Skip to main content
UploadLanguage (EN)Support
BusinessMobileSocial MediaMarketingTechnologyArt & PhotosCareerDesignEducationPresentations & Public SpeakingGovernment & NonprofitHealthcareInternetLawLeadership & ManagementAutomotiveEngineeringSoftwareRecruiting & HRRetailSalesServicesScienceSmall Business & EntrepreneurshipFoodEnvironmentEconomy & FinanceData & AnalyticsInvestor RelationsSportsSpiritualNews & PoliticsTravelSelf ImprovementReal EstateEntertainment & HumorHealth & MedicineDevices & HardwareLifestyle
KS
Uploaded bykencha swathi
60,143 views

Antineoplastic agents-Anticancer drugs

This document provides an overview of antineoplastic agents (chemotherapies) used to treat cancer. It begins by defining a neoplasm or tumor and describing the causes and types of cancer. It then discusses factors that affect cancer incidence and classifies antineoplastic drugs. The main classes described are alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, plant products, and miscellaneous drugs. For each drug class and some individual drugs, the document provides details on mechanisms of action and specific uses to treat different cancer types. It concludes by covering the synthesis of some example antineoplastic agents including mechlorethamine, methotrexate, and mercaptopurine.

Education◦
ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS BY KENCHA SWATHI ASSISTANT PROFESSOR BANGALORE Swathi Pharma Jnan
INTRODUCTION • A neoplasm or tumour is an abnormal mass of tissue ,the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissue and continues in the same manner after cessation of the stimuli which have initiated it. • A malignant tumour grows rapidly and continuously. • Malignant tumours invade and destroy neighbouring tissues. • Better understanding of the tumour biology shows tremendous growth of cancer research,cancer chemotherapy and leads to evolution of antineoplastic agents. Swathi Pharma Jnan
CAUSES OFTUMOUR • GENETIC FACTORS • CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS • POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBON CARCINOGENS • RADIATIONS Swathi Pharma Jnan
TYPES OF CANCER • Ten different types of cancer may be cured with the aid of chemotherapy 1.Leukemia in children (Blood cancer) 2.Hodgkin’s disease( Affects immune system) 3.Ewing’s sarcoma ( Bone,arms or pelvis) 4.Choriocarcinoma in women(Uterus or womb) 5.Testicular carcinoma 6.Retinoblastoma in children(Eye cancer) Swathi Pharma Jnan
FACTORS AFFECTING CANCER 1.Age incidence: Bone cancer in 10-12 years 2.Sex Incidence: Cervical cancer in women 3.Geographical Incidence: Mouth and tongue cancer in india 4. Ethnic incidence: Penile carcinoma 5.Radiation Incidence: Radiologists suffer from leukemia. 6.Hormone Incidence: Breast cancer occurs becoz of over production of estrogens. 7.Environment Incidence: Lung cancer in cigarette smokers. Swathi Pharma Jnan
CLASSIFICATION Antineoplastic drugs are classified as: 1.Alkylating agents: Mechlorethamine,Cyclophosphamide,Melphalan, Chlorambucil,Busulfan,Thiotepa 2.Antimetabolites: Mercaptopurine,Thioguanine,Fluorouracil,Floxuridine, Cytarabine,Methotrexate,Azathioprine 3.Antibiotics: Dactinomycin,Daunorubicin,Doxorubicin,Bleomycin 4.Plant products: Etoposide,Vinblastin,Vincristine 5.Miscellaneous drugs: Cisplatin,Mitotane Swathi Pharma Jnan
MECHLORETHAMINE Uses: Effective in Hodgkin’s disease Drug of choice for the treatment of Mycosis fungoides and lymphomas. Swathi Pharma Jnan
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE Uses:To treat Acute leukemia. To treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia. To control Burkitt’s lymphoma and multiple myelenoma. Swathi Pharma Jnan
MELPHALAN Uses: Effective in preventing the reoccurrence of cancer in premenopausal women. Swathi Pharma Jnan
CHLORAMBUCIL Uses: Used to treat leukemia,lymphoma. To stop the growth of cancer cells. Swathi Pharma Jnan
BUSULFAN Uses: Busulfan shows action on rapidly proliferative tissues. Swathi Pharma Jnan
THIOTEPA Uses: Used to prevent rejection of stem cell transplant To treat bladder cancer To stop the growth of cancer cells. Swathi Pharma Jnan
