Counselling is a professional relationship between a therapist and patient that aims to empower individuals and help clients see problems from a new perspective. The main goals of counselling are to assist clients in exploring issues, making them aware of experiences/situations, and guiding them to solutions. Counselling should not include giving advice or judging. The benefits of counselling include helping clients understand behaviors and relate better with others. There are typically five stages to counselling: building rapport, problem assessment, goal setting, intervention, and evaluation. Feedback and reflection are important for counsellors to improve. Key factors for successful counselling are a client's willingness, motivation, commitment and faith in the process. Effective counsellor skills involve listening,
Types of Counseling, Process of Counseling and Qualities of a good CounselorDr. Amjad Ali Arain
Topic: Types of Counseling, Process of Counseling and Qualities of a good Counselor
Student Name: Samiya
Class: M.Ed
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
Lesson 1 Discipline and Idea in Applied Social Sciencerenzguioguio
Lesson 1 Discipline and Idea in Applied Social Science Lesson 1 Discipline and Idea in Applied Social Science Lesson 1 Discipline and Idea in Applied Social Science Lesson 1 Discipline and Idea in Applied Social Science Lesson 1 Discipline and Idea in Applied Social Science
Types of Counseling, Process of Counseling and Qualities of a good CounselorDr. Amjad Ali Arain
Topic: Types of Counseling, Process of Counseling and Qualities of a good Counselor
Student Name: Samiya
Class: M.Ed
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
Lesson 1 Discipline and Idea in Applied Social Sciencerenzguioguio
Lesson 1 Discipline and Idea in Applied Social Science Lesson 1 Discipline and Idea in Applied Social Science Lesson 1 Discipline and Idea in Applied Social Science Lesson 1 Discipline and Idea in Applied Social Science Lesson 1 Discipline and Idea in Applied Social Science
The counselling process; Stages of the counselling processSunil Krishnan
The counselling process:
Stages of the counselling process
Stage 1: Initial Disclosure
Stage 2: In-depth Exploration
Stage 3: Commitment to action
Three stages of Counselling in Perspective
Counselling …………………………………………………………………
Counselling and Psychotherapy………………………………………
The Role of the Counsellor……………………………………………
Counselling Skills ……………………………………………………
Stages of the counselling process: …………………………………………
Some Misconceptions About Counselling ……………………………
The Counselling Process ………………………………………………
Stage 1: Relationship Building - Initial Disclosure ………………………
Stage 2: In-Depth Exploration - Problem Assessment ………………….
Stage 3: Goal Setting - Commitment to Action ………………………….…
Guidelines for Selecting and Defining Goals ………………………..
Summary ………………………………………………………………
Three stages of Counselling in Perspective …………………………………
Psychoanalytic theory ……………………………………………..…
Benefits and limitations of Psychoanalytic theory ……………
Psychodynamic Approach to Counselling …………………………
Id, Ego and Superego …………………………………………
Humanistic Theory …………………………………………………
Client Centred/Non Directive Counselling……………………
Benefits and limitations in relation …………………………
Humanistic Approach to Counselling …………………………………
Behaviour Theory …………………………………………………
Behavioural Approach to Counselling …………………………
Cognitive Theory …………………………………………………
The counselling process; Stages of the counselling processSunil Krishnan
The counselling process:
Stages of the counselling process
Stage 1: Initial Disclosure
Stage 2: In-depth Exploration
Stage 3: Commitment to action
Three stages of Counselling in Perspective
Counselling …………………………………………………………………
Counselling and Psychotherapy………………………………………
The Role of the Counsellor……………………………………………
Counselling Skills ……………………………………………………
Stages of the counselling process: …………………………………………
Some Misconceptions About Counselling ……………………………
The Counselling Process ………………………………………………
Stage 1: Relationship Building - Initial Disclosure ………………………
Stage 2: In-Depth Exploration - Problem Assessment ………………….
Stage 3: Goal Setting - Commitment to Action ………………………….…
Guidelines for Selecting and Defining Goals ………………………..
Summary ………………………………………………………………
Three stages of Counselling in Perspective …………………………………
Psychoanalytic theory ……………………………………………..…
Benefits and limitations of Psychoanalytic theory ……………
Psychodynamic Approach to Counselling …………………………
Id, Ego and Superego …………………………………………
Humanistic Theory …………………………………………………
Client Centred/Non Directive Counselling……………………
Benefits and limitations in relation …………………………
Humanistic Approach to Counselling …………………………………
Behaviour Theory …………………………………………………
Behavioural Approach to Counselling …………………………
Cognitive Theory …………………………………………………
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
1. SCHOOL OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF RADIOGRAPHY
ARG 2102 PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY AND PATIENT COUNSELLING
NOTES
What is counselling?
