Agents used for radiographic purpose /Radiopaque substance
Iopanoic acid
Propyl iodone
2. Agents used to test organ function
Sulphobromopthalein sodium
Indigo carmine/ Indigotin disulphonate sodium
Evans blue
Congo red
Fluorescein sodium
Diagnostic agents-used to detect impaired function of the body organs OR to detect abnormalities in tissue structure
a) Water soluble contrast media
eg. phosphate or citrate buffer
b) Water insoluble contrast media
eg. Propyliodone, Iopanoic acid.
To test kidney function eg. Indigotindisulphonate (Indigo carmine)
b) To test liver function eg. Sulphobromophthalein Sodium.
c) Miscellaneous eg. Florescein Sodium, Evens blue, Congo red.
Agents used for radiographic purpose /Radiopaque substance
Iopanoic acid
Propyl iodone
2. Agents used to test organ function
Sulphobromopthalein sodium
Indigo carmine/ Indigotin disulphonate sodium
Evans blue
Congo red
Fluorescein sodium
Diagnostic agents-used to detect impaired function of the body organs OR to detect abnormalities in tissue structure
a) Water soluble contrast media
eg. phosphate or citrate buffer
b) Water insoluble contrast media
eg. Propyliodone, Iopanoic acid.
To test kidney function eg. Indigotindisulphonate (Indigo carmine)
b) To test liver function eg. Sulphobromophthalein Sodium.
c) Miscellaneous eg. Florescein Sodium, Evens blue, Congo red.
Anti-Neoplastic agents(Anti-cancer drugs)-History-Mechanism of actions-Classifications,SAR,Synthesis and Uses.(Medicinal chemistry)
P.Ravisankar
Vignan Pharmacy College
Vadlamudi. Guntur-A.P. India.
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
Sulfonamide (also called sulphonamide, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group.
INTRODUCTION :
Diagnostic agents are the substances used to examine the body in order to detect impairment of its normal functions. Usually these agents find no other use in medicine.
Diagnostic agents are divided according to the use as
drugs used as X-ray contrast media
drugs used to test organ functions
drugs used to determine blood volume and haemopoietic function and
drugs used for miscellaneous agents.
Anti-Neoplastic agents(Anti-cancer drugs)-History-Mechanism of actions-Classifications,SAR,Synthesis and Uses.(Medicinal chemistry)
P.Ravisankar
Vignan Pharmacy College
Vadlamudi. Guntur-A.P. India.
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
Sulfonamide (also called sulphonamide, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group.
INTRODUCTION :
Diagnostic agents are the substances used to examine the body in order to detect impairment of its normal functions. Usually these agents find no other use in medicine.
Diagnostic agents are divided according to the use as
drugs used as X-ray contrast media
drugs used to test organ functions
drugs used to determine blood volume and haemopoietic function and
drugs used for miscellaneous agents.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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VERY BASICS OF CONTRAST MEDIA IN RADIOLOGY.
CLASSIFICATION OF CONTRAST MEDIA.
APPLICATION OF CONTRAST MEDIA.
XRAY, CT, ULTRASOUND AND MRI CONTRAST AGENTS.
Detailed idea on nanotechnology, nanomedicine, types, uses, pharmacotherapy, and future prospects of the nanotechnology. Drug delivery systems, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nanoparticles are dealt in detail
An intensive material on the anticancer agents. Detailed idea of the various classes of anticancer and recent advances in each class. Newer anticancer drug delivery systems and the anticancer vaccines are also dealt in detail.
An intensive material on recent advances on contraception including the current contraceptive methods and a brief overview on immunocontraception and contraceptive vaccines
A concise overview of pharmacoeconomics, health economics, various costs, various pharmacoeconomic study designs and its application in the field of medicine and drug development
A concise overview of biased agonism, mechanism, beta arrestin pathway, types, examples, GPCR, pros and cons of biased agonism, beta blockers and angiostensin receptor in biased agonism.
Receptor types, mechanism, receptor pharmacology, drug receptor interactions, theories of receptor pharmacology, spare receptors and new concepts like biased agonism
Regulation in clinical trial, Schedule Y and recent amendmentsDr. Siddhartha Dutta
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
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ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
2. INTRODUCTION
Diagnostic agents are chemical or substances
used to detect abnormalities in tissue and
organs or to test on organ function.
