Blindness is defined as visual acuity of less than 5 degrees or inability to see. Common causes include cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. Blindness can be avoidable through treatments or unavoidable due to conditions like retinitis pigmentosa. Low vision is visual acuity between 6/18 and light perception with a visual field less than 10 degrees, potentially allowing task completion with vision. Guidelines for caring for the blind include keeping areas well-lit, clear of obstacles, using contrasting colors on stairs and doors, and announcing arrivals and departures when in their presence. Specialized services and products help the blind with daily activities.

1. Caring for the blind

2. blindness
• Blindness is the inability to see.according to WHO
‘ blindness is the visual field of around 5 degrees
• The cause of the blindness includes:
1. Catarct
2. Diabetic retinopathy
3. Corneal opacity
4. Macular degeneration
5. Vitamin A deficiency etc.

3. blindness
• Blindness is both avoidable and unavoidable.
Avoidable blindness:
• It includes all those causes which when corrected
will not lead t blindness such as correcting
refractive error,catarct,trachoma.
Unavoidable blindness:
It includes thoses causes that cannot be prevented
even with the help of treatment or other
correction such as retinitis pigmentosa, macular
degeneration etc.

4. Low vision
• According to WHO ‘ A person with low vision
is the one who has the impairment of visual
functioning even after standard refractive
correction and has a visual acuity of less than
6/18 to light perception or a visual field less
then 10 degrees and who is potentionally able
to use this vision for the planning and
execution of the tasks

5. Causes of low vision
• Diabetic retinopathy
• Refractive errors
• Catarct
• Age related macular degeneration
• Glaucoma
• Retinitis pigmentosa
• Corneal opacities
• Trachoma etc.

6. Care guidelines for the blind.
• Keep all areas well it.many visually impaired
people do have some working
vision,especially if there is enough light,
• Keep walk ways clear.
• Keep the floor clear of clothing,furniture and
otheritems that a visually impaired person
may trip over.

7. Care guidlenes for blind.
• Do not move furniture.people with visual
impairements map out their environment so
that they can move around safely.
• Keep things organized .keep things in their
place also prevents accidents.
• Keep drawers and cabinets closed. A partially
open cabinet or drawer creats a dangerous
obstacles.

8. Care guidelines for blinds
• Mark stairs and doors with contrasting
colors.of the person ha some working
vision,the colors will make the outlines of the
stair or a door easier to see.
• Announce your arrival and departure.as you
enter a room ,let the person know you are
there;when you leave ,say you are going.
Announce your presence if you are already in
the room when the blind person enters.

9. Care guidelines for blinds
• Let the person initiate touch if he wants you
to somewhere .
• Walk one step ahead when leading.

10. Specialized services for blind and
visually impaired
• Talking products: talking calculators ,clocks
, watches etc.
• Come and go safely with a long cane or dong
guide.
• Use computers with speech synthesizers or
large-print displays.
• Take care of their homes and personals needs
using specially designed techniques.