There are many definitions of ‘counselling’ formulated by professional bodies and leading
figures in the field:
Counselling is a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families,
and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals,
(American Counselling Association, 2013).
Counselling is a principled relationship characterised by the application of one or more
psychological theories and a recognised set of communication skills, modified by
experience, intuition, and other interpersonal factors, to clients’ intimate concerns,
problems, or aspirations, (Feltharn and Dryden, 1993).
Counselling is defined as a process, organized in a series of steps, which aims to help
people cope better with situations they are facing. This involves helping the individual
to understand their emotions and feelings and to help them make positive choices and
decisions.
Counselling is an approach for assisting people to reduce initial distress resulting from
a difficult situation, and to encourage short and long-term adaptive functioning
(positive coping).
2. In short, counselling is
A process of one-to-one interaction between a therapist and the patient
Therapist enables a person to talk about the issues or emotional and behavioural
difficulties that are bothering them.
The act of helping the client to see things more clearly, possibly from a different
viewpoint.
This can enable the client to focus on feelings, experiences, or behaviour, with a goal
to facilitating positive change.
Counselling depends on the creation of a relationship between two people, which is
sufficiently secure to allow the person seeking help to explore issues that are painful
and troubling.
Aims of counselling
The main aim of counselling is to:
assist clients in exploring their problems and guide them to solutions.
have clients become aware of the consequences of the experiences and situations they
have been/are going through.
reduce worry, anxiety, or any other negative emotions.
guide clients in their recovery from, and adaptation to, difficult circumstances.
Counselling as a process and relationship.
Counselling is a process, based on a relationship that is built on empathy, acceptance,
and trust. Within this relationship, the counsellor focuses on the client’s feelings,
thoughts, and actions, and then empowers clients to:
a) Cope with their lives,
b) Explore options,
c) Make their own decisions, and
d) Take responsibility for those decisions.
Counselling is a helping approach that highlights the emotional and intellectual experience of
a client, and how a client is feeling and what they think about the problem they have sought
help for. Developing a counselling relationship is like developing any other kind of
3. relationship, but the counsellor should take the lead. It is the counsellor’s responsibility to set
up the safe and trusting environment for the relationship to grow.
Counselling in a health setting is not / The don’ts of counselling:
giving advice.
teaching.
interrupting.
pretending to be interested;
judging;
interrogating;
moralising;
blaming;
not being gender sensitive; and
making a choice for a person.
attempting to sort out the problems of the client.
expecting or encouraging a client to behave in a way in which the counsellor may have
behaved when confronted with a similar problem in their own life.
getting emotionally involved with the client.
looking at a client's problems from your own perspective, based on your own value
system
Source: WHO, 2001: “The World health report: Mental health: new understanding, new hope”,
Geneva.
Characteristics of a counsellor
The role of the counsellor is to
a) enable the client to explore many aspects of their life and feelings by talking openly
and freely.
b) not emotionally involved with the client and does not become so during counselling
sessions.
c) avoid judging patients and not to give advice.
4. d) give the client an opportunity to express difficult feelings such as anger, resentment,
guilt, and fear in a confidential environment.
e) encourage the client to examine parts of their lives that they may have found difficult
or impossible to face before.
Key qualities and unique characteristics of the counselling relationship
Main qualities of a counsellor are:
a) Empathy
b) active listening
c) reflecting feelings
d) asking good questions
e) affirming and accepting
The benefits of counselling on the patient and family
Effective counsellors are responsive and creative in their capacity to find out what will be most
helpful for each individual client. There are many ways in which counselling can help people
to move on in their lives:
Psychological education. Enabling the client to acquire ideas and techniques with
which to understand and control behaviour.
Relating with others. Becoming better able to form and maintain meaningful and
satisfying relationships with other people: for example, within the family or workplace.
Problem- solving. Finding a solution to a specific problem that the client and his/her
family have not been able to resolve alone. Acquiring a general competence in problem-
solving is critical in enabling the client and his/her family cope with the changes or
problems that they may be encountering.
Empowerment. Working on skills, awareness and knowledge that will enable the client
to take control of his or her own life. The families are also empowered to be able to
take care of the client.
Insight. The acquisition of an understanding of the origins and development of
emotional difficulties, leading to an increased capacity to take rational control over
feelings and actions.
5. Self- awareness. Becoming more aware of thoughts and feelings that had been blocked
off or denied or developing a more accurate sense of how self is perceived by others.
