chip removals.
Metal cutting or Machining is the process of producing workpiece by removing unwanted material from a block of metal. in the form of chips. This process is most important since almost all the products get their final shape and size by metal removal. either directly or indirectly.
The major drawback of the process is loss of material in the form of chips. In this chapter. we shall have a fundamental understanding of the basic metal process.
This chapter aims to provide basic backgrounds of different types of machining processes and highlights on an understanding of important parameters which affects machining of metals with their chip removals.
Metal cutting or Machining is the process of producing workpiece by removing unwanted material from a block of metal. in the form of chips. This process is most important since almost all the products get their final shape and size by metal removal. either directly or indirectly.
The major drawback of the process is loss of material in the form of chips. In this chapter. we shall have a fundamental understanding of the basic metal process.
This slide show accompanies the learner guide "Mechanical Technology Grade 10" by Charles Goodwin, Andre Lategan & Daniel Meyer, published by Future Managers Pty Ltd. For more information visit our website www.futuremanagers.net
in this ppt pdf the various types of fitting has explained. and how the different gauges like plug and ring gauge check holes and shaft are also explained.
IN THIS PPT DIFFERENT TYPES OF TOOL USED IN CARPENTRY ARE LISTED AND THEIR WORKING IS ALSO EXPLAINED. DIFFERENT TYPE OF JOINT USED IN CARPENTRY IS ALSO EXPLAINED.
the content in this ppt pdf of properties of pure substances gives the idea of Pv, Tv, PT etc diagram and calculation of enthalpy in various region helps in dealing with Rankine and different other cycle. asy to understand about the saturation temperature and pressure.
this ppt pdf beneficial for 1st year engineering student who studying workshop technology. in this pdf types of joining, gas welding, arc welding, spot welding, tig welding, mig welding, soldering brazing and different welding defect has been discussed.
very useful for 1st year engineering student who studying the workshop manufacturing practices. in this ppt pdf all about casting viz. pattern, mould, different type of sand, riser design, different casting process and defects in casting is given in short.
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
3. 1. Anvil
Pritchel hole is used for
bending rod of smaller
diameter and a die for
hot punching.
Hardie hole is used for
holding square shanks
of various fittings.
3
4. 2. Swage block: used mainly for squaring, sizing, heading, bending and
forming operations.
4
5. 3. Hammer
1. Hand hammer (used by the smith himself): weight varies between 0.5 to 2
kg. eg. Ball peen hammer, straight peen hammer and cross peen hammer
2. Sledge hammer (used by the striker): weight varies between 4 to 10 kg.
Ball peen
hammer
cross peen
hammer
straight peen
hammer
Sledge hammer
5
6. 4. Tongs
Used for holding the hot forged work.
Gad tong
Rivet or ring tong
Flat tong
Straight lip fluted tong
6
7. 5. Swages: are used for work which has to be reduced and finished to round, square
or hexagonal form.
6. Fullers: are used for necking down a piece of work.
Top fuller
7
8. 7. Hot chisel
Used for cutting metals and for nicking prior to breaking.
8. Punch and drift
A punch is used for making holes in metal parts when it is at forging heat, and
holes are opened out by driving through a larger tapered punch called drift.
DriftPunch 8
10. What is fitting?
Fitting means preparing matching parts to touch or join each other in such a
way that one will turn inside of another and one will slide upon another or
the part hold tightly together.
Processes in the fitting shop
Marking and measuring
Sawing
Filing
Drilling
Reaming
Dieing
Tapping
Fitting shop tools
Classification:
Marking, measuring and testing tools
Cutting tools
Holding tools
Striking tools 10
11. Marking, measuring and testing tools
This type involves steel rule, meter rod, trisquare, scribber, divider, calliper, surface
gauge, drill gauge. Combination set, V-block, surface plate.
A scriber is a hand tool used in metal work to mark lines on workpieces, prior
to machining.
scriberA scriber compass/divider
Firm joint callipersSpring callipers
+ These callipers are
used for indirect
measurements.
