This document outlines key concepts about the discipline of counseling. It discusses counseling as an applied social science and describes the various contexts involved, including clients, counselors, and environmental factors. The document also identifies principles of counseling such as developing trust, goal-setting, and maintaining change. Core values discussed include respect, partnership, autonomy, and social justice. The document emphasizes that counseling requires care, respect for diversity, and avoiding harm.

2. Lesson 2
THE DISCIPLINE OF
COUNSELING

3. At the end of this lesson, the students
should be able to:
1. develop a comprehensive
definition of counseling as an applied
social science;
2 describe the contexts involved in
counseling:
3. identify the principles of counseling;

4. At the end of this lesson, the students should be
able to:
4. clarify how different factors contribute to
successful counseling based on the concepts
and principles of counseling;
5. determine life situations that are within the
goals and scope of professional counseling;
and
6. demonstrate how core values of counseling
can be infused in counseling sessions.

5. DISCIPLINE IN COUNSELING
Counseling is a form of 'talk therapy'.
It is a process where an individual,
couple or family meet with a trained
professional counsellor to talk about
issues and problems that they are
facing in their lives. Professional
counselling is confidential and non-
judgmental.

6. Context and the Basic Concepts of
Counseling
.
Counseling is influenced by context and
surrounding factors, including peers,
culture, neighborhoods, clients,
counselors, and process factors. The
National Institute of Health provides a
comprehensive understanding of
counseling context, with family being the
primary context for child learning and
development.

7. IS COUNSELING IMPORTANT?
Counseling can provide people
with the opportunity to share their
views, be heard and gain new
perspectives on their situation and
experiences.

8. PEER AS CONTEXT
• Adolescents' attitudes, norms, and
behaviors significantly influence their
personal issues, while parents'
influence can counteract the negative
impact of peers on their personal
lives.

9. NEIGHBORHOOD AS CONTEXT
• The family's interactions with their
neighborhood are crucial in counseling,
as they can introduce strengths or
challenges to parenting and provide
additional resources.

10. CULTURE AS CONTEXT
• Culture plays a crucial role in shaping
an individual's life, influencing various
aspects of society, including family,
peers, and neighborhoods. It provides
norms, values, symbols, and language
that guide an individual's functioning.

11. The counseling context
has the other factors
such as:
i) Client Factors
ii) Counselor Factors
iii) Contextual Factors
iv) Process Factors

12. 1. Client Factors
• Client factors significantly influence
the counseling process, making them
an active participant. Client
expectations and attitudes often
shape the outcome of the
counseling process and experience.

13. 2. Counselor Factors
• The outcomes of the counseling relationship
are significantly impacted by the counselor's
personality, abilities, and traits, and their
own style can greatly increase the
effectiveness of therapies.

14. 3. Contextual Factors
• The outcomes of counseling may depend
on the environment in which it is
conducted. Counselors are therefore
concerned with the setting and
ambiance of the sessions. Counseling
should ideally take place in a calm,
comfortable, and distraction-free
environment.

15. 4. Process Factors
• The process factors constitute the
actual counseling undertaking.
Vellemean (2001) presents the
following six stages, which for him
apply to all problem areas in the
process of counseling.

16. a. Developing trust.
• This involves providing warmth,
genuineness, and empathy.
b. Exploring problem areas.
• This involves providing a clear and deep
analysis of what the problem is, where it
comes from, its triggers, and why it may
have developed.

17. c. Helping to set goals.
• This involves setting and managing
goal- directed interventions.
d. Empowering into action.
• This means fostering action to
achieve set goals.

18. e. Helping to maintain change.
• This means providing support and other
techniques to enable the client to
maintain changes.
.
f. Agreeing when to end the helping
relationship.
• This implies that assurances are there that
guarantee the process is being directed
by the client and toward independence.

19. Goals and Scope of Counseling
Counseling is aimed at empowering
a client. The general goal is to lead
an individual client or group to self-
emancipation in relation to a felt
problem.

20. PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
Counseling principles guide the process, including
developing trust, exploring problem areas, setting
goals, empowering, maintaining change, and
agreeing on end times. Counselors should set
aside their values to empathize with clients.
Effective counseling involves clear objectives,
advice, reassurance, emotional release, clarified
thinking, and reorientation, ensuring constant
effectiveness.

21. ADVICE
• Counselors perform advice-giving,
making judgments about a
counselee's problems and
presenting options, while avoiding
creating an emotionally
dependent relationship.

22. REASSURANCE
Counseling provides clients
with courage and confidence
to face problems, empowering
them to function normally
again.

23. RELEASE EMOTIONAL TENSION
• Counseling offers clients emotional
release from personal issues,
allowing them to relax, become
more coherent, and rational,
ultimately removing mental blocks
and providing a solution to the
problem.

