Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment: Congenital or acquired brain-based visual impairment with onset in childhood, unexplained by an ocular disorder, and associated with unique visual and behavioral characteristics. (PCVI Society). Presentation made to Illinois College of Optometry NORA and COVD students, faculty and residents.
Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment: Congenital or acquired brain-based visual impairment with onset in childhood, unexplained by an ocular disorder, and associated with unique visual and behavioral characteristics. (PCVI Society). Presentation made to Illinois College of Optometry NORA and COVD students, faculty and residents.
This presentation was given by Ellen Mazel during the 2nd Rett Clinic Family Symposium at the Children's Hospital Colorado. It talks about Anxiety and Depression with focus on Rett syndrome. The Rett Clinic is funded by the Rocky Mountain Rett Association.
Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome (PKMS) is a very rare,
multiple congenital developmental disorder of unknown
prevalence that is characterized by hypotonia, intellectual
disability, seizures, distinctive facial features, meager
hair, unusual skin pigmentation, and other birth defects.
Incidence is around 1/25,000. They often have difficulty
breathing, feeding, sitting, standing, walking, and speech.
The facial features include a high, round forehead, broad
nose bridge, telecanthus, a wide mouth and a large tongue.
Hearing loss, vision impairment, genital abnormalities, and
heart defects are frequently noted. The genetic etiology is a
result of isochromosomes that have either two q arms (long)
or two p arms (short). Therefore isochromosome 12p is a
chromosome 12 with two p arms. Most cells have two copies
of each chromosome with one from each parent. Pallister-
Killian mosaic syndrome, cells have the two usual copies of
chromosome 12, but also have the isochromosome 12p. This
results in a total of four copies of all the genes on the p arm
of chromosome 12 which causes a disruption in the normal
development, resulting in the characteristic features of PKMS. Only about 100 cases have been reported in the literature.
This Module will help the learners to understand the best about Low vision in General.This will also help and guide Educators to make up more things regarding Low Vision and its introduction.
Biology Investigatory Project on Eye Diseases (class 12th) MohitBhuraney
Biology Investigatory peoject on Eye Diseases 2021-22
Email : mohitbhuraney@gmail.com
Mail me if you're unable to download or if you want any changes. I'll handle that.
Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture course Dynamic Visualization Design 1 group work presentation "Visual Impairments" 2012-11-08.
This presentation was given by Ellen Mazel during the 2nd Rett Clinic Family Symposium at the Children's Hospital Colorado. It talks about Anxiety and Depression with focus on Rett syndrome. The Rett Clinic is funded by the Rocky Mountain Rett Association.
Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome (PKMS) is a very rare,
multiple congenital developmental disorder of unknown
prevalence that is characterized by hypotonia, intellectual
disability, seizures, distinctive facial features, meager
hair, unusual skin pigmentation, and other birth defects.
Incidence is around 1/25,000. They often have difficulty
breathing, feeding, sitting, standing, walking, and speech.
The facial features include a high, round forehead, broad
nose bridge, telecanthus, a wide mouth and a large tongue.
Hearing loss, vision impairment, genital abnormalities, and
heart defects are frequently noted. The genetic etiology is a
result of isochromosomes that have either two q arms (long)
or two p arms (short). Therefore isochromosome 12p is a
chromosome 12 with two p arms. Most cells have two copies
of each chromosome with one from each parent. Pallister-
Killian mosaic syndrome, cells have the two usual copies of
chromosome 12, but also have the isochromosome 12p. This
results in a total of four copies of all the genes on the p arm
of chromosome 12 which causes a disruption in the normal
development, resulting in the characteristic features of PKMS. Only about 100 cases have been reported in the literature.
This Module will help the learners to understand the best about Low vision in General.This will also help and guide Educators to make up more things regarding Low Vision and its introduction.
Biology Investigatory Project on Eye Diseases (class 12th) MohitBhuraney
Biology Investigatory peoject on Eye Diseases 2021-22
Email : mohitbhuraney@gmail.com
Mail me if you're unable to download or if you want any changes. I'll handle that.
Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture course Dynamic Visualization Design 1 group work presentation "Visual Impairments" 2012-11-08.
Lazy Eye, Eye Turns and Other Functional Vision DisordersDominick Maino
This is a presentation that will be given to the GreenParent Network conference attendees of Chicago's Green Family Festival, April 17 & 18, at the Irish American Heritage Center.
2nd Annual Conference on Pediatric Cortical Visual ImpairmentDominick Maino
2nd Annual Conference on Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment feature four keynote speakers. I was fortunate to be one of them. This is the PowerPoint of my presentation.