11
12. Cutting tools
This type involves files, drills, taps, dies, reamers, hack saw, chizzles
Sawing
A saw is a tool for cutting wood or other material. it consist of a blade with the cutting
edge toothed. The teeth of the saw are each bent to specific angle and this angle is called
"set".
TYPES OF SAW
Hand saws: Hand saw is used manually for cutting operations.
Mechanically powered saw: Mechanically powered saws mechanically move the teeth
past the material while the saw itself is held stationary.
Sawing is done to produce thin cuts. Hack Saw is a chief tool used, which is available
in different types and sizes depending on the length of the blade and its cuts.
12
13. Normal dimensions of a blade = 250x12 𝑚𝑚2
Hacksaw teeth are specified by its pitch (pitch = distance b/w two successive
troughs or crusts.)
Pitch of the teeth should give maximum clearance for the chips and avoid clogging.
(Normal pitch = 1.5mm)
Sawing too sharply over a corner will result in teeth being torn off.
Water is used as coolant during sawing to take out heat generating during cutting. It
enhances blade life.
Mechanically powered saw
13
14. Filing
Cutting of a metal surface by using a specially designed tool, called a file. A file (or hand-
file) is a hand tool used to shape material by abrasion.
Classification of files
Shape (Flat, round, square etc )
Grade (Rough, Bastard, Smooth etc)
Cut (Single cut, Double cut, Rasp cut etc)
Length ( Ranging from 4-18’’)
Files have forward-facing cutting teeth, which
means that the file cuts effectively only when
pushed over the work piece. Pulling a file over a
work piece or scraping a file back and forth is
ineffective and will reduce the life of the file.
The grooves in a file may become clogged during
use, causing the file to lose its cutting ability.
Files should always be used with a handle,
otherwise the naked tang can injure the operator.
14
17. STEPS OF DRILLING
Step 1. Use a scribe to scratch a line on piece where we wanted hole.
Step2. Use a center punch and a hammer to mark the spot because the punch mark will
hold the tip of the drill in place until it begins to cut the metal.
Step 3. Drilling deep or large holes, it is best to drill a small reference hole first.
Step 4. We will find a burr on the back surface of drill hole. This can be removed by
lightly drilling the back side of the hole.
1 2
3 4
The prick punch, which is used
for indentation marks. It is used
to make small punch marks on
layout lines in order to make
them last longer.
The centre punch, which is
used for locating centre for
indentation mark for drilling
purposes. 17
18. REAMING
Reaming is a process which slightly enlarges a pre-existing hole. Several cutting edges
are arranged around a central shaft. Its purpose is to finish the internal diameter of the
hole.
Parts of reamer
Reaming
18
19. Types of Reamers
1. Straight Reamer
2. Right Spiral Reamer
3. Left spiral Reamer
4. Machine Reamer
5. Chucking Reamer
6. Hand Reamer
7. Expanding Reamer
8. Taper Reamer
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
19
20. Dieing
Die = Tool used to cut external threads on bars and tubes.
Consist of a nut having portions of its thread circumference which are shaped to
provide cutting edges.
Die is screwed on to the bar upon which the threads are to be cut.
Die
Die Stocks
The action of dieing a thread is very similar to that of
tapping except that it is more difficult to start the die
square.
Great care in necessary in starting the die so that the
threads are not cross each other.
20
21. Precautionary Measures for dieing
The die should be rotated in both the direction at the same time so that the threads
are cleared from chips. The die is pressed onto the end of the bar to help the
commencement of cutting.
The action is assisted by chamfering off the end of the bar for a distance equal to
about two threads.
The threads should be supplied with some form of cutting oil.
Tapping
Tapping is essentially the internal threading of a hole. This may either be achieved by
Hand tapping by using a set of taps.
Classification of taps
Taper
Plug
Bottom
To hold a tap adjustable tap handle is used
This is used for internal threading in the
same manner as the die is used.
21
22. Precautions measures for tapping
Taps have self feed (Taps once engaged get pulled into the job) due to helical angle.
High Carbon taps should not be used as they cannot sustain high speed.
In order to retract tap from the hole, opposite torque should be applied.
Proper Lubricant should be used during tapping.
22