3. GOVERNMENT SETTING
Counseling professionals in government setting work with
the various government agencies that have counseling
services such as social welfare, correctional department, the
court system, child and women affairs services, schools,
military, police, hospitals, mental and foster homes, and
rehabilitation centers.
Sometimes, other specialized departments also have units of
counsellors such as intelligence-gathering departments,
military and police departments, presidential guards, and
special advisories.
4. PRIVATE SECTORS SETTING
In the private sector, counselors range from
independent providers of services or work for NGOs,
or specialized for profit centers and organizations
that render a variety of counseling services.
5. CIVIL SOCIETY SETTING
The context of civil society is generally charities or
non-profit and issue-based centers or organizations
such as for abused women, abandoned children and
elderly, veterans, teachers, professionals, or religious
groups.
6. SCHOOL SETTING
This gives rise to the more dynamic and complex role of
school counselors;
It depended on a school’s local circumstances as well as by
the dynamism within the profession itself.
Historically, it was understood that “guidance process occurs
in an individual in a developmental sequence to the age of
maturity” (Coy 1999).
7. Frank Parsons, known as the “Father of Guidance and
Counseling,” developed a vocational program that matched
an individual’s traits with a vocation.
The roles of guidance here “were similar to modern career
counseling with a focus on the transition from the school to
work, emphasizing an appropriate client-occupational
placement match” (Lambie & Williamson 2004).
8. COMMUNITY SETTING
There are people who are in conflict with the law, socially
marginalized, people who suffer loss of all kinds, those living
in institutional homes, and those experiencing different types
of life transitions that need counseling support and services.
The community setting creates a crossroad for individual
context and group context. Therefore, the needs recognized
and addressed on other levels equally present in the
community setting.
9. ¼ Sheet of Paper
Identify which setting is described.
1. Counselors working on this setting focus on
the client’s transition from school to work.
2. Preventive activities such as drug awareness,
and sex education are provided in this setting to
provide clients with greater understanding on
certain issues.
10. 3. Guidance counselors working in this setting
work in partnership with social workers to
promote psychological well-being of clients.
4. Working in this setting allows the guidance
counselors to work in a part-time or full-time
basis specialized for profit centers or
organizations.
11. 5. In this setting, counselor can work
independently as service providers.
6. Counselors working in this setting
focuses on the rehabilitation of a
barangay hit by strong typhoons.
12. 7. Counseling needs recognized and
addressed in other settings can also be
present in this setting.
8. Guidance counselors work with
various government agencies.
13. 9. Guidance counselors focus on the client’s
academic as well as personal concerns.
10. In this setting, counselor works in
parishes or churches to provide services to
various groups, such as those with moral or
spirituals issues and concerns.
14. The late 1950s saw three schools of thought in
psychology that became very dominant:
1. PSYCHOANALYSIS
2. BEHAVIORISM
3. THE HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
15. PSYCHOANALYSIS
Represented by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), psychoanalysis
draw attention to the darker forces of the unconscious and the
influence that this has on how we feel about ourselves.
The field of psychoanalysis encompasses a vast number of
therapeutic models that utilize dreams, fantasies, associations,
and the expression of thoughts both verbally and physically.
16. The assumption is that there are inner battles that
are waged in a client that are directly responsible for
the appearance of symptoms and behavioural
problems, causing the person to seek treatment.
Psychoanalytic therapy tends to be highly focused
on unearthing the underlying issues to undress the
symptoms, which will lead to minimize or eliminate
the symptoms.
17. BEHAVIORISM
Represented by B.F. Skinner (1904-1990), behaviourism
focused on the effects of reinforcement on observable
behaviour.
All behaviour is learnt from our environment and symptoms
are acquired through classical conditioning and operant
conditioning.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING involves learning by
association.
OPERANT CONDITONING involves learning by
reinforcement (e.g., rewards) and punishment.
18. The therapeutic techniques used in this type of
treatment are action-based and rooted in the
theories of classical conditioning and operant
conditioning and utilize the same learning strategies
that led to the formation of unwanted behaviors.
Behavioral therapy tends to be highly focused on
teaching clients new behaviors to minimize or
eliminate the issue.
19. THE HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
Represented by Carl Rogers (1902-1987), Abraham Maslow
(1908-1970), and George Kelly (1905-1966), the humanistic
perspective attempted to understand the conscious mind,
free will, human dignity, and the capacity for self-reflection
and growth.
These humanists argued that the person is not hostage to
the contingence and historical circumstances of his/her past.
