The document provides information about the module on challenges of middle and late adolescence. It discusses various developmental changes, expectations, and learning outcomes for students. Specifically, it aims to help students identify different pitfalls and challenges teenagers face. Some key challenges discussed include finding identity, romantic relationships, risk-taking behaviors, mental health issues like depression, and family/social influences. The document then provides strategies for students to cope with these challenges, such as accepting feelings, developing interests, seeking help from others, and more. Students are given various activities to apply their learning and reflect on their own experiences as teenagers.

1. Personal
Development
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
The Challenges of Middle and
Late Adolescence

2. Content Standard : The learner demonstrates an understanding of
the developmental changes in middle and late adolescence, and
expectations of and from adolescents.
Performance Standard : The learner shall be able to clarify and
manage the demands of the teen years (middle and late
adolescence)
Learning Outcomes : Upon completion of the module, the student
is expected to identify the different pitfalls and challenges that teen-
agers have encountered.
Competencies : 1. Identify ways that help one become capable and
responsible adolescent prepared for adult life.

3. 1. DOH data on HIV indicate that the most number of persons infected
are ____.
a. adults c. females
b. males d. teenagers
2. Who said that biological, psychological, and social factors
interplay and contribute to create problems that teenagers need
to overcome during adolescence?
a. Casey c. Connolly
b. Havighurst d. Santrock
3. Which is a characteristic symptom of a marked diminished in
interest or pleasure in all, or almost all activities of the day?
a. anxiety c. depression
b. drug abuse d. social disorder

4. 4. The following are the social factors that contribute to the
emergence of an adolescent except ___________.
a. barangay hall c. family
b. peers d. school
5. Rejection during adolescents is inevitable. What is likely the result
of this rejection if not handled well?
a. Low self-esteem
b. depression
c. negative attitude towards self
d. all of the above
6. Common causes of suicide include ___________________.
a. hopelessness c. low self-esteem
b. self-blame d. all of the above

5. 7. Teenagers who drop out from school are more prone to
except_____
a. drug addiction b
b. computer addiction
c. drinking alcoholic beverages
d. being successful in life
8. Which is considered as one of the most difficult challenges
during adolescents?
a. Finding a sense of identity
b. Becoming academically successful
c. Proving yourself to your parents that you are independent
d. Finding friends who can positively influence your behaviors

6. 9. The following are the strategies that a teenager may do to cope
with the challenges they encountered according to Sevilla
except_________.
a. identifies your vulnerabilities
b. learns to accept what you feel
c. develops your talents and interests
d. no need to ask for help to avoid disclosure
10.What happens when adolescents fail to master self- control?
a. They can negatively influence others
b. They may not be able to pursue a career
c. They are likely to engage in risky behaviors
d. They may not able to express their ideas well

7. What I Need to Know
You are in your module 4 Senior High School students and embrace the 4th
wave of your journey towards knowing yourself further. As you continue in
your journey towards personal development in this module, you will be able
to conquer the challenges in your life as a teenager. In this module you will
learn strategies and ways on how to cope with the demands of teenage life
thus, you are expected to unleash your challenges in life and later on think of
ways on how to deal with those challenges and pitfalls in life.
Before we begin with our lesson, please consider the following
learning
objectives of this module. At the end of the lesson, you can:
 Discuss that facing the challenges during adolescence may able to
clarify and manage the demands of teen years; and
 Identify strategies to cope with the challenges of teenage years.

8. What’s New
Activity 1: RISKY BEHAVIORS ON THE GO
The objective of this activity is to help you identify risky or
dangerous behaviors that you usually observe among adolescents. Write
risky behaviors and identify the causes of such risky behavior through a
graphic organizer (GO).

9. What is It
What causes risky behavior? Santrock (2012) cited the biopsychosocial approach in
emphasizing that biological, psychological, and social factors interplay and contribute to create
problems that you need to overcome during adolescence.
Biological or physical factors such as genes, hormones
and brain development cause challenges that
adolescents need to face. According to Casey et.al.,
(2011) the development of the prefrontal cortex after
amygdala has been linked to risk-taking behaviors
and sexual experimentation. While the prefrontal
cortex is still developing, your brain may not be able
to process what you feel and control your actions. In
this case, it may cause problems.