24. CLARIFIED THINKING
• It occurs during counseling,
promoting emotional release and
self-empowering results. It
encourages clients to accept
responsibility for problems and be
realistic in problem-solving.

25. REORIENTATION
• It involves altering a client's emotional
self by adjusting their goals and
aspirations, allowing them to
acknowledge their limitations, and the
counselor's role is to facilitate
appropriate interventions.

26. LISTENING SKILLS
• Good listening skills help counselors
understand clients' problems and
emotions without making premature
suggestions or interpretations. It helps
them understand the concerns
presented without prematurely
suggesting solutions.

27. RESPECT
• Respect is crucial for successful
counseling, regardless of the client's
uniqueness or behavior. Counselors
must put personal feelings aside
and treat clients with respect

28. EMPATHY AND POSITIVE REGARD
• Carl Rogers emphasized the
importance of empathy, positive
regard, respect, and effective
listening skills in counseling,
emphasizing the need for
unconditional positive regard and
respect.

29. CLARIFICATION, CONFRONTATION, AND
INTERPRETATION
• Counselors use clarification,
confrontation, and interpretation to
better understand and address
clients' issues, while also restating their
words and feelings for better
understanding.

30. TRANSFERENCE AND COUNTERFERENCE
• Advanced principles like transference
and countertransference help clients
understand emotional reactions,
empowering them to manage them
effectively.

31. “It doesn't matter how slow you go, as long as
you don't stop.”
— Confucius

32. Core Values of Counseling
• Specific values are considered

33. 1. RESPECT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY
• This means that the counselor
must provide a client with
unconditional positive regard,
compassion, a non-judgmental
attitude, empathy, and trust.

34. 2. PARTNERSHIP
• A counselor has to foster partnerships with
the various disciplines that come together
to support an integrated healing that
encompasses various aspects such as the
physical, emotional, spiritual, and
intellectual. These relationships should be
of integrity, sensitivity, and openness to
ensure the health, healing, and growth of
clients.

35. AUTONOMY
• This entails respect for confidentiality
and trust in a relationship of
counseling and ensuring a safe
environment that is needed for
healing. It also means that healing or
any advice cannot be imposed on a
client.

36. RESPONSIBLE CARING
• This primarily means respecting
the potential of every human
being to change and to
continue learning throughout
his/her life, and especially in the
environment of counseling.

37. PERSONAL INTEGRITY
• Counselors must reflect personal
integrity, honesty, and
truthfulness with clients.

38. SOCIAL JUSTICE
• Involves embracing and respecting
the diverse backgrounds, cultures,
languages, lifestyles, identities,
ideologies, intellectual capacities,
personalities, and capabilities of
individuals, regardless of the
underlying issues.

39. “A person who never made mistakes never
tried anything new.”
— Albert Einstein

40. The New Zealand Association of Counselors' ethical
principles of counseling are based on core values,
providing a foundation for ethical practice.
1. Act with care and respect for individual
and cultural differences and the diversity
of human experience.

41. 2. Avoid doing harm in all their professional work.
Actively support the principles embodied in the
Treaty of Waitangi (a formal agreement between
the British Crown and Maori signed on February 6,
1840 at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands, which
technically made over 500 Maori chiefs to become
a British Colony starting with the initial 43 Northland
Chiefs, see http://www.newzealand.com/int/
feature/ treaty-of-waitangi).

42. 3. Respect the confidences with which they
are entrusted.
4.Promote the safely and well-being of
individuals, families, and communities.
5. Seek to increase the range of choices and
opportunities for clients. Be honest and
trustworthy in all their professional
relationships.

43. 6. Practice within the scope of their
competence.
7. Treat colleagues and other
professionals with respect.

44. “If you judge people, you have no time to
love them.”
— Mother Teresa

45. We have discovered that becoming a
counselor is a challenging journey because
there are many prerequisites to fulfill.
However, we firmly believe that counseling is
an indispensable part of our society, essential
for nurturing a better humanity. If taken
seriously and if everyone's voices are heard,
counseling has the potential to significantly
reduce suicide rates in our country.

46. We would also like to emphasize that life, by its
nature, presents challenges. It is through these
challenges that we learn and grow. Problems, in
our view, are blessings in disguise. They make us
stronger and more mature. Can you imagine a life
without problems? Without them, we might never
experience personal growth or maturity. After all,
maturity is the result of encountering problems and
successfully overcoming them.

47. It is crucial not to normalize suicidal
thoughts when facing problems. We
firmly believe that suicide is not a
solution.

48. “Life is either a daring adventure or
nothing.”
— Helen Keller

49. OUR GALLERY - MAKING PROPS

50. OUR GALLERY - MAKING PROPS

51. OUR GALLERY - MAKING PPT