counselling

1. LESSON 2
THE DISCIPLINE
OF COUNSELING

2. PRELIMINARY ACTIVITY
CONCEPT
MAP

3. DISCIPLINE OF
COUNSELING
It is a relationship characterized by the
application of one or more psychological
theories and a recognized set of
communication skills appropriate to a client’s
intimate concerns, or aspirations.
-Feltham & Dryden, 1993

4. DISCIPLINE OF
COUNSELING
These clients are individuals or a group of
demoralized, distressed, or in a negative state of
mind about their situation in context.
Therefore, counselling can be for one person or a
group and may be delivered through a number
of methods such as face-to-face dialog, group
work, telephone, email, or other written
materials.

5. •DEFINITION OF
COUNSELING

6. COUNSELING
•It is defined as “the process of guiding a
person during a stage of life when
reassessments or decisions have to be
made about himself or herself and his or
her life course.”
-Collins Dictionary of Sociology

7. COUNSELING
•Counselors are professionally trained and
certified to perform counselling. Their job is to
provide advice or guidance in decision-making
in emotionally significant situations by helping
clients explore and understand their worlds and
discover better ways and well-informed choices
in resolving an emotional or interpersonal
problem.

8. COUNSELING
• Counselling is generally a non-clinical intervention.
Traditionally in many societies, counselling is provided by
family, friends, and wise elderly.
When these providers prove insufficient, counselors become
the choice.
• Counselors exist in a wide range of areas of expertise:
marriage, family, youth, student and other life transitions
dealing with managing of issues of loss and death,
retirement, divorce, parenting, and bankruptcy.

9. COUNSELING
• Counseling also utilizes appraisal and assessment to
aid counseling by gathering information about
clients through the use of psychological tests and
non-psychometric devices.
*Psychometrics is a branch of psychology that
deals with the design, administration, and
interpretation of quantitative tests for the
measurement of psychological variables such as
intelligence, aptitude, interests, and personal traits.

10. CONTEXT AND THE
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
COUNSELING

11. CONTEXT AND THE
BASIC
CONCEPTS OF
COUNSELING
1.PEERS AS CONTEXT
Friends’ attitudes, norms, and
behaviors have a strong influence on
adolescence. Many personal issues are
often introduced to the individual by their
peers.

13. Parents can have much influence over their
adolescent children. Critical family issues
involve family roles, both positively and
negatively. In most cases, the impact of parent
influence can help counter the negative
influence that peers have on the adolescents’
issues.

15. CONTEXT AND THE
BASIC
CONCEPTS OF
COUNSELING
2. NEIGHBORHOOD AS CONTEXT
The interactions between the family and its
neighbourhood as immediate context are also
important to consider. The behavioural problems
in this particular neighbourhood require that
families work against crime and social isolation
that may impact them.

17. CONTEXT AND THE BASIC
CONCEPTS OF
COUNSELING
3. CULTURE AS CONTEXT
Various sectors of community families, peers,
and neighborhoods are all bound together by a
cultural context that influences them all as individual
members. Therefore, the cultural context is a major
consideration in counselling.

19. *CULTURE – is the source of norms,
values, symbols, and language
which provide the basis for the
normal functioning of an
individual.

21. CONTEXT AND THE BASIC
CONCEPTS OF
COUNSELING
4. COUNSELING AS CONTEXT
The National Institute of Health recognizes counselling
itself as a context. Regardless of a therapeutic approach in use,
the counseling situation in itself is a context. There is a
deliberate specific focus, a set of procedures, rules,
expectations, experiences, and a way of monitoring progress
and determining results in any therapeutic approach (Corey
1991).
Counseling can therefore be affected by the counseling
context.

23. From the counselling context, other
factors such as the following should be
managed well so as to contribute
toward the success of the engagement.

24. 1. CLIENT FACTORS
• The client factors are everything that a client brings to the
counseling context. He/she is not a passive object
receiving treatment in the manner of a traditional doctor-
patient situation.
• The clients bring so much to the counseling context and
therefore it remains imperative that they are considered
as an active part of the process.
• The success or failure of the counseling process depends
so much on the client.