Low vision rehabilitation in patients with retinal dystrophyAmrit Pokharel
The presentation I have made and uploaded provides you with an in-depth insight into the rehabilitation of patients with retinal dystrophy on the part of LOW VSION. It also details the features the patients present with and specific tests that are launched.
The author does not assume responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work.
No copyright infringement, or plagiarism intended.
Amrit Pokharel
Descriptive power point lecture for geriatic carers highlighting basic anatomy and basic facts about the eye and eye problems ;Aging and the eye, common eye disorders, symptoms and signs,
care of the eyes and prevention of blindness and injury for the elderly,
care of the eyes for the blind or visually impaired elderly and mobility concerns for the blind and visually impaired.
Central and Peripheral Vision & their DiseasesHuzaifa Zahoor
The act or power of seeing
The special sense by which the qualities of an object (such as color, luminosity, shape, and size) constituting its appearance are perceived through a process in which light rays entering the eye are transformed by the retina into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
Types of Vision
Central Vision
Peripheral Vision
Disease of Vision
Central Vision Loss
Peripheral Vision Loss
My students and I wrote several translations of how to conduct an eye examination (mostly my students since my language skills are not very good!). I know there are many ways, and perhaps better ways to ask these questions, but this could be a starting point. Feel free to adapt this to your needs and to make this even better. Please share when you do.
My students and I wrote several translations of how to conduct an eye examination (mostly my students since my language skills are not very good!). I know there are many ways, and perhaps better ways to ask these questions, but this could be a starting point. Feel free to adapt this to your needs and to make this even better. Please share when you do.
Let me know what you think. (dmaino@ico.edu).
Neuroplasticity and Vision Therapy for Adults; A Case SeriesDominick Maino
This poster was presented at the American Optometric Association's Annual meeting in Boston, MA 06/2016
The bottom line:
The visual cortex has the capacity for experience dependent change (neuroplasticity) throughout life. Unfortunately, when it comes to the adult with binocular vision problems, this is not always recognized as being true even though there is strong clinical evidence to suggest a high level of adult neuroplasticity. Current research shows that adults tend to have numerous anomalies associated with the binocular vision system especially within certain populations. This case series demonstrates how those even approaching 70 years of age can benefit from optometric vision therapy.
Current Clinical Case Reorts & Research You Should Incorporate into Your Mode...Dominick Maino
Dominick Maino, OD, MEd, FAAO, FCOVD-A
Moderator
Featuring the Best of AOA's 2016 Poster Presentations
Saturday, July 2nd 8-10AM
Five of the very best, clinically relevant posters were chosen to be given during the American Optometric Association meeting in Boston in 2016. These posters were chosen by the AOA Poster Committee (Dr. Dominick M. Maino, Chair).
PDF Handout: D Maino: Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with Special N...Dominick Maino
This is a copy of my handout of the lecture given in class today. (Copyright 2016). You may download and use this for any non-commercial educational purpose.
Writing the Perfect Poster Abstract in 20 Minutes or LessDominick Maino
One of the easiest ways to begin your publishing career is to present a poster during one of the many annual meetings held by professional optometry. These meetings include but are not limited to the College of Optometrists in Vision Development, American Academy of Optometry and the American Optometric Association. This presentation reviews the step by step process involved in writing an abstract that will be accepted for presentation by these and other organizations most of the time. Once the abstract is written, you are one third of the way to making a significant contribution to the optometric literature. The other two thirds include, creating the poster and writing the final paper to be submitted to an appropriate journal for publication (the last two topics will be addressed at other meetings and/or within future VDR articles). You are encouraged to bring information for a case report and/or case series that you wish to use for a poster in the future.
This course presents the latest information concerning cortical visual impairment, its etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Various topics reviewed include cortical vs cerebral visual impairment, ventral/dorsal visual streams, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity. Also discussed are various retinoscopy techniques, overlapping functional vision disorders, and visual stimulation/therapy for these disorders.
Course Objectives
At the end of this course, the participant will:
Be able to identify cortical vs cerebral visual impairment
Be able to access various vision functions such as visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, oculomotor and accommodative disorders
Be able to treat the diagnosed vision problems with all the tools available to the optometrist (spectacles, low vision devices, vision rehabilitative techniques)
Be aware of and use outside resources to supplement and add to any therapeutic interventions recommended
AOA "There's More to 3D than Meets the Eye"Dominick Maino
The American Optometric Association did an awesome job in making a potentially hard to understand topic...easier to understand. If you have problems with viewing 3D, please review this PowerPoint presentation.