10. Accordingly, one of the most difficult challenges that you
encounter as a teenager is finding a sense of identity. The absence of
concrete self-identity causes heightened emotionality that usually
causes problems. Later, you get irritated and have mood swings
easily. Sometimes, mood swings become too erratic and negative,
resulting in relationship problems and depressions. If you have
become used to getting what you want, then self-control may
become an issue. If self-control is not mastered, concerns like drug
abuse, computer gaming, other delinquent acts may emerge.as cited
by Anderson et. Al., (2007) low conscientiousness has been
associated with drug abuse and behavior problems. Hence, your
emotions can influence your actions and decisions; so, you become
less objective, and your actions may not be effective.

11. There are social factors that contribute to the emergence of an
adolescent namely family, peers, school, socio-economic status and
immediate environment. You spend most of your time with your peers
during adolescence which may have negative effects on your attitudes and
behavior especially when your friends are not so good influencer. For
example, if you are fond of going out with friends who are smokers and
drinkers of alcoholic beverages, there is a great possibility that you will
also learn to smoke and drink. On the other hand, if you will not go with
them, you might be rejected by them. Furthermore, if you experience
rejection, it may cause depression if not handled well. Today, adolescents
engage in romantic relationships at an early age and may suffer various
consequences which may also lead to rejection. Connolly and McIsaac
(2009) cited that early dating is linked to substance abuse, and that
unsuccessful romantic relationships lead to depression.

12. Additionally, teenagers who
drop out from school are more prone to
drug addiction and other delinquent
activities. Also, there are studies that
proves that poverty is linked to many
problems that adolescents are vulnerable
to (Santiago, et,al., 2011). And Chen
et.al. (2011) also mentioned that
adolescents who live in an unhealthy
environment are in higher risks for
developing problems.
Moreover, those w h o c a me from non-intact families due to nonmarriage,
separation, parents’ working abroad, and death usually experience problems. To sum
up everything these are the challenges that every teenager may encounter:
– Finding a sense of identity
– Self-control
– Romantic relationship at an early age
– Engage in activities that put their health and dignity at risk
– Drop-out from school are more prone to drug addiction and other delinquent
activities
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13. Moreover, those who came from non-intact families due to
nonmarriage, separation, parents’ working abroad, and death usually
experience problems. To sum up everything these are the challenges
that every teenager may encounter:
– Finding a sense of identity
– Self-control
– Romantic relationship at an early age
– Engage in activities that put their health and dignity at risk
– Drop-out from school are more prone to drug addiction and
other delinquent Activities
– Non-intact families due to non-marriage, separation,
parent/s working abroad, and death usually experience problems.

14. Pitfalls and Challenges of Adolescents
The following are some of the common pitfalls and challenges that
adolescent may experience:
1. using and abusing drugs – this is often due to peer pressure which
means that the more your friend use illegal drugs the greater the
possibility that you will become involved with drugs.
2. being addicted to computer games – teenagers are hooked to these
recreational activities merely because this is not just for fun rather this
gives opportunities for the teenagers to express what they feel, create
their own world, and most importantly, find their identity in the
characters of the game. However, because adolescents have created
their own world in the game, they are sometimes unable to distinguish
reality from the virtual one. With amusement that these computer games
have offered to them, this would result to cutting classes and worst stop
schooling.

15. 3. running away from home – some of the reasons of running away
from are their parents are hurting them physically, feeling unhappy
at home, a means of getting what they want. According to Kimmel
and Weiner (1995), runaways who anticipate to finding something
pleasant at home return home sooner and manifest that they are
less traumatized than those who run away from something
unpleasant, such as being physically hurt or violated at home.
4. being sexually promiscuous – due to hormonal changes, teenagers
normally experience heightened sexual activities during this stage.
Thus, becoming teenage parent is possible. Based on the data of
the Department of Health (DOH) on the transmission of the
human immune deficiency virus (HIV) (2014), the most number
of persons who become infected with HIV are teenagers.

16. 5. being depressed - According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, 5th edition (DSM 5 ed.), at least 5 of the 9 symptoms represent a
change in the individual’s functioning (observed during a 2week period):
a. Depressed mood most of the day
b. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities
most of the day
c. Significant weight loss or weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite
nearly every day
d. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
e. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day
f. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
g. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt nearly every day
h. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day
i. Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific
plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide

17. 6. committing suicide – is usually associated with depression
which is closely related with a sense of hopelessness, low self-
esteem, and high self-blame (O’Donnell et.al., 2004).
After knowing these pitfalls and challenges, it will help you
avoid being trapped to difficult situations. Sometimes teenagers
put themselves into these situations mainly because of their
inability to express their feelings or emotions especially when
their significant people have high expectations from them. But
do not worry because there are strategies to cope with these
challenges…