21. The following are among the basic
counseling approaches commonly used
today that provide processes, methods,
and tools for counsellors to draw from:
22. 1. PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY
Is an approach developed by Sigmund Freud.
Is based on Freud’s explanation that human beings are
basically determined by psychic energy and early
experiences. This unconscious energy and experiences drive
people’s behaviour in the form of unconscious motives and
conflicts.
The goal of a therapist is to help a client become conscious
of this energy and early experiences and thereby become
empowered and harness both positively.
23. 2. ADLERIAN THERAPY
Is an approach similar to the Freudian and was developed by
Alfred Adler (1870-1937) who believed that the first six years
of life influence an individual.
But ensuing behaviour depended on how one interprets
his/her past and its continuing influence on him/her.
For Adler, humans are motivated primarily by social urges.
24. 3. EXISTENTIAL THERAPY
Has no single founder, but Viktor Frankl (1905-1997), Abraham Maslow
(1908-1970), and Rollo May (1909-1994) are considered key figures.
Existential therapy focuses on the human capacity to define and shape
his/her own life, give meaning to personal circumstance through
reflection, decision-making, and self-awareness.
It draws heavily on existentialist philosophy that emphasizes human
freedom to define oneself, and that our lives are not predetermined; we
have a responsibility to live and to see in life what we chose to.
The only things we cannot control is being born and the fact of dying.
25. 4. PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY
Originated from Carl Rogers (1902-1987).
For Rogers, people get, share, or surrender power and control over
themselves and others, and so empowerment depended on the self and
such required non-directive process.
Non-directive counsellors focus on the client’s self-discovery rather than
their input.
The process includes the counselor use of active listening, reflection of
feelings, clarification, and just “being there” for the counselee in a non-
interventionist way.
26. 5. GESTALT THERAPY
Was developed and introduced by Frederick S. Perls (1893-1970).
It is an existentialist approach, stressing that people must find their own
way in life and accept personal responsibility for maturity.
They must develop an awareness of their unfinished business from the
past, traumatic experience in life, and what they are doing in order for
them to bring about change in their lives.
Counselors push for doing and experiencing rather than just talk about
one’s feelings as client. It involves recognizing and letting go,
accompanied by action like breaking a glass or hitting something hard.
27. 6. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
Was developed by Eric Berne (1910-1970).
Its main uniqueness is its emphasis on decisions and
contracts that must be made by the client.
This approach believes that the client has the
potential for choice and so, the contract made by
the client clearly states the directions and goals of
the therapeutic process.
28. 7. BEHAVIOR THERAPY
Also referred to as behaviour modification, is associated with
many theorists and among them are Arnold Lazarus, Albert
Bandura, B.F. Skinner, M.J. Mahoney, David L. Watson, and A.E.
Kazdin.
This approach focuses on overt behaviour, precision in
specifying the goals of treatment, and the development of
specific treatment plans.
In this approach, the counselor is active and directive, and
functions as a teacher or trainer in helping clients to work on
improving behaviour.
29. 8. RATIONAL-EMOTIVE THERAPY
Was developed by Albert Ellis (1913-2007).
It is a form of cognitive-oriented behaviour therapy and is base on the
assumption that human beings are born with a potential for both rational
or straight thinking, and irrational or crooked thinking.
Because people are fallible, this approach focuses on helping clients
accept themselves as people who would continue to make mistakes, yet
at he same time learn to live and be at peace with themselves.
Ellis stressed that through thinking, judging, deciding, and doing, people
can change their cognitive, emotive, and behavioural processes and react
differently from their usual patterns.
30. 9. REALITY THERAPY
Was founded and promoted by William Glasser (1925-2013).
Is a short-term approach that focuses on the present and highlights a
client’s strength.
For Glasser, people choose their behaviour and are therefore responsible
for what they do and how they think and feel.
What a client needs from a counselor is encouragement to assess the
current style of living then leave them to employ a process of honest self-
examination, leading and resulting to improvement of one’s quality of life.
31. 10. COGNITIVE THERAPY
10. COGNITIVE THERAPHY- intellectual
11. FAMILY THERAPY-
12. humanistic therapy- humanistic perspective
13. integrative therapy- integrate
14. mindfulness
15. primal therapy- (neurosis theraphy, go back to the first scene)
Psychosynthesis( personal growth-environment)
Re-birthing (
Solution-focus brief Therapy (encourage positive thoughts
Transpersonal therapy (spiritual human potential
32. Charlie- Needs assessment- intervention/program- set goals- monitoring-
evaluation and helping to maintain change (provide