A,B,V's of School Performance: Academics, Behavior and VisionDominick Maino
This presentation is geared towards teachers and professional teaching staff, but can also be adapted for parents and others. It reviews the three O's of eye care (Optometry, Ophthalmology, Optician), the optometric examination, learning related vision problems and more.
060915 current research that you should incorporate into yourDominick Maino
Current Research that You Should Incorporate into Your Mode of Practice Now!
Dominick Maino, OD, MEd, FAAO, FCOVD‐A
Moderator
Featuring the Best of AOA's 2015 Poster Presentations
Jun‐27‐2015 8:00AM ‐ 10:00AM
Optic Nerve Head Drusen: A Myriad of Presentations
Jennifer L. Jones, Sylvia E. Sparrow, Christina Grosshans
Validation Study of New LCD‐Based Contrast Sensitivity Testing Method
Sarah Henderson, Jeung H Kim, Paul Harris
Bilateral Cystoid Macular Edema in Retinitis Pigmentosa and its Management
Lindsay T. Gibney
An ODE to Optic Disc Edema
Kelli Theisen
Is Binocular Balancing with Subjective Refraction a thing of the Past?
David Geffen
Optometry's Meeting 2015
Seattle, Washington
Maino D. Agenda Driven Research. Vis Dev Rehab 2015; 1(1):7-11.
Read the editorial.....
Conclusion
It is time for all to put aside our agendas,
our biases, our preconceived notions. It is time
to work together to determine best practices
even if it is contrary to prevailing opinion. The
world is not flat. Amblyopia can be treated at
any age. And optometric vision therapy is an
appropriate treatment modality for disorders of
he binocular vision system.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. Dominick M. Maino, OD, MEd, FAAO, FCOVD-A
Professor of Pediatrics/Binocular Vision
Illinois Eye Institute/Illinois College of Optometry
Lyons Family Eye Care
Chicago, Il
dmaino@ico.edu
ICO.edu
LyonsFamilyEyeCare.com
MainosMemos.com
3. Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
The American Conference on Pediatric Cortical Visual Impairment
brings together professionals in optometry, ophthalmology,
occupational therapy and visual educational psychology to increase
the understanding of the definition, diagnosis and management of
cortical vision loss in children.
(Dr Dominick Maino, PCVI Society Founding Board member, Dr. Joseph Maino, Dr. Kerri Pillen)
4. Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
1. History and Definition of pediatric cortical visual
impairment (PCVI).
2. Describe the diagnostic criteria utilized in optometry.
3. Discuss the treatment techniques.
5. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
History of CVI
Brain injury 19th century
with Phineas P. Gage
6. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
World War I, wounded
veterans with brain injury
Displayed perceived motion
in the “blind, non-seeing”
visual field.
Ability to sense motion,
lights, and colors
Conscious or subconscious.
7. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Statokinetic dissociation (in children)
greater reduction in sensitivity to stationary visual stimuli relative to
similar targets in motion
Riddoch phenomenon (adults)
Ability to sense movement even though blind
“See” moving objects…but not stationary ones
Blindsight
Ability to ‘sense’ objects in the way
8. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Statokinetic dissociation (in children)
Movement in the peripheral visual field may elicit a
smile in the blind child with quadraplegia and profound
intellectual disability.
Children who are fed with a spoon may intermittently
open their mouths to receive food when the spoon is
moved in an arc from the peripheral visual fields, but
not when it approaches the mouth from straight
ahead.
9. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Statokinetic dissociation (in children)
For those children who understand language stating what
is being seen as the child reacts to it may enhance both
visual and language development.
Such children may rock to and fro. Whether this generates
an image is difficult to know.
Rarely, children with cerebral blindness who are mobile
move slowly around obstacles. This phenomenon has been
called travel vision (Blindsight).
Alesterlund L, Maino D. That the blind may see: A review: Blindsight and its implications for
optometrists. J Optom Vis Dev 1999;30(2):86-93
10. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
1980’s adults with bilateral occipital cortex insult
(cortical blindness)
Term applied to children.
Cortical visual impairment used in the 1980’s
onward
Definition of CVI includes injury lateral
geniculate nucleus/visual cortex
11. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Reduced visual acuity identifying feature.
Many children damage to white matter
surrounding the ventricals (perventricular
leukomalacia PVL)
Cerebral Visual Impairment now used
(especially in Europe)
12. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Cerebral vs Cortical Visual Impairment
Cerebral visual impairment: inclusive term
Reduced visual acuity
Oculomotor anomalies
Visual field loss
Vision information processing problems
Cognitive Visual Dysfunction (CVD)
Used to identify visual perceptual anomalies
Used to identify vision information processing
problems
13. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Classification of CVI
Ocular visual impairment: Refractive state. Optics,
Eye health
Cerebral visual impairment: Neuro-pathway
problems, cortical problems, oculomotor
dysfunction, vision information processing (dorsal
and ventral streaming processing mechanisms)
14. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
The ventral stream (also known as the "what
pathway") travels to the temporal lobe and is
involved with object identification. The dorsal stream
(or, "where pathway") terminates in the parietal lobe
and process spatial locations.
16. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Delayed Visual Maturation (DVM)
DVM type I Visually impaired infants: improved visual
abilities by the age of 6 months, often without
treatment.
DVM type II: attention problems, associated with
neurological/learning abnormalities. Improvement
takes longer
DVM III: children have nystagmus, albinism. Vision
improves later, can improve to low-normal levels.
DVM IV: associated with retinal,
optic nerve, macular anomalies
17. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Defining Other Disorders and PCVI
Variability with defining disorders not uncommon
Autism rare anomaly
Definition altered so that the number of those on
the Spectrum is now considered epidemic
Legal, legislative, health care, insurance issues
18. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Should we be concerned about how PVCI is defined?
Absolutely!
American Association on Intellectual and
Developmental Disabilities changed definition of
mental retardation
Decreasing IQ cut off point from to 80 to 70
Added adaptive behavior qualifications
Result: instantly cured hundreds of thousands of those
with mental retardation/intellectual disability
overnight
19. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
What we call a thing is very
important
To name it is to have power
over it
20. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Determining Vision Function and
Functional Vision in Children with
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
21. Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Diagnostic Approaches & Strategies
1.Case History
2.Visual Acuity
3.Refractive Error
4.Vision Function Assessment
5.Ocular Health
6.Special Tools
22. Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision Function
Clarity of vision (visual acuity, contrast
sensitivity, refractive error)
Oculomotor ability (pursuits and
saccades; convergence and divergence)
Accommodation (focusing)
Depth perception (3D vision)
23. Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision Function
Eye health
Biomicroscopy
Tonometry
Dilated Fundus Evaluation
Special diagnostic tools
EOG (electrooculogram)
ERG (electroretinogram)
VER/VEP (visually evoked response
visual evoked potential)
24. Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Functional Vision
Functionally induced disability that overlays
pathologically induced disability
Uncorrected refractive error : Amblyopia
Constant Strabismus: Amblyopia
Oculomotor dysfunction, Binocular vision
dysfunction, Accommodative dysfunction:
Attention
25. Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Functional vision
Vision information processing (VIP)/
Visual perceptual skills
laterality/directionality
visual motor integration
non-motor perceptual skills
auditory perceptual/processing
26. Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity?
What is contrast sensitivity?
What is refractive error?
27. Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is visual acuity?
The ability to see a certain size
object at a certain distance.
28. Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Vision Function
Clarity of vision
What is contrast sensitivity?
29. Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Contrast sensitivity measures the ability to
see details at low contrast levels. Visual
information at low contrast levels is
particularly important:
1. in communication, since the faint
shadows on our faces carry the visual
information related to facial
expressions.
30. Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
2. in orientation and mobility, where
we need to see such critical low-contrast
forms as the curb, faint shadows, and
stairs when walking down. In traffic, the
demanding situations are at low
contrast levels, for example, seeing in
dusk, rain, fog, snow fall, and at night.
31. Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
3. in every day tasks, where there
are numerous visual tasks at low
contrast, like cutting an onion on a
light colored surface, pouring coffee
into a dark mug, checking the
quality of ironing, etc.
32. Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
4. in near vision tasks like reading
and writing, if the information is at
low contrast as in poor quality copies
or in a fancy, barely readable
invitation, etc.
from http://www.lea-test.
fi/en/vistests/pediatric/cstests/cstests.html
40. Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Retinoscopy
Book (Getman)
1. At the Free and Easy reading level, the reflex varied from neutral to with motion and
was bright, had sharp edges and had a pinkish color.
2. At the instructional reading level (which was defined as maintaining the reading task
with comprehension in spite of being stressed) the reflex was a varying fast against motion
while the color was bright, sharp, and very pink.
3. At the frustration reading level (which was defined as reading with minimal
comprehension) the reflex showed a slow against motion with a dull brick red color.
Bell (Apell)
Dynamic (#5 & #6 OEP)
MEM (Haynes)
41. Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Retinoscopy
Bell (Apell)
Target(Wolf Wand) directly in front of the retinoscope
Patient fixates the target
Move the ball toward the patient slowly and smoothly
The distance of the target from the patient is recorded for a change in motion or
other changes of interest
Expect to see a change from “with” to “against” on the way in at 35 - 42
cm. (14 - 17inches) and a change from “against” to with at 37.5 - 45 cm. (15 -18
inches).