Self- acceptance. The development of a positive attitude towards self, marked by an
ability to acknowledge areas of experience that had been the subject of self- criticism
and rejection.
Self- actualization or individuation. Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential or
achieving an integration of previously conflicting parts of self.
Enlightenment. Assisting the client to arrive at a higher state of spiritual awakening.
Acquisition of social skills. Learning and mastering social and interpersonal skills such
as maintenance of eye contact, turn- taking in conversations, assertiveness, or anger
control.
Cognitive change. The modification or replacement of irrational beliefs or maladaptive
thought patterns associated with self- destructive behaviour.
Behaviour change. The modification or replacement of maladaptive or self- destructive
patterns of behaviour.
Systemic change. Introducing change into the way in those social systems (e.g.,
families) operate.
Restitution. Helping the client to make amends for previous destructive behaviour.
Generativity and social action. Inspiring in the person a desire and capacity to care for
others and pass on knowledge (generativity) and to contribute to the collective good
through political engagement and community work.
Counselling should be flexible enough to make it possible for the client to use the therapeutic
relationship as an arena for exploring whatever dimension of life is most relevant to their well-
being at that point in time.
Good qualities of a counsellor
Characteristics of a good counsellor
The role of the counsellor is to
a) enable the client to explore many aspects of their life and feelings by talking openly
and freely.
6. b) not emotionally involved with the client and does not become so during counselling
sessions.
c) avoid judging patients and not to give advice.
d) give the client an opportunity to express difficult feelings such as anger, resentment,
guilt and fear in a confidential environment.
e) encourage the client to examine parts of their lives that they may have found difficult
or impossible to face before.
The counselling process
When a person seeks counselling, he or she suffers from something serious be it mental
issues, emotional problems, or family problems. The process isn’t rushed but rather
involves a systematic evaluation that includes a detailed process.
The counselling process involves a step-by-step approach, and the counselor conducts
it in a way to make sure that his client is comfortable with the process. Lets have a look
at the five crucial stages of a counselling process.
The five phases/stages of the counselling session
There are five main stages or phases in the process of a counselling session:
1. Relationship building (Initial disclosure)
2. Problem Assessment (In-depth exploration)
3. Goal setting (commitment to action)
4. Counselling intervention (decision-making)
5. Evaluation, termination, or referral
Relationship building (Initial disclosure)
The counseling process begins with relationship building. This stage focuses on
the counselor engaging with the client to explore the issues that directly affect
them.
The vital first interview can set the scene for what is to come, with the client
reading the counselor’s verbal and nonverbal signals to draw inferences about
7. the counselor and the process. The counselor focuses on using good listening
skills and building a positive relationship.
When successful, it ensures a strong foundation for future dialogue and the
continuing counseling process.
Problem Assessment (In-depth exploration)
• While the counselor and client continue to build a beneficial, collaborative relationship,
another process is underway: problem assessment.
• The counselor carefully listens and draws out information regarding the client’s
situation (life, work, home, education, etc.) and the reason they have engaged in
counseling.
• Information crucial to subsequent stages of counseling includes identifying triggers,
timing, environmental factors, stress levels, and other contributing factors.
Goal setting (commitment to action)
Effective counselling relies on setting appropriate and realistic goals, building on the
previous stages. The goals must be identified and developed collaboratively, with the
client committing to a set of steps leading to a particular outcome.
Counselling intervention (decision-making)
This stage varies depending on the counselor and the theories they are familiar with, as
well as the situation the client faces.
For example, a behavioral approach may suggest engaging in activities designed to
help the client alter their behavior. In comparison, a person-centered approach seeks to
engage the client’s self-actualizing tendency.
Evaluation, termination, or referral
Termination may not seem like a stage, but the art of ending the counseling is critical.
Drawing counseling to a close must be planned well in advance to ensure a positive
conclusion is reached while avoiding anger, sadness, or anxiety.
Part of the process is to reach an early agreement on how the therapy will end and what
success looks like. This may lead to a referral if required.
While there are clear stages to the typical counseling process, other than termination,
each may be ongoing. For example, while setting goals, new information or
understanding may surface that requires additional assessment of the problem.
8. Importance of feedback in counselling
Feedback is essential to effective counselling.
Feedback provides the counsellor with valuable information to help him or her develop
essential counselling skills.
Feedback also serves another purpose:
a) it helps counsellors learn how to reflect on their own skills and
development.
b) they will be in the counselling room by themselves and will need to
evaluate their own performance in order to continually improve their
counselling skills.
Factors important for counselling to be a success
1. Willingness
Being willing to seek and attend counseling is a crucial step for any individual.