MOA OF ALKYLATINGAGENTS • Drugs attaches an alkyl group to DNA. • The alkyl group is attached to the guanine base of DNA,7th nitrogen atom of the purine ring. • Drug + Swathi Pharma Jnan Alkylation
CLASSIFICATIONOF ANTIMETABOLITES Antimetabolites are subclassified as: 1.Folate antagonists – Methotrexate 2.Purine antagonists – Mercaptopurine,Thioguanine,Azathioprine 3.Pyrimidine antagonists – Fluorouracil ,Floxuridine,cytarabine Swathi Pharma Jnan
MERCAPTOPURINE Uses:Inhibits othoimmune encephalomyletis and thyroiditis. To treat childhood leukemia Swathi Pharma Jnan
THIOGUANINE Uses:To treat acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Swathi Pharma Jnan
FLUOROURACIL Uses:To treat breast cancer,colorectal cancer,stomach cancer,pancreatic cancer and skin cancer. Swathi Pharma Jnan
FLOXURIDINE Uses:To treat cancer of GIT(stomach and intestines) and that has spread to liver. It works by stopping or slowing the growth of cancer cells in body. Swathi Pharma Jnan
CYTARABINE Uses:Cytarabine is used alone or in combination with other drugs for the treatment of leukemia(cancer ofWBC),acute myeloid leukemia,acute lymphocytic leukemia. Swathi Pharma Jnan
METHOTREXATE Uses:To treat lymphoblastic leukemia. To treat lung cancer To treat breast cancer and epidermoid cancer. Swathi Pharma Jnan
AZATHIOPRINE Uses: Azathioprine is used to prevent organ rejection in patients who have received kidney transplant.It allows functioning of new kidney properly. To treat rheumatoid arthritis Swathi Pharma Jnan
MOA OF ANTIMETABOLITES • Drugs that interfere with one or more enzymes which are necessary for DNA synthesis. • They affect DNA synthesis by acting as a substitute to the actual metabolites that would be used in the normal metabolism. • Some drugs inhibit folate reductase enzyme during the synthesis of folic acid. • Inhibition of folic acid forms abnormal DNA or RNA. • Finally Proteins cannot form by translation. • This leads to cell-death or stopping the growth of cancer related cells or tissues. Swathi Pharma Jnan
Swathi Pharma Jnan
ANTIBIOTICS-DACTINOMYCIN Uses:To treat adenocarcinoma. To treat Rhabdomyosarcoma in children(Injury of muscles or death of muscle fibres) Swathi Pharma Jnan
DAUNORUBICIN Uses: It is used in combination with other drugs for treating acute lymphocytic leukemia. It works by stopping or slowing the growth of cancer cells. Swathi Pharma Jnan
DOXORUBICIN Uses: Doxorubicin is used to treat bladder cancer,lung,breast,stomach and ovarian cancers. Used to treat various types of leukemia. Swathi Pharma Jnan
BLEOMYCIN Uses:To treat squamous cell cancer,testicular cancer and ovarian cancer. Used to treat malignant pleural effusion(storage of fluid in the space between lungs lining and the chest wall) Swathi Pharma Jnan
MOA OF ANTIBIOTICS • Drugs specifically inhibits the DNA dependant RNA polymerase. • This enzyme synthesizes RNA from a DNA template and it inhibits transcription. Swathi Pharma Jnan
ETOPOSIDE Uses:To treat lung cancer, testicular cancer, glioblastoma(Cancer of brain or spinal cord),leukemia,Kaposi’s sarcoma(Cancer that causes lesions under the skin lining) and Ewing’s sarcoma(Cancer that grows in bone or tissue around the bone) Swathi Pharma Jnan
VINBLASTINE Uses:To treat Hodgkin’s neuroblastoma,breast tumour and mycosis fungoides. In the treatment of Myeloblastic leukemia in children. Swathi Pharma Jnan
VINCRISTINE Uses:To treat acute leukemia in children,neuroblastoma,Rhabdomyosarcoma(cancer occurs in skeletal muscle or bladder or uterus) Swathi Pharma Jnan
MOA OF PLANT PRODUCTS • The drug interferes with the assembly of the microtubules,by effectively combining with tubulin,thereby causing a mitotic arrest in the metaphase. Swathi Pharma Jnan
CISPLATIN Uses:To treat testicular cancer,ovarian cancer and other solid tumours like lung cancer,esophageal cancer and gastric cancer. Swathi Pharma Jnan
MITOTANE Uses:It is used to treat cancer of adrenal glands that cannot be treated by surgery. It stops or slows the growth of cancer cells. Swathi Pharma Jnan
SYNTHESISOF MECHLORETHAMINE Swathi Pharma Jnan
SYNTHESISOF METHOTREXATE Swathi Pharma Jnan ROUTE -I
Swathi Pharma Jnan ROUTE-II
SYNTHESISOF MERCAPTOPURINE Swathi Pharma Jnan ROUTE-I
Swathi Pharma Jnan ROUTE-II
LIKE,SHARE & SUBSCRIBE Swathi Pharma Jnan