The document discusses different types of hand tools used in a workshop. It describes four main categories of tools: work holding tools, marking tools, cutting tools, and finishing tools. Under work holding tools it discusses bench vices, V-blocks, and C-clamps. Marking tools covered include surface plates, dot punches, and center punches. Cutting tools described are hacksaws, chisels, and taps/tap wrenches. The document provides details on the purpose and uses of each individual tool.

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Experiment No: 01
Experiment Name: Study of different types of Hand tools used in workshop.
Introduction:
The technique of fitting parts together after fabrication or manufacturing the parts is
called assembly work. To do so, it is necessary to some parts filling, threading, hammering
or sawing jobs which are done on working bench or fitting table. A good workman always
selects the proper tool for the job and must be skilled in the use of the numerous hand
tools. In addition, the machinist must also know the various types of tools available to do
a particular job, how to sect the best type and the size for a given job and how to care for
and store tools when not in use. The hand operations in fitting shop include marking,
filing, sawing, scraping, drilling, tapping, grinding, etc. Using hand tools or power operated
portable tools.
Objective:
1. To purchase only quality tools.
2. To keep tools in safe condition.
3. To use the right tool for the right job.
4. Use it for our gardening purpose.
5. To know about different types of hand tools used in manufacturing engineering.
 There are mainly 4 types of hand tools used in workshop, these are listed and
discussed below:
A. Work Holding Tools B. Marking Tools C. Cutting Tools. D. Finishing Tools
A. Work Holding Tools:
1. Bench Vice
The bench vice is a device commonly used for holding the work pieces. When the vice
handle is turned in a clockwise direction the moving jaw forces the work against the fixed

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jaw. The greater the pressure applied to the handle, the tighter is the work held. The body
of the vice is made of cast iron. Hardened steel plates.
Purpose: The main purpose is to hold the object underneath, with grip and thereby work
on the object.
Uses: Bench vice is used to perform various tasks, such as:
 Using Glue
 Working with a Drill
 Cutting Conduit
 As a Work Bench
 sing Sandpaper
 Metalworking
Figure 1: Bench vice
2. V-block
V-Block are material holding devices for the machining operations such as milling or
drilling etc. In this article, we have discussed what is V-block, Construction of V-Block,
Uses of V-Block. V-Block is a jig structure which is having True V faces(Grooves) and slots.
This is a Cast iron structure.
Purpose: The main purpose of this V-block is to hold the Cylindrical objects in place for
marking the centres for further lathe machining. The centre marking can be done by
surface gauge.
Uses:
 The V-block is used to hold round metal rods or pipes for performing drilling or
milling operations.
 To Hold down the rectangular job piece at 45° angle to the vertical direction. V-Block:

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 Used as supports while holding long Cylindrical
bars parallelly.
 Can also be used to check the roundness of the
cylindrical objects.
Figure 2: Bench vice
3. C-Clamp
A c-clamp derives its name from its appearance. This type of clamp may sometimes be
called a "g-clamp," or, in Britain, its often called a "cramp." The main portion of the clamp
is shaped like the letter "C" or a "G." One end of the "C" is flattened, while the other end
has a hole drilled through it. A long threaded rod passes through the hole, usually
considered to be the "top" of the c-clamp.
Purpose: A C-clamp or G-clamp or G-cramp is a type of clamp device typically used to hold
a wood or metal workpiece, and often used in, but are not limited to, carpentry and
welding.
Used: These clamps are used in many industries such as
 Ferry Project Materials
 Used for woodworking
 Carpentry
 Welding,
 Automotive
Figure 3: C-Clamp

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B. Marking Tools:
1. Surface plate
The surface plate is a massive solid structure, highly rigid in design which is having a true
flatness of the surface. The back side of the surface plates is having ribs to increase the
structural rigidity to withstand the heavy loads. The surface plate is used for testing the
flatness of the work piece and other inspection purposes. The surfaces plates are made
up of Cast iron (C.I) and heat treated for relieving internal stresses. the top face of the
surface plate is designed as truly flat.
Purpose: A surface plate provides a precisely accurate plain surface that is wear-resistant,
and in the case of the granite surface, it has a very low thermal coefficient of expansion,
so this helps its flatness resilience against temperature excursions. Heights may be
measured and surfaces marked accurately.
Used:
 Used as a horizontal reference space for
dimensional measurement.
 For marking on small works.
Figure 4: C-Clamp
2. Dot Punches
This is used to locate centre of holes and to provide a small centre mark for divider point
etc. For this purpose, the punch is ground to a conical point having 60o
included angle.
His is by and large similar to the Centre Punch. Basically, its length is from 80 mm to 100
mm and its thickness from 3 mm to 5 mm. It has been illustrated in Figure 4.
Purpose: The dot punch is a lighter and thinner version of the centre punch and is used
basically for the same job. However, it is more accurately as the dot produced is smaller.