It involves the recognition that they need to make changes and require help to do
so.
2. Motivation
Being willing to make changes and engage in them involves maintaining and
sustaining motivation. Without it, the counseling process will falter when the
real work begins.
3. Commitment
The client may be willing and motivated, but change will not happen without
continued patience and commitment. Commitment may be a series of repeating
decisions to persist and move forward.
4. Faith
Counseling is unlikely to succeed unless the client has faith in themselves, the
counselor, and the process. Taking the step to begin and continue with
counseling requires the belief that it can be successful.
Effective counsellor skills
Effective counsellor skills include the following key issues:
9. Listening Skills
Reflecting Skills
Reframing Skills
Affirmation Skills
Summarising skills
Listening Skills
Listening is a key counselling skill. It is the art of obtaining the information you need
from a speaker, whilst encouraging them to open up and share their issues
Good listening skills in counselling establishes trust, helps the client disclose their
thoughts and encourages them to share their emotions, thereby facilitating the gathering
of valuable information about the client that would in turn aid the counseling process.
Reflecting Skills
Reflection in counselling is like holding up a mirror: repeating the client's words back
to them exactly as they said them. You might reflect back the whole sentence, or you
might select a few words – or even one single word – from what the client has brought.
Reflecting helps you to develop your skills and review their effectiveness, rather than
just carry-on doing things as you have always done them. It is about questioning, in a
positive way, what you do and why you do it and then deciding whether there is a better,
or more efficient, way of doing it in the future.
Reframing Skills
Reframing is seeing the current situation from a different perspective, which can be
tremendously helpful in problem solving, decision making and learning. Reframing is
helping you or another person to more constructively move on from a situation in which
you or the other person feels stuck or confused.
Positive reframing involves thinking about a negative or challenging situation in a more
positive way. This could involve thinking about a benefit or upside to a negative
situation that you had not considered. Alternatively, it can involve identifying a lesson
to be learned from a difficult situation.
Affirmation Skills
10. Affirmations are positive statements about who we are and what our potential is. These
help us feel good about ourselves and focus on what we want. When children (or teens
or adults) hear words of encouragement, they learn to respect themselves.
Affirmations are positive statements that can help you to challenge and overcome self-
sabotaging and negative thoughts. When you repeat them often, and believe in them,
you can start to make positive changes.
Summarising skills
Reviewing the work done so far and taking stock. bringing a session to a close, by
drawing together the main threads of the discussion. beginning a subsequent session, if
appropriate. starting the process of focusing and prioritizing 'scattered' thoughts and
feelings.
Summarizing lets the client know that the counsellor has heard and understood, and
enables the client to clarify thoughts, identifying what is most important. It is not
sufficient just to notice what the client has said, it is also important to notice what is
Summary
Counselling is a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families,
and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals.
A process of one-to-one interaction between a therapist and the patient. It is an act of
helping the client to see things more clearly, possibly from a different viewpoint.
The main aim of counselling includes the need to assist clients in exploring their
problems and guide them to solutions. It also aims at having clients being aware of the
consequences of the experiences and situations they have been/are going through.
Counselling is a process, based on a relationship that is built on empathy, acceptance,
and trust.
Counselling does not include giving advice, teaching, interrupting, and pretending to
be interested. It also doesn’t include judging, interrogating, moralising, and blaming.
Counselling also does not include making a choice for a person, attempting to sort out
the problems of the client, expecting or encouraging a client to behave in a way in which
the counsellor may have behaved when confronted with a similar problem in their own
life and getting emotionally involved with the client.
The role of the counsellor is to enable the client to explore many aspects of their life
and feelings by talking openly and freely.
11. Main qualities of a counsellor include being empathetic, being an active listener and
being able to reflect on client feelings and being able to ask good questions.
The benefits of counselling on the patient and family is that counselling enables the
client to acquire ideas and techniques with which to understand and control behaviour.
It also assists client to be able to relate with others, become competent problem solvers
among other things.
The five main stages or phases in the process of a counselling session include
relationship building (Initial disclosure), problem Assessment (In-depth exploration),
goal setting (commitment to action), counselling intervention (decision-making) and
evaluation, termination, or referral stage.
The importance of feedback in counselling is that feedback provides the counsellor with
valuable information to help him or her develop essential counselling skills, helps
counsellors learn how to reflect on their own skills and development and is important
in making counsellors evaluate their own performance to continually improve their
counselling skills.
The essential factors that are important for counselling to be a success include client
willingness, client motivation, client commitment and faith
Effective counsellor skills include the need for good listening skills, reflecting skills,
reframing skills, affirmation skills and summarising skills.