18. Strategies to Cope with Challenges
The challenges that you will encounter might cause pain and stress on
your part. While you are capable to handle such situations, it may cause
pressures that would affect your well-being. So, here are some of the
strategies that may help you do so (Sevilla, 2000):
1. Learn to accept what you feel – when you feel sad, angry, or envious,
you need to embrace these feelings because they are real emotions.
They are only reflective of who you are- a human being. Accepting
your feelings means allowing yourself to feel and express them.
2. Identify your vulnerabilities – knowing when you feel intense emotions
is important to acknowledge. For instance, you have noticed that before
you flare up in anger, you first feel your face getting hot, your knees
trembling, and your heart pounding very fast. The next time you feel
angry and you see these signs, you excuse yourself from the discussion
and walk away.

19. 3. Develop your talents and interests – know your interests
or things that you enjoy. After doing so, then develop
those competencies, talents, and skills in you. With
these, you do not allow negative thoughts or feelings
conquer your heart.
4. Become more involved with others – as they say no one is
an island so, we need others to support us. Do not just
focus on yourself but rather live your life with other
people that can give you happiness and influence you to
become a good person.

20. 5. Seek help when needed – most of the adolescents would feel
shy and are hesitant to ask for help because they might feel
that they add burden to the person they are asking help for.
But you must remember that teenager still must learn a lot of
ways of being effective and psychologically healthy. Thus,
you still seek for help to your support system.
So Senior High School students, do not be afraid to experience
difficulties in life it is just normal. However, you just have to ask
for help in order to cope with those challenges in
life…Remember that a life without challenges is a life not worth
living.

21. What’s More
Activity 2: THE FREEDOM WALL
Expressing your feelings is very important when you feel pressured due to high
expectations. The aim of this activity is to help you express your thoughts and
feelings to authority figures like your parents.
Instructions:
1. Think of an expectation that your parents expressed recently or in the past wherein
you felt really pressured.
2. Think about these questions: How do you feel about these expectations? What would
you like to say?
3. Collect your feelings and thoughts about their expectations where you feel really
pressured. Write them down on a piece of paper.
4. Paste it to a wall or any place in your area.
5. After gathering your thoughts and feelings, organize them and prepare a script that
will allow you to express these thoughts and feelings to your parents.
6. Read the script or say it gently to them if you can. Write your script in your journal
notebook.

22. What I have Learned
Activity 3: KWL CHART: Answer the table below.
K What I know
about the topic?
W What I
wonder about the
topic?
L What I learned
about the topic?

23. What I can Do
Activity 4: SLOGAN OR PERSONAL DECLARATION ON BEING
HAPPY
Instructions:
1. Read the essay on “Being Happy” below.
2. Choose a phrase, sentence, or paragraph that strikes you.
3. Make a slogan or personal declaration on how you can
be committed to your self-development in a short bond
paper. Be creative!
4. Explain your thoughts and feelings about it. Include
specific ways in which you will develop yourself further.

24. Reading: BEING HAPPY
You may have defects, be anxious and sometimes live irritated, but do
not forget that your life is the greatest enterprise in the world. Only you
can prevent it from going into decadence. There are many that need you,
admire you and love you.
I would like to remind
you that being happy is not having a sky without storms, or roads
without accidents, or work without fatigue, or relationships without
disappointments.
Being happy is finding strength in forgiveness, hope in one’s battles,
security at the stage of fear, love in disagreements.
Being happy is not only to treasure the smile, but that you also reflect
on the sadness. It is not just commemorating the event, but also learning
lessons in failures. It is not just having joy with the applause, but also
having joy in anonymity.

25. Being happy is to recognize that it is worthwhile to live, despite
all the challenges, misunderstandings, and times of crises.
Being happy is not inevitable fate, but a victory for those who can
travel towards it with your own being.
Being happy is to stop being a victim of problems but become an
actor in history itself. It is not only to cross the deserts outside of
ourselves, but still more, to be able to find an oasis in the recesses of
our soul. It is to thank God every morning for the miracle of life.
Being happy is not being afraid of one's feelings. It is to know how
to talk about ourselves. It is to bear with courage when hearing a
"no". It is to have the security to receive criticism, even if is unfair. It
is to kiss the children, pamper the parents, have poetic moments with
friends, even if they have hurt us.