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Used:
 To make it easier to see a dot punch
had been used to emphasise the line.
 It is used to make permanent the
marking done by scribes so that these
lines do not obliterate at the time of work.
 Dot Punches are held at an angle to the intersection or line to be marked and
either lightly struck once with a hammer.
3. Centre punch
This is similar to the dot punch, except that it is ground to a conical point having 90°
included angle. It is used to mark the location of the centre where holes are to be drilled.
These are made of high carbon steel. These are made hard and given temper treatment.
Their point is made at a 90° angle and the handling part is knurled. Its length is from 35
mm to 125 mm and its width is from 4 to 12 mm.
Purpose: The centre punch is made form mild steel with the point hardened and
tempered so that it withstands impact with the material it is marking. It is normally used
to mark the centre of a hole to be drilled either by hand or on the drilling machine.
Used:
 Used to mark the point of drilling, slipping is unlikely to happen.
 Their use is generally made to make a
centre at the drilling point so that the
drill bit’s point can rest there properly.
 Letter Stamp sets.
 This type of centre has been illustrated
in Figure

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4. Calipers:
There are two types of caliper inside caliper and outside caliper. Outside caliper measure
thickness and outside diameter of objects and inside caliper measure the inner diameter
of a hollow bar.
Inside Caliper
Inside calipers are standard tools in an auto-garage or workshop, and they come in handy
in measuring the internal distance of objects. They are also ideal in determining the inner
linear dimension of surfaces featuring grooves, holes, or apertures.
The inside caliper has two legs with feet that jut outwards. There are several measuring
instruments of this kind, with one featuring a manual adjustment, where you manually
adjust the legs when taking your measurements.
Outside Caliper
The outside caliper is another type of caliper that you may encounter in a workshop or
laboratory. An outside caliper definition relies on its bow-shaped legs. The design makes
it ideal for measuring curved surfaces such as pipes.
Used:
 To measure the diameter of given circular hollow
iron bar with the help of steel rule and
caliper(inside & outside).
 Used to transfer the outside diameter of a bar or
thickness of a plate.
 Calipers are used to measure the internal size of
an object

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C. Cutting Tools.
1. Hacksaw.
A hacksaw is a hand tool with a removable blade used for cutting metal and plastic. Due
to the alignment of the teeth on the blade, the saw cuts on the forward, not the backward,
stroke.
It consists of a frame which holds a thin blade, firmly in position. The blade has a number
of cutting teeth. The number of teeth per 25 mm of the blade length or teeth per inch
(TPI) is selected on the basis of the work material and thickness (Table 1) being cut. Figure
shows two types of hacksaw frames with a blade fixed. The teeth of the hacksaw blade
are staggered, as shown in figure which is known as “set of teeth”. These make the slots
wider than the blade thickness, preventing the blade from jamming.
Purpose: Hacksaws are used primarily for cutting metal stock such as bars, pipe, threaded
rods, etc. to a desired length. For best results be sure the material is clamped securely.
Used:
 A hacksaw is mainly used for cutting thin metal such as aluminum, brass, steel,
or copper.
 Hacksaws are also used for cutting
plastics such as PVC, PEX, or ABS
on pipes or on sheet goods made of PVC,
polystyrene, and more.
 Other uses include wood, bone and
other hard materials.
2. Chisels
Chisels are used for removing surplus metal or for cutting thin sheets. These tools are
made from 0.9% to 1.0% carbon steel of octagonal or hexagonal section. Chisels are
annealed, hardened and tempered to produce a tough shank and a hard cutting edge.
Annealing relieves the internal stresses in the metal. The cutting angle of the chisel for
general purpose is 60 degrees.