Do not have medicinal & pharmacological
effects
X-ray film used for radiography
5. RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
(RADIO ISOTOPES)
Radioactive compounds
Used for diagnosis & therapeutics treatment of human
diseases
Given by various routes (mouth, injection, eye, bladder)
in small amounts
Dosage can variate depend on type of test
Given under direct supervision of a specialist doctor
Unit: curie, becquerrels
7. RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
9. Kidney disease: Iodohippurate sod. I125
, Tc99
m
10. Liver disease: Ammonia N13
, Tc99
m, Albumin
colloid
11. Lung disease: Krypton Kr81
m, Xe133
8. RADIOLOGICAL CONTRAST MEDIA
(RADIO OPAQUE AGENTS)
Any substance which when administered to a patient
improves the visualization of an organ or tissue is called
a contrast media.
Having property of opacifying X-ray radiations
Either inorganic as well as organic
Classification
9. RADIOLOGICAL CONTRAST MEDIA
A) Positive contrast media:
having ability to absorb X-rays (eg. Radio opaques)
Subdivided:
i. Heavy Metals & their salts (Inorganic)
ii. Iodized oils
iii. Iodinated organic compounds (Organic)
a) water soluble contrast media
b) water insoluble contrast media
10. RADIOLOGICAL CONTRAST MEDIA
B) Negative contrast media:
Transparent to X-rays
Renders the structure of a tissue more translucent
eg. Air, Oxygen, Nitrogen etc.
11. RADIOLOGICAL CONTRAST MEDIA
Characteristics:
Adequate radioopacity which require iodine content
50% or more
High water solubility (40% and above)
Low viscosity, no osmotic effect
Chemical stability
Minimum toxicity & patient acceptance
Readily available & low cost
12. RADIOLOGICAL CONTRAST MEDIA
A) Heavy metals and salts:
High atomic number and radioopaque
eg.
i) Barium Sulphate (BaSO4)
-Low systematic toxicity
-Low water solubility
-Lack of osmotic activity
-Used for examination of GIT
-Used as suspension or thick cream
-Orally or through rectal route
-sod.citrate is added to stabilize preparation
-Sorbitol added to enhance function
13. RADIOLOGICAL CONTRAST MEDIA
ii) Metallic salt (Tantalum oxide for Bronchography
& esophagography), (calcium tungstate) &
(barium titanate for stomach, small intestine,
esophagus)
iii) Ferrites(Fe2O3):
-about 80% opacity than that of BaSO4
-contain Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni and Mg
-used for Bronchi, stomach & small intestine
studies
14. RADIOLOGICAL CONTRAST MEDIA
B) Iodized oils:
Preparation: Iodination of vegetable oils with hydroiodic
acid give iodized oils
Iodinated fatty acid derivatives(Yellow to amber colored )
Decompose on exposure to light and air
Upon administration liberate inorganic iodine in body
which appear in urine
Used in hepatography, lymphography &
hepatospleenography
15. RADIOLOGICAL CONTRAST MEDIA
c) Organic Iodine Compound:
Most widely used
Tetra iodo phenolphthalein was 1st
agent
Amount of iodine is important for opacity
Subclassification:
a) Water soluble contrast media
b) Water insoluble contrast media
16. RADIOLOGICAL CONTRAST MEDIA
a) Water soluble contrast media:
eg. Diatrizoate sodium
Diatrizoate meglumine
Sodium iothalamate
Metrizoic acid
Iodipamide
Ipodate sodium
Iodohippurate sodium
-Mainly used for urography & angiography
-Administered by retrograde method (i.e. By mechanical
means)
-Mild toxicity
17. RADIOLOGICAL CONTRAST MEDIA
b) Water insoluble contrast media
eg. Iopanoic acid
Propyliodone
Iophendylate
Iocetamic acid
Iodoxamide
-very slightly water soluble
-mainly used for cholecystography, bronchography
and myelography
-patient should not drink or eat before Six hrs.
18. RADIOLOGICAL CONTRAST MEDIA
a) Water soluble contrast media:
1. Diatrizoate sodium:
Sodium salt of substituted triiodo benzoic acid
Iodine content : abt 62%
Used for angiography & urography
Also available as meglumine salt
19. RADIOLOGICAL CONTRAST MEDIA
2. Sodium Iothalamate:
Structural isomer of diatrizoic acid
One actamide (CH3CONH-) group replaced by
methyl carbamoyl (-CONHCH3)group
Available as meglumine salt
Used in angiography
Chem. Name: sodium 3-acetamido-2,4,6-triiodo-
5-(methylcarbamoyl)benzoate
Usually not used for diagnostic purpose
Iodine compounds are usually more useful
Mannitol: Renal functionhe test starts with a very small dose of methacholine and, depending on your response, the doses will be increased until either you experience 20 percent drop in breathing ability, or you reach a maximum dose with no change in your lung function.