Communication involves the exchange of information through various channels between a sender and receiver. It can be intentional or unintentional and takes different forms depending on the context. There are six common frames of reference that shape communication including psychological, cultural, social, spatial, temporal, and historical biases. The basic elements of the communication process are the sender, receiver, message, channels, feedback, noise, and setting. Communication occurs on different levels from intrapersonal communication within ourselves to interpersonal communication between two people to larger forms like intercultural, interviewing, small group, and mass communication.

1. LESSON 12
THE DISCIPLINE
OF
COMMUNICATION

2. What is
COMMUNICATION?

3. DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION
 Communication is essentially transactional, giving
and receiving content, which may take a wide
variety of forms.

4.  Communication involves acting on information,
responding to stimulus, a creative act, making sense of the
world, assigning meaning to experience and feelings, and
can also be intentional as well unintentional.

5. Context and the basic concepts of
communication
 Even if we understand words in a language, it is difficult to fully
appreciate meaning unless it is contextualized (email, television,
with a friend, with family, a political campaign or a protest rally, a
celebration, or a religious or social event)

6. 6 common identified frames of
reference:
1. Psychological frame of reference may refer to a set
of parameters that define one’s mental schema.
CHRISTMAS
HOT
LOVE
COLD

7.  2. Cultural frame of reference may refer to
a set of parameters that define one’s
bias.
Due to LAWS
Due to background
Due to race

8. 3. Social frame of reference may refer to a set of
parameters that define one’s social bias.

9. 4. Spatial frame of reference may refer to a set of
egocentric experience, environmental, and geographical
parameters that define one’s interpretation of reality.

10. 5. Temporal frame of reference may refer to a set of
transient parameters, such as space and a range of
experience types that underline immediate
representations, which define one’s interpretation of
reality.

11. 6. Historical frame of reference may refer to a set of
parameters that define one’s historical bias.

12. Goals of communication
Expressing one’s needs and wants

13. Transferring or conveying information/messages

14. Establishing social closeness or sustaining
relationships with others

15. Facilitating social etiquette, that is, to
conform to the social conventions of
politeness.

16. To change behavior

17. Basic elements of the communication
process
1. Sender-Receiver
In most communication situations, people are senders and
receivers at the same time. They are the participants in a
communication.

18. 2. Message
All communication messages are made up of two symbols:
verbal (all the words in a language) and non-verbal (anything we
communicate without using words such as facial expressions,
gestures, posture, colors, vocal tones, etc).

19. 3. Channels
Are routes travelled by a message as it goes between
the senders/receivers.

20. 4. Feedback
Is a response of the receiver to the sender and vice
versa.

21. 5. Noise
Keeps a message from being understood or accurately interpret.
External noise is any noise that comes from the environment that
keeps the message from being heard or understood.
Internal noise occurs in the minds of the senders and receivers such
as prior experience
Semantic noise is also a form of internal noise caused by people’s
emotional reactions to words such as reactions to ethnic or sexist
remarks.

22. 6. Setting
Is essentially the context where communication
occurs. It may be a venue, formal or informal seating
arrangements, attire, use of sound system.

23. Levels of communication: from
intrapersonal to mass communication
1. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
This refers to communication that occurs within us which involves
feelings, thoughts, and the way we look at ourselves. The self is the only
sender and receiver.

24. 2. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
The communication that occurs on one-to-one basis usually in
an informal, unstructured setting is interpersonal communication.

25. 3. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
This is an interpersonal communication that occurs between or
among members of different cultures or people who are enculturated
differently. This is more apparent between persons coming from two
different cultures of upbringing but can also be among people of the
same culture but brought up in different times or cultural contexts.

26. 4. INTERVIEWING
Interviewing makes use of a series of questions and answers
usually involving two people or groups.

27. 5. SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION
Occurs when a small group of people meets to solve a problem.
There is cooperative thinking; there is specific purpose.

28. 6. MASS COMMUNICATION
The sender-receiver (speaker) sends a message (speech) to
an audience in a highly structured manner.