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Purpose: Chisels are designed to remove material with their hardened, sharpened point.
The type we use for automotive repair is the cold chisel, named simply because they are
designed to remove material and cut cold metal.
Used:
 Chisel is used to cut flat, round or angle
iron and thick metal sheets.
 It is also used to remove the unwanted
metal from the surface of a job by
cutting it in bits and small pieces
 A flat chisel is a common chisel used for chipping and cuffing off thin sheet-metal.
 It is cased mostly for the chipping grooves and keyways.
3. Taps and Tap Wrenches
A tap is a hardened steel tool, used for cutting internal threads after drilling a hole. Hand
taps are usually supplied in sets of three for each diameter and thread pitch. Each set
consists of a taper tap, intermediate tap and plug or bottom tap.
Used:
 Used to turn taps or other small tools, such as hand
reamers and screw extractors.
 Used to cut screw threads in a nut or a hole.
 A tap wrench is a tool for rotating a tap that creates a
screw hole

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4. Bench Drilling Machine
Generally, it is fixed on the work bench and is suitable for drilling holes with a diameter
up to about 10 mm. It is a light and high-speed machine and used for light duty work. It
can be used for drilling holes from 1.5 to 15 mm diameter. It is mounted on a bench and
hence the name, "Bench-drilling machine". In this, the drill is fed into the work piece by
hand only. Here, the operator can feel or sense the travel of the drill. Hence, this machine
is rightly called, "Sensitive drilling machine,
Purpose: Bench drills are designed to be bolted down to a workbench and they enable
components and materials to be drilled with much greater accuracy and precision than
can usually be achieved with a handheld drill.
Used:
 Primarily used for making a round hole or driving
fasteners.
 Used for drilling holes through materials including a
range of woods, plastics and metals.
 Powerful wood and metalworking tools used to bore
precise holes with minimal effort.
D. Finishing Tools
1. Files:
Filing is one of the methods of removing small amounts of material from the surface of a
metal part. A file is a hardened steel tool, having slant parallel rows of cutting edges or
teeth on its surfaces. On the faces the teeth are usually diagonal to the edge. One end of
the file is shaped to fit into a wooden handle. Figure shows the parts of a hand file.
Purpose: A file is used to cut, trim or finish a job of metal or wood, in order to give them
a shape according to our needs such as making the job round, square or angular. File is
made from high carbon steel. It is common in woodworking, metalworking, and other
similar trade and hobby tasks.

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Used:
 Used to remove/smooth rough and
sharp edges from cut metal.
 Used to remove fine amounts of
material from a workpiece
2. Reamer:
Reamer is used to finish the drilled hole and the operation is called reaming. So the
reaming is a process of imparting necessary smoothness, parallelism, roundness and
accuracy in size, to the previously drilled hole by using a reamer. The commonly used
reamer is shown below:
Purpose:
Used:
 Used for enlarging and finishing to accurate dimensions holes that have been
drilled, bored, or cored.
 A reamer is a type of rotary cutting tool used in
metalworking.
 Used to widen the size of a pre-existing hole in
metal by a small amount to leave smooth sides
– removing any burrs or rough edges.

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E. Miscellaneous tools
1. Ball peen Hammers
A ball peen hammer has a flat face which is used for general work and the ball end
particularly used for revetting. They weigh from 200 gm to 1.5 kg. Always use a hammer
which is heavy enough to deliver the required force but not too heavy to be tiring in use.
Purpose: The ball peen hammer was originally designed for peening, or shaping metal
materials by hammering. One end of the head is ball-shaped for this purpose. The other
end is flat and is used for driving
Used:
 Ball-peen hammer is useful for
many tasks, such as striking
punches and chisels (usually
performed with the flat face of the
hammer).
 The peening face is useful for rounding off edges of metal pins and fasteners, such
as rivets.
2. Cross peen Hammers:
The cross pein hammer has many general uses. One of the most common is hammering
nails into wood. The hammer is ideally weighted and balanced for this type of work.
If hammering a nail in a restricted space, the cross pein can be used, to transfer the force
from the hammer to the nail. Greater care is needed if using the hammer in this way, as
it is more likely to slip off the head of the nail and damage the surface of the material or
hit hands and fingers

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Purpose: The Ball Pein hammer is used mainly
by engineers. It is a general hammer, but has
certain specific uses. One such use is cold
riveting.
Used:
 The Cross Pein is used to start the nail then
the hammer is reversed and the nail driven home by the flat face.
 A cross pein hammer can be used in metal work, stone work, blacksmithing or
woodworking.
3. Straight pein hammer:
Straight pein hammers with wooden handle isolated on white background. A large
antique ball-peen hammer isolated on a white background. A straight pein is a "blade"
that is parallel to the handle. The straight pein can be sharp, rounded, flat, smooth or
textured. A straight pein hammer can be used in metal work, stone work, blacksmithing
or woodworking.
Used:
 Straight pein hammers are used for stone cutting or spalling.
 Used in metal work, stone work, blacksmithing or
woodworking. A staight pein is parallel to the
handle.