25. 2. COUNSELOR FACTORS
• The personality, skills, and personal qualities of a counsellor can
significantly impact the outcomes of the counselling relationship
(Velleman 2001).
• The counselor’s personal style and qualities can make the interventions
successful.
• The experience of positive or negative conditions can be attributed to
the counsellor.
• This may be amplified or aggravated by the choice of counselling
methods that the counsellor uses in his or her practice; this makes
counselling both a science and also an art.

26. 3. CONTEXTUAL FACTORS
•The context in which counselling takes place can
define the outcomes.
•Counselors are therefore concerned with the
environment and atmosphere where to conduct the
sessions.
•Ideally, counselling should take place in a quiet,
warm, and comfortable place away from any
distraction.

27. 4. PROCESS FACTORS
•The process factors constitute the actual
counselling undertaking.
•Vellemean (2001) presents the following six stages,
which for him apply to all problem areas in the
process of counseling:

28. •A. Developing trust
This involves providing
warmth, genuineness, and
empathy.

29. •B. Exploring problem areas
This involves providing a clear and
deep analysis of what the problem is,
where it comes from, its triggers, and
why it may have developed.

30. •C. Helping to set goals
This involves setting and
managing goal-directed
interventions.

31. •D. Empowering into action
This means providing support
and other techniques to enable
the client to maintain changes.

32. •E. Helping to maintain change
This means providing support
and other techniques to enable
the client to maintain changes.

33. •F. Agreeing when to end the helping
relationship
This implies that assurances are there
that guarantee the process is being
directed by the client and toward
independence.

34. GROUP ACTIVITY:SIMULATION
-The class will be divided into four(4) groups.
-Each group will be given one issue/problem.
-Each group should simulate/ role-play about a counseling process on that issue
issue/problem
ISSUE:
1. Cyber bullying
2. Choosing a career path
3. Separation of parents
4. Premarital Sex/Teenage Pregnancy

35. GOALS AND
SCOPE OF
COUNSELING

36. GOALS AND SCOPE OF
COUNSELING
•The general goal is to lead an individual client
or group to self-emancipation in relation to a
felt problem.
•Counseling is aimed at empowering a client.

37. GOALS AND SCOPE OF
COUNSELING
• Client empowering means that they develop skills
and abilities that require self-management and
improved motivation toward actions that are good
for one’s self and develop a positive outlook toward
the past leading to some sense of closure and
attainment of relative inner and outer harmony
resulting to improvement in relationships with
family, friends, colleagues, and others.

38. GOALS AND SCOPE OF
COUNSELING
• It involves application of some psychological theories
and recognized communication skills.
• It does not deal with clinical cases such as mental
illness.
• It is a professional relationship that requires an
eventual closure and termination of the counselee-
counsellor relationship.

39. PRINCIPLES OF
COUNSELING

40. PRINCIPLES OF
COUNSELING
•The principles of counseling can be found
in the process of counseling since they
govern each and every step.
•Counselors are to set aside their own value
system in order to emphasize with their
clients.

41. PRINCIPLES OF
COUNSELING
•Since the objective of counseling is to
provide support in dealing with issues
of concern, counseling is effective
when it is performed with clear
objectives that include providing some
degree to the following:

42. 1. ADVICE
Counseling may involve advice-giving as one of the several
functions that counsellors perform. When this is done, the
requirement is that a counsellor makes judgements about a
counselee’s problems and lays out options for a course of action.
Advice-giving has to avoid breeding a relationship in which the
counselee feels inferior and emotionally dependent on the
counsellor.

44. 2. reassurance
• Counseling involves providing clients with reassurance,
which is a way of giving them courage to face a problem or
confidence that they are pursuing a suitable course of action.
• Reassurance is a valuable principle because it can bring about
a sense of relief that may empower a client to function
normally again.

46. 3. Release of emotional
tension
• Counseling provides clients the opportunity to get emotional
release from their pent-up frustrations and other personal
issues.
• Counseling experience shows that as persons begin to
explain their concerns to a sympathetic listener, their
tensions begin to subside.
• They become more relaxed and tend to become more
coherent and rational. The release of tensions helps remove
mental blocks by providing a solution to the problem.