Dynamic (#5 & #6 OEP)
MEM (Haynes)
42. Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Retinoscopy
Dynamic (#5 & #6 OEP)
Distance retinoscopy (#4) in place
Patient behind the phoropter
Examiner’s retinoscope at a 20 (twenty) inch distance from the patient.
Patient fixates small letters or a picture
Patient looks, reads, names, and interact visually with the target
Plus spheres added until against motion is seen
Then plus spheres are reduced until the first neutral (no motion) response
Lens in the phoropter is recorded as the “gross” finding.
The #5 retinoscopy, like the other “21 point findings”, had no specific meaning by
itself until it was compared to other findings as part of the total analytical
examination. The #5, like the 14B gross, will approximate the most plus lens
acceptable for near.
43. Vision Function and Functional Vision Anomalies in PCV
Retinoscopy
MEM Retinoscopy (Monocular Estimation Method)
Patient reads grade appropriate material usually affixed to the retinoscope
Working distance is the patient’s Harmon distance
Quickly “dip” lenses in front of the reading material
A +.25 to +.75 lag of accommodation is considered normal
A high lag would be +1.00 or greater
Accommodative excess would be any AM noted
Also note variability of reflex, color and other variability
Stress Point Retinoscopy
Kraskin & Harmon
For more info see: http://www.oepf.org/VTAids/Retinoscopy.pdf
57. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
What follows is supplemental information
to the presentation, resources and
references that are not necessarily a part of
this presentation, but which I thought you
would like to have for your own
information.
58. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
How Do Environmental Factors,
Medications and Non-Visual Handicaps
Affect the Evaluation and Treatment of
Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment?
59. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
For individuals with disability…
Medications: Prescribed many more medications
Higher affinity for adverse effects due to
environmental/systemic factors
Seldom complain of symptoms related to their disability,
systemic anomalies, or medication side effects
60. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Alternative and complementary
medical therapies
Maino D. Evidence based medicine and CAM: a review. Optom Vis Dev 2012;43(1):13-17
Lemer P. Complementary and Alternative Approaches. In Taub M, Bartuccio M, Maino D.
Visual Diagnosis and Care of Patients with Special Needs. Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins.
2012
Traditional allopathic approaches
61. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Mental illnesses in children
Pediatric Bipolar disorder
Pediatric depression
62. Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment
Major environmental hazard: People
do not know how to respond
make assumptions
true for lay individuals, teacher, health care
professionals
63. Medication Side Effects
Antidepressants
Abdominal pain/constipation Blurred vision
Abnormal dreams/thinking Increased risk of
Disturbances
Anxiety Photophobia
66. Medication Side Effects
Tranquilizers
Breast development in men Risk of narrow angle GLC
Breathing problems Cycloplegia/Mydriasis
Insomnia Decreased vision
Tardive dyskinesia Capsular cataract
68. PCVI: References
Dutton GN, Bax M. (eds). Visual impairment in children due to damage to
the brain. Clinics in Developmental Medicine. no 186. MacKieth Press.
London;2010.
Strategies for dealing with visual problems due to cerebral visual
impairment: Gillian McDaid, Debbie Cockburn, Gordon N Dutton available
from http://www.ssc.education.ed.ac.uk/courses/vi&multi/vjan08i.html
Alesterlund L, Maino D. That the blind may see: A review: Blindsight and
its implications for optometrists. J Optom Vis Dev 1999;30(2):86-93
Kran B. Mayer L. Vision impairment and brain damage. In Taub M,
Bartuccio M, Maino D. (Eds) Visual Diagnosis and Care of the Patient with
Special Needs. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , NY, New York; 2012:135-
146.
69. PCVI: References
Colenbrander A. What’s in a name? Appropriate terminology
for CVI. J Vis Impair Blind. 2010:583-585
Roman Lantzy CA, Lantzy A. Outcomes and opportunities: A
study of children with cortical visual impairment. J Vis Impair
Blind. 2010:649-653.
http://www.aph.org/cvi/define.html
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http://www.MainosMemos.com
73. Dominick M. Maino, OD, MEd, FAAO, FCOVD-A
Professor of Pediatrics/Binocular Vision Illinois Eye Institute
Illinois College of Optometry
3241 S. Michigan Ave. Chicago, Il 60616
Lyons Family Eye Care
3250 N. Lincoln Ave. Chicago, Il 60657
dmaino@ico.edu
ICO.edu
LyonsFamilyEyeCare.com
MainosMemos.com