26. Being happy means allowing the free, happy, and simple child inside
each of us to live; having the maturity to say, "I was wrong"; having the
audacity to say, "forgive me". It is to have sensitivity in expressing, "I
need you"; to have the ability of saying, "I love you." So that your life
becomes a garden full of opportunities for being happy...
In your spring-time, may you become a lover of joy. In your winter,
may you become a friend of wisdom. And when you go wrong along the
way, you start all over again. Thus, you will be more passionate about life.
And you will find that happiness is not about having a perfect life but
about using tears to water tolerance, losses to refine patience, failures to
carve serenity, pain to lapidate pleasure, obstacles to open the windows of
intelligence.
Never give up ... Never give up on the people you love. Never give up
from being happy because life is an incredible show. And you are a
special human being!

27. Suggested rubric for grading the activity.
Category/
Score
10 8 5
Craftmanship The slogan is
exceptionallywell
constructed.
The slogan is better
constructed.
The slogan is
acceptably
constructed.
Creativity A lot of thoughts and
efforts were used to
make the banner/
material.
Slogan is creative and
a good amount of
thought was put into.
Slogan is creative
and onlyfew
thoughts were put
into.
Originality Exceptional use of
new ideas and
originality to create
slogan.
Good use of new
ideas and originality
to create slogan.
Average use of new
ideas and originality
to create slogan.
Score 30 24 15

28. ASSESSMENT
I. Write C if the statement is correct and INC if the statement is incorrect.
Write your answers in your journal notebook.
1. Feeling sad or angry is not normal for teenagers.
2. Engaging in sports may contribute to your stressors.
3. When you accept your feelings, you acknowledge what you feel.
4. In helping others, you allow yourself to appreciate what you have.
5. Asking help from others is a measure in preventing things from being
complicated.

29. II. Read each statement below and write the letter of the correct answer in your
journal notebook.
6. Who said that biological, psychological, and social factors interplay and
contribute to create problems that teenagers need to overcome during
adolescence?
a. Casey b. Connolly c. Havighurst d. Santrock
7. What group of individuals are most infected of HIV based on DOH data?
a. adults b. females c. males d. teenagers
8. Rejection during adolescents is inevitable. What is likely the result of this
rejection if not handled well?
a. Low self-esteem c. depression
b. negative attitude towards self d. all of the above

30. 9. Common causes of suicide include ___________________.
a. hopelessness c. low self-esteem
b. self-blame d. all of the above
10.Which is a characteristic symptom of a marked diminished in
interest or pleasure in all, or almost all activities of the day?
a. anxiety c. social disorder
b. drug abuse d. depression
11.The following are the social factors that contribute to the
emergence of an adolescent except __________.
a. family c. peers
b. school d. barangay hall

31. 12.Teenagers who drop out from school are more prone to
except________
a. drug addiction c. being successful in life
b. drinking alcoholic beverages d. computer addiction
13.Which is considered as one of the most difficult challenges
during adolescents?
a. Finding a sense of identity
b. Becoming academically successful
c. Proving yourself to your parents that you are independent
d. Finding friends who can positively influence your behaviors

32. 14.The following are the strategies that a teenager may do to cope with
the challenges they encountered according to Sevilla except_________.
a. identifies your vulnerabilities
b. learns to accept what you feel
c. develops your talents and interests
d. no need to ask for help to avoid disclosure
15.What happens when adolescents fail to master self-control?
a. They can negatively influence others
b. They may not be able to pursue a career
c. They are likely to engage in risky behaviors
d. They may not able to express their ideas well

33. Additional Activities
Activity 5: REFLECTION…
Excellent Senior High Students you are almost done with module 4. Using
your journal, reflect and answer the following questions:
1. What do you think is the role of the family in the development of
risky behaviors?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. In your own opinion, what are the possible ways to avoid being trapped
in risky behaviors?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

35. Assement
References
Books:
Cleofe, Myreen P. (2016). Personal Development. Makati City, Philippines:
Diwa Learning Systems Inc.
Caparas, Maria Vida G. 2018. Personal Development Discovering the Key to
Success. Quezon City, Philippines: Abiva Publishing House Inc.
Personal Development M odule from the Department of Education. First
Edition 2016.
Internet:
https://markarmstrongillustration.com/8253 -2/
http://familybootcamp.org/video- game-addiction
https://sites.google.com/a/une.edu/hgeo/home/2 -the-middle-
east/tuesdayfebruary23/middle- east-project/rubric/Picture%207.png
https://www.scribd.com/document/332637070/Slogan - Making-Rubrics
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