48. 4. Clarified thinking
• Clarified thinking tends to take place while the counsellor
and counselee are talking and therefore becomes a logical
emotional release.
• As this relationship goes on, other self-empowering results
may take place later as a result of developments during the
counseling relationship.
• Clarified thinking encourages a client to accept responsibility
for problems and to be more realistic in solving them.

50. 5. reorientation
• It involves a change in the clients emotional self through a
change in basic goals and aspirations.
• This requires a revision of the client’s level of aspiration to
bring it more in line with actual and realistic attainment.
• It enables clients to recognize and accept their own
limitations.
• The counsellor’s job is to recognize those in need of
reorientation and facilitate appropriate interventions.

52. 6. Listening skills
• Listening attentively to clients is the counsellor’s attempt to
understand both the content of the clients’ problem as they
see it, and the emotions they are experiencing related to their
problem.
• Counselors do not make interpretations of the client’s
problems or offer any premature suggestions as to how to
deal with them, or solve the issues presented.
• Good listening helps counsellors to understand the concerns
being presented.

54. 7. respect
• In all circumstances, clients must be treated with respect, no
matter how peculiar, strange, disturbed, weird, or utterly
different from the counsellor.
• Without this basic element, successful counseling is
impossible.
• Counselors do not have to like the client, or their values, or
their behaviour, but they have to put their personal feelings
aside and treat the client with respect.

56. 8. Empathy and positive
regard
• Carl Rogers combined empathy and positive regard as two
principles that should go along with respect and effective
listening skills.
• Empathy requires the counsellor to listen and understand the
feelings and perspective of the client and positive regard is
an aspect of respect.
• For Rogers, clients have to be given both “unconditional
positive regard” and be treated with respect.

58. 9. clarification, confrontation, and
interpretation
•Clarification is an attempts by the counsellor to
restate what the client is either saying or
feeling, so the client may learn something or
understand the issue better.
•Confrontation and interpretation are other
more advanced principles used by counsellors
in their interventions.

60. 10. Transference and
countertransference
• When clients are helped to understand transference
reactions, they are empowered to gain understanding
of important aspects of their emotional life.
• Countertransference helps both clients and
counsellors to understand the emotional and
perceptional reactions and how to effectively manage
them.

62. CORE
VALUES OF
COUNSELING

63. CORE VALUES OF
COUNSELING
•Certain values are considered core to
counseling and are reflected and expressed in
the practice of counseling.
•All counsellors are expected to embrace these
and similar set of core values as essential and
integral to their work.

64. THESE VALUES ARE:

65. 1. RESPECT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY
•This means that the counsellor
must provide a client
unconditional positive regard,
compassion, non-judgemental
attitude, empathy, and trust.

67. 2. PARTNERSHIP
• A counsellor has to foster partnerships with the various
disciplines that come together to support an integrated
healing that encompasses various aspects such as the
physical, emotional, spiritual, and intellectual.
• These relationships should be of integrity, sensitivity, and
openness to ensure health, healing, and growth of clients.

69. 3. AUTONOMY
•This entails respect for confidentiality and
trust in a relationship of counseling and
ensuring a safe environment that is needed
for healing.
•It also means that healing or any advice
cannot be imposed on a client.

71. 4. RESPONSIBLE CARING
•This primarily means respecting the
potential of every human being to
change and to continue learning
throughout his/her life, and especially
in the environment of counseling.

73. 5. PERSONAL INTEGRITY
•Counselors must reflect
personal integrity, honesty,
and truthfulness with clients.

75. 6. SOCIAL JUSTICE
•This means accepting and respecting the
diversity of the clients, the diversity of
individuals, their cultures, languages, lifestyles,
identities, ideologies, intellectual capacities,
personalities, and capabilities regardless of
the presented issues.

77. PERFORMANCE TASK
• Prepare a short video of a situation in which practitioners of counseling work
together to assist individuals, groups, or communities involved in difficult situations.
• The class will be grouped into three to perform the following cases:
• Group 1: post-disaster
• Group 2: separation of parents
• Group 3: cyber bullying

78. RUBRICS: